大学英语(2)期末复习资料整理文稿

大学英语（2）期末复习资料整理文稿

（本资料整理自《大学英语2》课本）

一、“交际英语对话”与“阅读理解”复习试题

Quiz 1

Part I Use of English

Directions: In this part, there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue, there are four choices marked A, B,

C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the dialogue.

1. —Are you from Italy?

—________________________.

A. Yes, we are.

B. No, we don’t.

C. No, I don’t.

D. No, we won’t.

2. —What do you do?

—________________________.

A. What do you do?

B. Fine, thank you.

C. I’m a college student.

D. I do well in my studies.

3. —Do you think this is a nice place?

—________________________.

A. That’s right.

B. You’re right.

C. No, it’s not here.

D. Yes, I think so.

4. —How’s your mother doing?

—________________________.

A. She is very kind.

B. She is very well.

C. She is not very old.

D. She is doing shopping now.

5. —How did Mr. Jones get to the cinema?

—________________________.

A. At 10 o’clock.

B. With Mrs. Jones.

C. By car.

D. To the Grand Theater.

6. —What do you think of your new teacher?

—________________________.

A. He came to teach us last week.

B. He teaches us English.

C. He has two children.

D. He is very nice.

7. —Are you going on holiday?

—________________________.

A. Not until next week.

B. Three weeks ago.

C. To Beijing.

D. For only a day or two.

8. —Have you been to Paris?

—________________________.

A. No, I didn’t go there last year.

B. No, but I hope to go there sometime next year.

C. Paris is a nice place to visit.

D. No, it was a long time ago.

9. —Mary, are you and your husband busy this weekend?

—________________________.

A. This weekend we may go to cinema.

B. No, we’re not.

C. Oh, it’s none of your business.

D. Welcome to our party.

10. —How many students do you teach?

—________________________.

A. Quite a bit.

B. More boys than girls.

C. About 50.

D. Three classes.

Part II Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that you think is the best answer.

Passage 1

Not so long ago almost any student who successfully complete a university degree or diploma course could find a good career quite easily. However, those days are gone, even in Hong Kong, and nowadays graduates often face strong competition in the search for jobs.

Job seekers first have to make a careful assessment of their own abilities. One area of assessment should be of their academic qualifications, which would include special skills within their subject area. Graduates should also consider their own personal values and attitudes, or the relative importance to themselves of such matters as money, security, leadership and caring for others.

The second stage is to study the opportunities available for employment and to think about how the general employment situation is likely to develop in the future. After studying all the various options, they should be in a position to make informed comparisons between various careers.

Job application forms and letters should, of course, be filled in carefully and correctly, without grammar or spelling errors.

When graduates are asked to attend for interview, they should prepare properly by finding out all they can about the prospective employer. Dressing suitably and arriving for the interview on time are also obviously important. Interviewees should try to give positive and helpful answers and should not be afraid to ask questions about anything they are unsure about. This is much better than pretending to understand a question and giving an unsuitable answer.

There will always be good career opportunities for people with ability, skills and determination; the secret to securing a good job is to be one of them.

11. In Para.1, the sentence “... those days are gone, even in Hong Kong ...”suggest that _______.

A. in the past, finding a good career was easier in Hong Kong than elsewhere

B. nowadays, everyone in Hong Kong has an equal chance of finding a good career

C. it used to be harder to find a good job in Hong Kong than in other countries

D. Hong Kong is no longer the good place for finding jobs

12. The word “relative”in Para. 2 could best be replaced by “_______”.

A. family

B. comparative

C. considerable

D. slight

13. The advice given in the first sentence of Para.3 is to _______.

A. find out what jobs are available and the opportunities for future promotion

B. examine the careers available and how these will be affected in the future

C. look at the information on, and probable future location of, various careers

D. study the opportunities and the kinds of training that will be available

14. The word “prospective”in Para. 5 is closest in meaning to “_______”.

A. generous

B. reasonable

C. future

D. ambitious

15. In Para.5, the writer seems to suggest that _______.

A. interviewees should ask a question if they can’t think of an answer

B. pretending to understand a question is better than giving an unsuitable answer

C. it is better for interviewees to be honest than to pretend to understand

D. it is not a good idea for interviewees to be completely honest in their answers

Passage 2

It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the

misunderstanding between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that they are possessive and dominant; that they do not trust their children to deal with crisis; that they talk too much about certain problems —and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationship.

I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young.

Young people often irritate parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents; this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste.

Sometimes you are resistant, and proud because you do not want your parents to approve of what you do. If they did approve, it looks as if you are betraying your own age group. But in that case, you are assuming that you are the underdog(处于劣势者): you can’t win but at least you can keep your honor. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years of childhood, when you were completely under your parents’control. But it ignores the fact that you are now beginning to be responsible for yourself.

If you plan to control your life, cooperation can be part of that plan. You can impress others, especially your parents, into doing things the way you want. You can impress others with your sense of responsibility and initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do.

16. This passage is primarily meant for _______..

A. parents

B. teenagers

C. educators

D. psychologists

17. The first paragraph is mainly about _______.

A. the teenagers’criticism of their parents

B. the misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents

C. the parent’complaints about their children

D. the dominance of the parents over their children

18. Teenagers tend to have strange clothes and hairstyles because they _______.

A. want to irritate their parents

B. have a strong desire to be leaders in style and taste

C. have no other way to enjoy themselves better

D. want to show their existence by creating a culture of their own

19. Teenagers do not want their parents to approve of whatever they do because they _______.

A. have a desire to be independent

B. feel that they are superior in a small way to the adults

C. are not likely to win over the adults

D. have already been accepted into the adult world

20. To improve parent-child relationships, teenagers are advised to be _______.

A. obedient

B. independent

C. responsible

D. cooperative

Passage 3

The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator”.

In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus(剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased; fresh vegetables are almost

unobtainable in the country.

The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed —natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling ...

What refrigeration did promote was marketing —marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.

Consequently, most of the world’s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away(不断地嗡嗡作响) continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintain an artificially-cooled space inside and artificially-heated house —while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.

The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don’t believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet（橱柜）and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you’ll get rid of that terrible hum.

21. The statement “In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.”(Para.2) suggest that _______.

A. the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties

B. the author was not accustomed to using fridges even in his fifties

C. there was no fridge in the author’s home in the 1950s

D. the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s

22. Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?

A. People would not buy more food than was necessary.

B. Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.

C. Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.

D. People had effective ways to preserve their food.

23. Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?

A. Inventors.

B. Consumers.

C. Manufacturers.

D. Traveling salesmen（巡回推销员）.

24. Which of the following phrases in Para.5 indicates the fridge’s negative effect on the environment?

A. “Hum away continuously”.

B. “Climatically almost unnecessary”.

C. “Artificially-cooled space”.

D. “With mild temperatures”.

25. What is the author’s overall attitude toward fridges?

A. Neutral.

B. Critical.

C. Objective.

D. Compromising.

Quiz 2

Part I Use of English

Directions:Directions：In this part, there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue, there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the dialogue. 1. — Excuse me，can you tell me where the nearest subway station is?

— _______________________.

A. It’s too far from here.

B. Sorry，I’m a stranger here myself.

C. You can take a bus first.

D. Sorry，I can’t.

2. — I wonder if you could do me a favor.

— _______________________.

A. Sure.

B. I could.

C. Yes，I do.

D. No，not at all.

3. — The movie last night was really interesting.

— _______________________.

A. But it was difficult to understand.

B. I went to the movie，too.

C. I couldn’t agre e with you more.

D. It sounds good.

4. —I’m awfully sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.

— _______________________.

A. Just tell me the reason.

B. You shouldn’t have said so.

C. No problem.

D. Actually I’ve only be en here for twenty minutes.

5. —There’s a big party at the students’ center tonight. Are you going with us?

— _______________________.

A. It’s none of my business.

B. I’d love to，but I have to catch up with my maths assignment.

C. I’ve never had the chance to go there.

D. It’s beyond my expectation.

6. — Cherry，would you mind looking after my cat for a few days when I go on business?

— _______________________.

A. No，I do mind.

B. No，I don’t think it a good idea.

C. Of course not!

D. I’m not used to it.

7. —You’d better take the umbrella with you. It looks like it’s going to rain.

— _______________________.

A. It’s hard to believe.

B. You may be right. Thank you for reminding me.

C. It’s quite unusual.

D. I think you are too sensitive.

8. — I wonder if Julie will arrive at five thirty as she said this morning.

— _______________________.

A. I think so.

B. She will be late.

C. I don’t know.

D. Don’t worry. S he always keeps her word.

9. — Mary，I heard you went skiing with your friends. What happened?

— _______________________.

A. Well，I never learned skiing.

B. I sprained my ankle and caught a bad cold.

C. Well，it’s difficult to imagine.

D. Nothing serious.

10. —How’s the performance? E xcellent?

— _______________________.

A. Far from. I should have stayed home sleeping.

B. It lasted until midnight.

C. My seat was far from the stage.

D. Sorry. I don’t agree with you.

Part II Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the ONE that you think is the best answer.

Passage 1

To understand how Americans think about things，it is necessary to understand “the point”. Americans mention it often：“Let’s get right to the point”，“My point is ... ”，“What’s the point of all this?”

The “point” is the idea or piece of information that Americans suppose is，or should be，at the center of people’s thinking，writing，and spoken comments. Speakers and writers are supposed to “make their points clear”， meaning that they are supposed to write clearly the idea or piece of information they wish to express.

People from many other cultures have different ideas about “the point”. Africans traditionally tell stories that express the thoughts they have in mind，rather than stating “the point” clearly. Japanese traditionally speak indirectly，leaving the listener to figure out what the point is. Thus，while an American might say to a friend，“I don’t think that coat goes very well with the rest of your outfit”， a Japanese might say，“Maybe this other coat would look even better than the one you have on.” Americans value a person who “gets right to the point”. Japanese are likely to consider such a person insensitive if not rude.

The Chinese and Japanese languages are characterized by vagueness and ambiguity（模糊）. The precision（精确）and directness Americans associate with “the point” cannot be achieved，at least not with any grace，in Chinese and Japanese. Speakers of those languages thus have to learn a new way of reasoning and expressing their ideas if they are going to communicate satisfactorily with Americans.

11. By “the point”，Americans mean_______.

A. the idea or information in their mind

B. the most important idea or information

C. what they think，write and speak

D. what they wish to express

12. Compared with people from many other cultures，Americans are_______..

A. direct and honest

B. clear and talkative

C. impolite and rude

D. traditional and silent

13. A typical American seems to be_______ to a typical Japanese.

A. sensitive and rude

B. insensitive but not rude

C. sensitive instead of rude

D. insensitive and even rude

14. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A. You are expected to state your idea clearly when speaking to an American.

B. Telling stories to express their ideas is a traditional way of Africans.

C. Japanese often imply their disapproval with polite words.

D. Chinese and Japanese languages are hard to understand because they are not clear.

15. A conclusion can be made that_______.

A. Americans and Africans cannot communicate satisfactorily

B. Africans and Japanese cannot communicate satisfactorily

C. Misunderstanding may arise when Americans communicate with Chinese

D. Chinese and Japanese will certainly get on well with each other

Passage 2

Your success in your studies will also depend upon your motivation（动机）. This need or desire to achieve a certain goal can make the difference between success and failure. Motivation can come from two sources：from inside of you or from outside of you. In the first case，motivation comes from your hopes and expectations，from your desire to do something or to be someone. Study purposes that result from personal inner desires are individual，and various. If you have not already done so，you should think carefully about what you hope to gain from your studies，and why. You should set a goal and direct all your study efforts toward reaching it. A goal of this kind is important because it will determine the direction and degree of your motivation

for study.

Not everyone is highly motivated from within and no one is continuously motivated from within. Fortunately there is another source of motivation：from outside. In education the most obvious kind of outside motivation is grades. For many students，course grades are an immediate，short-range motivation for study. This is one of the reasons for examinations and grades，but they must not become a goal in themselves. Grades help to motivate you from day to day，but they are only small，artificial steps to your ultimate goal. It would be wrong to set grades as your only ambition.

A textbook like this cannot provide you with motivation； that must come from yourself. But as an encouragement，it is useful to know that good study habits depend upon good motivation. And good study habits are important because they help you get more done in less time. It is not a matter of how much you study； more important is how well you study.

16. Inside motivation comes from_______.

A. your need and desire

B. your hopes and expectations

C. your desire to do something or to be someone

D. both B and C

17. Study purposes_______.

A. are different from person to person

B. are personal inner desires

C. share some common points

D. should be carefully made

18. If you haven’t set a goal in your studies，_______.

A. you will most probably become a failure

B. you will never be a good student

C. you may lose direction and lack motivation

D. you won’t have good study habits

19. According to the passage，why are examinations and grades necessary in education?

A. Because they can make the difference between success and failure.

B. Because they can motivate many students to study harder.

C. Because they can check what you have gained from your studies.

D. Because they are small，artificial steps to an ultimate goal.

20. If you want to be an efficient learner，you must_______.

A. have clear study purposes

B. be always motivated from both inside and outside

C. set grades as your ambition

D. have good study habits

Passage 3

Although America is such a huge country，traveling is really very quick and easy. There are three ways to get across the country without a car：planes，trains and buses. Air travel is the most expensive of the three but in many ways the easiest and most comfortable. There are hundreds of flights a day crossing the country，and it is easy to make a reservation（预订）. Traveling by train is cheaper than by airplane. But it costs more than by bus and there are few passenger （旅客）trains. On the trains there are dining cars and bars where meals are served quickly. If you are spending the night on the train you can pay for a “roomette” which is a small room with a bed and a toilet. The most inexpensive way to travel is by bus. There are fast bus services between cities，for example，the Greyhound Bus Service. You can buy special tickets that allow you unlimited travel for a certain period of time. In this way you can stop along the way to visit the places that interest you most.

If you need to travel long distances frequently, however, you’ll have to decide which way is the most suitable for you. Hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours. It is almost impossible to take your mind off the journey. Reading is only

a partial solution. During the day，sleep comes in snatches（瞬间）. At night，when you really wish to go to sleep，you rarely manage to do so. Inevitably you arrive at you destination almost exhausted. Long car journeys are even less pleasant，for it is quite impossible even to read. On motorways you can，at least，travel safely at high speeds，but the greater part of the journey is spent on narrow，bumpy roads that are crowded with traffic.

By comparison，trip by sea offers a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks（甲板），play games，swim，meet interesting people and enjoy good food. However，if the sea is rough，you are likely to get seasick. Even if you travel in ideal weather，sea journeys take a long time.

21. If you want to travel easily and comfortably，you should choose to go_______.

A. by sea

B. by plane

C. by train

D. by bus

22. Compared with air travel，traveling by train_______.

A. is cheap but comfortable

B. is not so easily available

C. offer better and quicker meals

D. requires you to pay for a “roomette”

23. Which of the following is the advantage of bus service?

A. It’s the cheapest and least comfortable way of traveling.

B. It allows passengers to travel between different cities.

C. It sells special tickets that make it convenient for passengers to take.

D. It travels safely at high speeds.

24. The second paragraph mainly talks about_______.

A. the way of traveling you had better choose

B. what you can do on your journey to kill the time

C. reading and sleep on your journey when you travel by train and by bus

D. the disadvantages of traveling by train and by bus

25. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about trip by sea?

A. You can find more space to stretch yourself.

B. You have different choices to enjoy yourself.

C. You should have enough time and prepare for seasickness.

D. You should never travel in bad weather.

二、“语法与词汇”复习试题

Unit 1

名词性从句（一）

Nominal Clauses （Ⅰ）从句法功能上划分，复合句可以分为名词性从句（即宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句和介词补足成分）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）和副词性分句（即状语从句）。

名词性从句能在句中起名词词组的作用，这种从句通常由从属连词that引导，也可由who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever等连接代词引导，还可由where，when，how，why 等连接副词引导。1.名词性从句在句中作宾语

谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以有宾语从句。某些形容词之后也可以带宾语从句。1）由that引导的宾语从句

She said （that）she would return the book soon.她说她很快就会还书。

She said （that）she would come.她说她要来。

We never doubt that he is honest.我们从没有怀疑他的诚实。

She suggested that he do it at once.她建议他马上做。

Hearing that his son was badly wounded，he hurried to the hospital to see him.

听说儿子受了重伤，他急忙赶到医院去看望他。

I am sure that she will like this book.我确信她会喜欢这本书的。

We are glad that so many old friends will attend our tea party.

我们非常高兴这么多老朋友要来参加我们的茶话会。

I don’t know anything about him except that he lives next door.我只知道他住在隔壁。

2）由whether，if 引导的宾语从句

whether 可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句或不在句首的主语从句；whether 可以作介词宾语，而if不能；whether引导的名词性从句可以放在句首，而if引导的从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后；连接宾语从句时，whether和if可以互换；whether后可以接动词不定式，if则不能。例如：Whether she comes or not makes no difference.她来不来没有关系（不能用if）。

I don’t know whether to lend him the money.我不知道是否该借钱给他。

I wonder whether/if he’ll agree with me.我不知道他是否会同意我的意见。

I want to know whether/if you can answer the question.我不知道你能否回答这个问题。

I don’t know whether/if he will come back this evening.我不知道他今晚是否回来。

Do you know whether/if any decision has been arrived at? 你知道有任何决定下来了吗？

3）由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句

对于由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句，要注意要使用陈述句的语序。例如：

I can’t imagine what made him act like that.我不能想像是什么让他那样的。

Tell me what you have done.告诉我你干了什么。

Can you tell us who is responsible for the fire？你能告诉我们谁为这场火灾负责吗？

I can guess who/whom you have talked with.我可以猜出谁和你谈话了。

I know whose brother he is.我知道他是谁的兄弟。

Please explain why this is impossible.请解释为什么这个不可能？

I can not understand why he said that again.我不明白他为什么又说那件事了。

Nobody can tell when she will arrive.没人知道她什么时候会来。

We have to decide when we’ll set off.我们必须决定什么时候动身。

Do you know which team lost in the game? 你知道哪个队在比赛中输了吗？

I haven’t decided yet which would be the best thing to do.我还没决定最好做什么。

Eat whichever one you like and leave the others for whoever comes in late.

吃任何一个你喜欢的，把其他的留给后来的人。

He wants to know where we’ll spend the holiday.他想知道我们在哪儿度假。

She asked me where I was off to.她问我要去哪里。

I wonder how he got so much money.我想知道他是怎么搞到那么多钱的。

I wondered how he could make such rapid progress in his study of French.

我在想他怎样在法语学习中取得了这么大的进步。2.名词性从句在句中作表语

从句在句中作表语时，它位于主句中连系动词之后。需要注意的是，引导表语从句的从属连词that不能被省略。例如：

The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late.事实是他没有来得及注意那辆车。

The question is why he likes the place so much.问题是他为什么那么喜欢这个地方。

The problem is not who will go but who will stay.问题不是谁会走而是谁会留。

The fact is that we’re behind the others.事实是我们已经落后于别人了。

The question is whether it is worth reading.问题是它是否值得一读。

He looks as if he knew nothing about it.他看起来好像对这件事一无所知。

The problem is who’ll be in charge of the class.问题是谁来负责这个班。

That’s what we want to do.这正是我们想做的。

The question is which team will play in the game.问题是哪个队将参加这场比赛。

That was when he joined the army.那是他参军的时候。

This was where I first met him.这是我第一次见到他的地方。

That was how she finished her education.那就是她怎样完成学业的。

This is why Tom cried.这就是为什么汤姆哭的原因。

Exercises

I. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

1.Can you find out______ her pen?

A. where Alice had put

B. where had Alice put

C. where Alice has put

D. where has Alice put

2.You can’t imagine ______ when they received these gifts.

A. how they were excited

B. how excited they were

C. how excited they have

D. they were how excited

3.I will give this book to ______ wants to have it.

A. whomever

B. whoever

C. whatever

D. wherever

4.I doubt he will lend you the book.

A. whether

B. when

C. that

D. which

5.We must do well ______ the boss assigns us to do.

A. that

B. whatever

C. whichever

D. those

6.Hans has a new car. I wonder when ______ it.

A. he bought

B. did he buy

C. buys

D. he is buying

7.I have not found my book yet. In fact，I’m not sure ______I could have done with it.

A. if

B. whether

C. how

D. what

8.The reason I plan to go is ______ if I don’t.

A. because she will be unhappy

B. that she will be unhappy

C. what she will be unhappy

D. for she will be unhappy

9.The music was so loud. That’s ______ he left the party so early.

A. how

B. why

C. what

D. when

10.Do you know ______ ？

A. when does the party start

B. whether the party starts

C. what time the party starts

D. if the party starts

11.The reason we’re so late is______ .

A. for the car breaks down

B. due to the car breaking down

C. that the car broke down

D. because the car broke down

12.Do ______ you are told；otherwise，you will be punished.

A. that

B. what

C. which

D. whom

13.This is ______ I want to tell you.

A. it

B. that

C. which

D. what

14.Students in his class cannot understand ______.

A. what does the sentence mean

B. what means this sentence

C. what this sentence means

D. what is the meaning of the sentence.

15.We don’t doubt ______ he can make a good job of it.

A .if B. that C. what D. why

Unit 2

名词性从句（二）

Nominal Clauses （Ⅱ）1.名词性从句在句中作主语

从句在句中作主语时，其位置与陈述句基本结构中的主语相同，即放在主句谓语动词之前。但在某些情况下，可以由it充当形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句之后。例如：

That I was right is clear.我是对的，这很清楚。

It is quite clear that the crime was done deliberately.很明显这次犯罪是故意的。

That Professor Wang will come is certain.王教授要来是确定无疑的。

It’s a pity that Tom can not attend the English evening.真可惜，汤姆不能参加英语晚会。

What caused the fire is still a mystery.是什么引起了这次火灾仍然是一个谜。

What he said is not true.他所说的不是真的。

Who was responsible for the accident is not clear.谁为这次事故负责还不清楚。

Who is coming to the party is unknown.谁来参加聚会，还不知道。

Why he left so suddenly is not known to any of us.我们都不知道他为什么这么突然地离开。

Why Tom was late remains a puzzle.汤姆为什么迟到还是一个谜。

How the book will sell depend on its author.书卖得怎么样取决于它的作者。

How she got the prize is still a secret.她怎样得到的那个奖还仍然是一个秘密。

Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me.她来不来我不关心。

Whether he’ll come or not has not been decided yet.他是否来还没有决定。

Wherever he once lived is well preserved.他曾住过的地方都被很好地保留了下来。

Where we will meet will be decided by you.我们什么时候见面将由你来决定。

Which team has won the game is not known.哪个队赢了比赛，还不知道。

When we will have the discussion depends on the teacher.我们什么时候讨论将取决于老师。

2.名词性从句在句中作同位语

（1）同位语从句一般放在某些抽象名词，如news，fact，belief，idea，suggestion，advice等词之后，以具体说明这些名词所包含的内容。同位语从句一般由连词that和whether引导。例如：

The fact that honesty is the best policy is beyond doubt.

诚实至上这个事实是不容置疑的。

They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30 miles away.

他们不得不面对这个事实，就是最近的加油站也在30英里以外。

My original question，why he did it at all，has not been answered.

我最先的问题，就是他到底为什么要做那件事，还没有被回答。

Have you any idea how soon they are coming？

你知不知道他们多快能来？

I have no idea how much of a scholar he is.

我不清楚他是怎样的一个学者。

We hold this truth that all men are created equal.

我们深信“人人生而平等”这一真理。

His suggestion that we hold the meeting next week cannot be accepted.

他有关下周开会的建议不能被接受。

The problem whether it is right or wrong has not yet been decided.

这件事是对是错尚无定论。

（2）同位语从句和定语从句的区别如下。

①定语从句中的关系代词that既连接先行词和从句，又指代先行词，在从句中充当成分（主语或宾语），that作宾语时可以省略；而同位语中的that是连词，只起连接主句和从句的作用，不在从句中充当任何成分，一般不可以省略。

②定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征；同位语从句等同于先行词，是名词性的，其功能是对名词作补充说明。

③同位语从句的先行词应该是表示抽象概念的名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是抽象概念的词，也可以是具体概念的词。

请比较：

The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.

他提出的建议将在会上讨论。（定语从句，that在从句中作put forward的宾语）

The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.

我们应当从国外进口更多设备这个建议将在会议上讨论。（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

She received the message that you sent for her a few days ago.

你几天前发给她的消息她收到了。（定语从句，that作sent 的宾语）

She received the message that he would come by air.

她收到了他将乘飞机来的消息。（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

3.名词性从句在句中作介词补足成分

名词性从句在句中作介词补足成分也就是我们前面提到的充当介词的宾语。例如：

Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.

在下楼之前我就把必须要讲的内容好好准备了。

Laura’s experiences show that if someone can do their job really well，then the question of whether they are male of female is not important.

劳拉的经历说明只要一个人的工作干得真的好，那么性别问题就不重要了。

You must give it back to whomever it belongs to.

你必须物归原主。

Exercises

I. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

1.I was sure ______ I would overcome all these difficulties.

A. what

B. that

C. which

D. whether

2.It happened ______ Lisa wasn’t there at that time.

A. whether

B. if

C. that

D. why

3. ______we need more practice is quite clear.

A. What

B. That

C. Which

D. When

4. ______you don’t like him is none of my business.

A. What

B. Who

C. That

D. Whether

5. ______ is a fact that English is accepted as an international language.

A. What

B. This

C. That

D. It

6.Word has come ______ some guests from Canada will visit our school.

A. what

B. that

C. whether

D. when

7. ______the old man’s sons wanted to know was the gold had been hidden.

A. That ... what

B. What ... where

C. What ... that

D. That ... where

8.He told me the news ______ our team had won the game.

A. about

B. of

C. as

D. that

9.It makes no difference to me ______ he will come or not.

A. how

B. why

C. when

D. whether

10. ______is unknown to me.

A. Where he is

B. Where is he

C. He is where

D. Is he where

11.No one was aware ______ Jane had gone.

A. where that

B. of the place

C. of where

D. the place

12.I wonder how many years ago______ .

A. did your father retire

B. your father retired

C. has your father retired

D. your father has retired

13.The news ______ to the Great Wall during the summer holidays made us very happy.

A. what we would go

B. how we would go

C. that we would go

D. where we would go

14.Never hesitate to ask about ______.

A. that you don’t understand

B. what you don’t understand

C. which you don’t understand

D. what don’t you understand

15.I have no idea ______ they have kept in touch with me by e-mail since last year.

A. what

B. how

C. that

D. when

Unit 3

定语从句

Attributive Clause定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句，由关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that 或关系副词as，when，where，why等引导。关系词除了起引导作用外，还在从句中指代前面的先行词，并在从句中担任一定的成分。例如：

The car which was stolen has been found.

被盗的汽车已经找到了。（which指代先行词car，在从句中作主语）

The house whose windows are broken is empty.

窗子破烂不堪的那所房子是空的。（whose是所有格，在从句中作定语）

I shall never forget the day when I entered the university.

我永远不会忘记上大学的那一天。（when指代先行词day，在从句中作时间状语）1. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号，对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开，对先行词进行补充说明，相当于并列句。例如：

He is the man who has strong personality.

他是个个性很强的人。（限定性定语从句）

My mother, who works abroad, is coming next week.

我母亲在国外工作，下周她就回来了。（非限定性定语从句）

注意：

（1）非限定性定语从句不能用that引导，一般用which，as或who（指人）引导。用which或as引导时，既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。例如：

He spoke confidently, which impressed me most.

他说话非常自信，这一点给我留下了深刻的印象。（which指代整个主句，在从句中作主语）

（2）as引导的非限定性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限

定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。例如：

As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.

众所周知，月亮是地球的一颗卫星。

The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people’s life greatly.

大片的区域都覆盖着厚厚的白雪，这大大影响了人们的生活。

（3）在限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；但在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。例如：

The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher.

我昨晚看的那部电影是关于一名年轻教师的。(which可以省去)

She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before.

她把我介绍给她丈夫，这人我以前从没见过。(whom不能省去)2. 通常只用关系代词that而不用which，who或whom的几种情况

（1）当先行词是all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，much，none，few等时，例如：All that you want is here. 你想要的一切都在这儿。

(2) 当先行词被all，no，some，any，every，a few，a little，much，only，very等修饰时。例如：

There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes. 任何人都会犯错误。

(3) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：

This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。

(4) 当出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人或物时。例如：

We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.

我们正在谈论我们拜访过的人们及参观过的国家。

(5) 当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。例如：

Who is the person that is standing over there? 站在那儿的那个人是谁？

(6) 当定语从句为there be句型时，关系代词只能用that，但经常可以省略。例如：

I know the difference (that) there is between you. 我知道你们之间的不同。

(7) 当关系代词在从句中作表语时，常用that。例如：

He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和过去不一样了。3. 与其他词连用引导的定语从句

as引导定语从句时，可指人也可指物，通常与the same，such，so等连用，形式为：the same ... as，such ... as，as ... as，so ... as。as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。例如：

She knew he felt just the same as she did.

她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样。（as代替事，作宾语）

I lend you such books as will interest you.

我借给你你会感兴趣的书。（as代替物，作主语）

注意：the same ... as和the same ... that的用法不同。as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”，指同一事物。例如：This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样。（类似的笔）

This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。（同一支笔）4. “介词+ 关系代词”引导的定语从句

在“介词+ which/whom”结构中，介词的选择取决于以下3种情况。

(1) 定语从句中谓语动词与表语的搭配，例如：

This is the college in which I am studying. 这就是我正在学习的大学。

He is the man about whom we are talking. 他就是我们正在谈论的那个人。

(2) 先行词与介词的习惯搭配，例如：

The speed at which the machine operates is known on the meter.

机器运行的速度可以从仪表上读出来。

(3) 当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which，否则用其他介词，例如：

I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.

我有五本词典，其中《朗文词典》最好。

I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.

我有五本词典，其中《朗文词典》是英国出版的。

注意：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定，如be familiar with/to，compare with/to等。

有时为表意清楚，还可以在关系副词where或when前加介词from，to等。例如：

China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Thailand and India.

风筝源于中国，并由此传到日本、泰国和印度。

Exercises

I. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

1. The two elements ______ water is made are the oxygen and hydrogen.

A. that

B. which

C. of which

D. with which

2. The crime was discovered till 48 hours later, ______ gave the criminal plenty of time to get away.

A. which

B. that

C. so

D. what

3. A good many proposals were raised by the delegates, ______ was to be expected.

A. that

B. what

C. so

D. as

4. Mary is the only one of the team members ______ to be transferred.

A. who is going

B. who are going

C. who have been going

D. who has been going

5. Mrs. Lee will move into her new house next Monday, ______ it will be completely furnished.

A. by that time

B. by the time

C. by which time

D. by some time

6. The village ______ my mother grew up in is not far from the city.

A. what

B. where

C. which

D. wherever

7. The company official ______ I thought would be fired received a raise.

A. whom

B. whoever

C. who

D. which

8. The machine is such ______ I have never seen before.

A. what

B. as

C. when

D. where

9. The International Studies University, ______ in 1951, is a military academy.

A. founded

B. has been founded

C. to have been founded

D. was founded

10. A student, ______ name I don’t know, came to see me.

A. that

B. who

C. whose

D. whom

11. The time will come ______ man can fly he likes in the universe.

A. how ... where

B. when ... wherever

C. where ... where

D. what ... which

12. Is this museum ______ you visited a few days ago?

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

13. She is waiting for the doctor ______ I know will not come.

A. whom

B. who

C. Which

D. that

14. Is this the place ______ the exhibition was held?

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

15. —Who is John Smith?

—He is the speaker ______ heard last week.

A. which we would have

B. we would have

C. we

D. we had

Unit 4

状语从句

Adverbial Clause状语从句（又称副词从句）在句子中起状语作用，修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词或整句。状语从句由从属连词引导，位置灵活，可以放置句首（从句后需要用逗号与主句隔开）、句中（从句前后都用逗号）或者句尾（从句前不需要用逗号）。

状语从句可以分为以下几种类型。

1. 时间状语从句

时间状语从句可以由下列连词引导：when，whenever，while，as，before，after，since，now that，until，once，the moment，immediately，no sooner...than，the second，instantly，hardly等。例如：

When my father came home yesterday, I was watching NBA games.

当父亲回家的时候，我在看NBA球赛。

When I was ten, I began to learn to play basketball.

我十岁的时候开始学习打篮球。

While he is listening to a song, he always sings along.

当他听歌的时候，他总是会随着一起唱。

You will grow taller as you grow older.

随着你长大，你也会长高。

以上4个句子中的状语从句均表示某一时刻或者某时间段。

注意：

（1）当使用连接词when表示“……时候”时，它所引导的从句中谓语动词用一般现在时或者一般过去时，不能用完成时态。

（2）when，while和as都引导表示时间的状语从句，它们的区别在于动作发生的时间顺序。用when时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生或先于主句的动作发生；用as时从句和主句的动作同时发生；用while时从句和主句的动作同时发生，也可表示持续一段时间。例如：

I didn’t know my step-father before I was brought to this family.

在我被带到这个家庭之前，我不认识继父。

After he said goodbye, he left.

他说完再见后离开了。

After you consult with your colleagues, please let me know your decision.

你和你同事商量完以后，请告诉我你们的决定。

以上3个句子中的状语从句表示发生的动作在时间上的相对顺序。

Whenever they are free, they play basketball.

他们一有时间就打篮球。

Her mother gets angry every time that she arrives late.

每次她一来迟，她母亲就会生气。

They laughed at each other as often as they met.

他们每次见面都会互相嘲笑一番。

以上3个句子中的状语从句表示动作发生的频繁程度。

I’ll tell him the story as soon as I see him.

我一见到他就会告诉他这个故事。

The instant the boy saw his mother, he threw himself into her arms.

这个小男孩一见到他的母亲就扑进她的怀里。

No sooner had he entered the stadium than he started to played basketball.

他一进入体育场就开始打篮球。

Hardly had he finished the examination when the bell rang.

他刚做完试卷就响铃了。

以上4个句子中的状语从句表示动作发生的衔接程度，即“一……就……”，但某些连接词需要句子倒装。She didn’t have her lunch until she had finished her task.

她一直到完成任务才吃午饭。

Until I met him, I had never known what is love.

我直到遇见他才知道什么是爱。

Not until I shouted at the top of my voice did he turn his head.

直到我大声喊他，他才转过头来。

以上3个句子中的状语从句表示动作“直到……才”发生。

2. 地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由连词where，wherever或者副词anywhere，everywhere来引导。例如：

Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者，事竟成。

Wherever you are, you should work hard.

不管你在哪儿，都要努力工作。

Readers should put the book they had finished where it was.

读者应该把看完的书放回原处。

3. 原因状语从句

原因状语从句通常由because，since，as，seeing that，now that等连词引导。例如：

She didn’t come to school because she was ill yesterday.

她没来上学是因为她昨天生病了。

Since you are not busy today, you’d better help me with the garden work.

既然你今天不忙，那你最好帮我干花园里的活。

As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi.

下雨了，你最好打出租车。

Seeing (that) he was better, they didn’t send for the doctor.

看到他好多了，他们就没有请医生来。

Now that everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.

既然人都来了，那咱们开会吧。

4. 结果状语从句

结果状语从句通常由so that，so ... that，that等连接词引导。例如：

The sound is so weak that you cannot hear it.

声音弱得你听不见。

He bought a new car so that he was never late afterwards.

他买了一辆新车，从此以后就再也没迟到过。

He is such a good person that everyone likes him.

他是一个好人，所以每个人都喜欢他。

Is she really disabled that she should not touch it?

她真的残疾得不能动那东西了吗？

5. 目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句的连接词有：so，so that，in order that，for fear that，lest等。例如：

She worked hard so that she could earn the bonus.

她努力工作为的是能获得奖金。

All the students studied hard lest they should fail the examinations this term.

所有的学生都努力学习，以防这学期考试过不了关。

I came so early as to catch the first train.

我来得很早，以便能赶上头班火车。

He is working hard for fear that he should fail.

他努力学习，以免考试不及格。

6. 条件状语从句

表示条件的状语从句可以由if，unless，suppose，supposing，in case，so far as，provided等词引导。（1）真实条件状语从句所表示的条件是真实的、有可能实现的。常用的句型为：

If+ 一般现在时，+一般将来时

If+一般现在时，+一般现在时

（2）非真实条件状语从句所表示的条件与事实相反，或没有实现的可能性。常用的句型为：

If+动词过去式，+would(should, could, might)+动词原形

If+had+过去分词，+would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词

If it rains, the meeting will take place indoors.

如果下雨，会议将在室内进行。

Suppose all your money was stolen, how would you survive in a strange city?

假设你的钱都被偷了，你如何在一个陌生的城市生存？

If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. （非真实条件句）

如果你早来几分钟就碰到他了。

If you had not helped me, I should have failed. （非真实条件句）

要是你不帮助我，我早就失败了。

I shall give you my dictionary provided you return it tomorrow.

倘若你明天能还给我，我就把词典借给你。

7. 让步状语从句

让步状语从句由下列连接词引导：although，though，even if，while，no matter，whoever，whatever，while，whether ... or，however，granting that等。例如：

Though it was very late, he went on working.

虽然很晚了，他还继续工作。

Although he married a nice girl, he is (still, yet, nevertheless) unhappy.

尽管他和一位很好的姑娘结了婚，但他仍然不快乐。

注意：在让步状语从句中，用although或者though引导时，句中不能再出现but，可以用yet或者still等。While he is very young, he is an old hand in this field.

虽然他非常年轻，但已经是这个领域里的老手了。

Granted that they weren’t doing it in the right way, you weren’t right in taking everything on yourself.就算他们做事的方式不对，你包办代替也不对。

8. 方式状语从句

方式状语从句的引导连接词有as，as if，as though等。例如：

I have changed the plan as you instructed.

我已经按你的建议对计划做了修改。

She walks as her mother does.

她像她妈妈那样走路。

He works with great enthusiasm as though he never knew fatigue.

他工作热情很高，好像从不知道疲倦似的。

9. 比较状语从句

比较状语从句由as ... as，not as ... as，than等连接。例如：

He worked as fast as a skilled worker.

他干活像一个熟练工人一样快。

Marry works more carefully than Tom.

玛莉比汤姆工作更细心。

Exercises

I. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

1. Women workers wear hats ______ their hair gets caught in the machinery.

A. if

B. in case

C. unless

D. because

2. ______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Saturday.

A. In spite of

B. But for

C. Because of

D. As for

3. Young ______ John was, he was able to swim across the channel within minutes.

A. as

B. so

C. though

D. although

4. I didn’t remember his name ______ after I had greeted him.

A. when

B. as

C. until

D. while

5. The instruments of the older factory______ .

A. is as good or better than the new one

B. are as good or better than the new one

C. is as good as or better than those of the new one

D. are as good as or better than those of the new one

6. The higher the standard of living, ______ .

A. the greater is the amount of paper is used

B. the greater amount of paper is used

C. the amount of paper is used is greater

D. the greater the amount of paper is used

7. The water gives up energy and becomes cooler ______ the ice receives energy and melts.

A. when

B. while

C. for

D. because

8. I recognized her______ I saw her.

A. the instant (that)

B. after

C. if not

D. unless

9. ______ the 1500’s the first Europeans explored the coast of California.

A. It was not until ... when

B. It is until ... that

C. It is not until ... when

D. It was not until ... that

10. He was willing to speak to the reporters ______ he was not identified.

A. on condition that

B. in case

C. suppose that

D. for fear that

11. ______ he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.

A. As soon as

B. As well as

C. So far as

D. So long as

12. We’ll visit Europe next year ______ we have enough money.

A. provided

B. unless

C. until

D. lest

13. Most of the stones are ______ a man and weigh about two and a half tons each.

A. more high

B. much more high

C. higher more

D. higher than

14. ______ he is absent, what shall we do?

A. Now that

B. Seeing that

C. Whether

D. Supposing that

15. ______ the door than somebody started knocking on it.

A. I had closed no sooner

B. No sooner had I closed

C. I had no sooner closed

D. No sooner I close

Unit 5

虚拟语气

Subjunctive Mood1. 英语中语气的含义和种类

语气（mood）是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图和态度。

英语中的语气有以下3种。

（1）陈述语气，表示所说的话是事实。例如：

Paris is world-famous for its fashion shows and beautiful sceneries.

巴黎以时装展和美丽的风景而闻名世界。

Yesterday I went to visit my uncle who lives in the countryside.

昨天我去看望了住在乡下的叔叔。

（2）祈使语气，表示所说的话是请求或命令。例如：

Don’t say those rude words again! 不要再说那些脏话了！

Please help yourself with some salad and soup. 请随便吃点沙拉，喝点汤。

（3）虚拟语气，表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假想或建议等。例如：

If I were you，I wouldn’t let her go. 我要是你的话，就不会让她走。

They suggest that we go there by plane. 他们建议我们坐飞机去那儿。

I wish I hadn’t told him the bad news. 我真希望当时没有告诉他那个坏消息。2. 虚拟语气的概念及用法

虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等。虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。

虚拟语气的用法可以归结为6大类型，即：普通型、wish型、省略型、“坚决要命”型、状语从句型和特殊型（包括It is time型、would rather型、含蓄型和让步型）。

（1）普通型虚拟语气，即以if引导的主从复合句中的虚拟语气，包括以下三种形式：从句主句与过去事实相反had + 动词过去分词would/should/could/might + have + 动词的过去分词与现在事实相反动词过去式（be动词常用were）would/should/could/might + 动词原形与将来事实相反should/were to + 动词原形would/should/could/might + 动词原形

例如：

If I were you，I would take them away.

如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。

If I had met David，I could have told him.

如果我碰见了大卫，我就告诉他了。

If it were to rain tomorrow，the football match would be put off.

要是明天下雨，运动会就会被推迟。

（2）wish型虚拟语气，即wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，包括以下三种形式：that 引导的宾语从