人机工程学在厨房设计的应用

人机工程学在厨房设计的应用

Application of Human Factors Engineering in kitchen

design

统计数据表明，厨房装修的花费占总装修费用的10％以上，而整体橱柜既需要实现厨房的功能，又需要与电器、照明、水槽等配合，以实现储备、洗涤、烹饪三方面的操作要求，还需要使操作者省力且环境舒适。风格多样的现代家居设计,不是缺乏艺术,而是缺乏科学。科学下厨即人体工程学在厨房的应用，能给家庭烹调带来诸多好处。

Statistics show that spent in total kitchen renovation renovation costs10Over, and the whole Cabinet needs to realize the function of the kitchen, and with electrical, lighting, sink, combined with, to achieve, washing and cooking aspects of operational requirements, you also need to make the operator labor-saving and comfortable environment. Diverse styles of modern home design,not a lack of art,but the lack of science. Scientific cooking application of ergonomics in the kitchen, can bring many benefits to home cooking.

本文就主要通过了解人在厨房中的操作过程以及人体尺寸，将整体厨房进行人性化设计，设备的安排要以尽量缩短人在厨房操作时的行走路线为目的；而且还要根据人体的高度进行橱柜的尺寸设计；除此之外还要合理有效地利用空间，安排必要的贮物空间。

This article on the main process in action in the kitchen by understanding as well as the human dimension,Humanization design of kitchen, equipment arrangements to minimize the kitchen operations for routing purposes; but also cabinet design according to the height of the human body; in addition to rational and efficient use of the space, arrangements for the necessary storage space.

人机工程学在整体厨房中的应用

在整体厨房“人—机—环境”的特定系统中，“人”即操作者，是主要因素；橱柜、设备及器具等是“机”；厨房的室内空间尺度、形状、色彩及声、光、热、空气条件是“环境”；要设计出使操作者使用最好、最舒适的“环境”和最省力的“机”，则首先要分析、了解“人”。

Application of ergonomics in the kitchen

In the kitchen "Person—Machine—Environment "in a particular system,"People"The operator, is the main factor; cabinets, equipment and apparatus are" Machine"; Kitchen Interior spatial scale, shape, color and sound, light,Heat and air condition are"Environmental"; to design mission to operation using the best, most comfortable"environment"and the line of least resistance "Machine", first of all, to analyze, to understand"person".

厨房的设计原则

其设计的总则应以人体工学原理出发，考虑减轻操作者劳动强度，方便使用。设备要合理布置，考虑这些设备的安装、维修及使用安全。

装饰材料的使用应该以色彩素雅、光洁、易于清洗为主。地面的选择宜用地砖、花岗岩等防滑、防水、易于清洗的材料。墙面宜选择防火、抗热、易清洁的材料。装饰在选择上以不影响厨房的采光、照明、通风的效果为主。

Kitchen design principles

Its design should be based on general principles of ergonomic principles set out, taking into account the operator labor intensity reduction,Easy to use. Equipment to reasonable layout, consider the equipment installation, maintenance and safe use.

Decorative materials should be based on the use of color and plain, smooth, easy to clean. Selected on the ground should be treated with floor tiles, granite, non-slip, waterproof, easy to clean material. Wall the desirability selecting fire-proof, heat-resistant material and easy to clean. Decoration in the kitchen of the choice does not affect the effect of lighting, lighting, ventilation.

厨房的空间组织

厨房面积虽小，但是煤气管道、水管和电线在这里汇集。要求橱柜设计师要深入现场，了解整个厨房的朝向、结构、水、电、气、烟道的位置，根据厨房建筑的结构，考虑灶具、水槽、操作台及冰箱等的排布，测量并记录清楚，以作为绘制平面图和立面图的依据。一般来说，橱柜的测量已经成为整个房屋装修的第一道程序，因为很多装饰公司都要求在水电开工之前拿到橱柜的设计图纸，以方便施工，有些客户甚至要求橱柜设计师出具水电施工图。因此在橱柜的设计中，首先要根据整个厨房的建筑结构确定灶具、水槽等的摆放，然后设计出合理的动作路线。一般来说，水槽设计在窗台下，光线充足；灶具根据房屋的烟道位置设置，如果房屋没有烟道，就要考虑抽油烟机排烟及操作的方便而合理设置；再之后确定冰箱、微波炉、电饭锅等家电的位置。根据平面布置情况，出具立面图及各部位的水电图。待厨房水电及瓦工贴好墙地砖后，橱柜设计师再次上门复尺，以确定最终方案及细部尺寸，以此向工厂下单生产。

Spatial organization of the kitchen

The kitchen area is small, but all the gas pipes, the water pipes and the electrical wiring are collected here. It requires the Cabinet designers come into the scene, understand the overall direction and structure of the kitchen, include water, electricity, gas and flue, all this thing’s position, according to the kitchen building structure, taking into account the arrangement at the stove, sink, desk and refrigerator’s configuration, measure and record clear, to serve as a basis for drawing floor plans and elevations. Generally speaking, measurements of the Cabinet has become the first renovation program of the whole House, because a lot of decoration companies require to got the design drawing of Cabinet before the work starts, to facilitate the construction, some customers even request Cabinet designers offer the

water and electricity construction plans. In the design of Cabinet, first of all, the determine according to the structure of the entire kitchen placed at the stove, sink, and then design a reasonable route. In General, the tank design under the sill so it have enough bright, stove according to the House's flue position to set, if the House do not have flue, considering the range hood exhaust and operating convenience it need a reasonable set, and then decide the location of home appliances such as refrigerator, microwave oven, electric cooker. According to the floor, offer elevation and the utilities figure. For the kitchen hydropower and bricklayer's stick good after tiles, ambry stylist again the door complex rule to determine the final project and the size of the details to the factory production order.

合理的厨房布置，可为主妇操作方便、提高效率、节约时间创造条件。厨房中，通常包括三个主要设备：炉灶、电冰箱和洗涤槽。应根据工作者的习惯工作程序，即：取材—洗净—调理—烹煮—盛装—上桌等顺序进行规划。最适宜配置成一个“黄金工作三角形”，三侧长加起来以不超过6．7米，并以4.5－6.7m 为宜，这样活动路线单纯，操作顺手，还节省空间。

Reasonable arrangement of the kitchen, housewives is easy to operate, improve efficiency and save time creating conditions. In the kitchen, usually consists of three main equipment: stove, refrigerator and sink. Procedures to be based on the work habits of workers, namely:

materials-washed-conditioning-cooking-costumes-planning order table, and so on. The most suitable configuration into a"golden triangle", three-sided long added up to no more than6. 7meters and4.5-6.7m, activity routes simple, operate smoothly, saving space.

根据厨房空间特点可做以下几种规划：

According to the kitchen space features several planning you can do the following:

“一”字型厨房：“一”型又称为“单列型”，只在厨房一侧布置橱柜设施。这种布局的优点是管线短、经济，便于施工和水平管道的隐蔽；同时水管集中布置，节省设备空间，便于封闭；橱柜布置简单，施工误差便于调节。缺点是由于操作者在操作过程中必须沿操作台的方向走动，当操作台较长时，使人感觉不舒适，且降低工作效率。另外，单列式操作台的通道只能单侧使用，难以重复利用空间，降低了空间利用的有效性。“单列型”布置适用于只能单面布置橱柜设备的狭长型厨房。

Single-LineArrangement:"Single-Line" Also known as "separate" arrangement set cabinets on the side of kitchen facilities. The advantage of this layout is short pipeline, economic, easy construction and subtle horizontal pipe; pipe simultaneously centralized and save space on the device, closed cabinet simply furnished, construction errors are easier to adjust. Disadvantage is that due to the operator in the operation, if people must walk along the console when the console is long, so that the

people do not feel comfortable, and reduced the work efficiency. In addition, the channel can only be single-sided single-console, it is difficult to reuse space, reduced the effectiveness of space utilization. "Separate" arrangement applies to only one side narrow kitchen cabinets equipment layout.

“二”字形厨房：将工作台在厨房两侧并列摆放，人在中间工作，虽不能“左右开弓”，却可以“左右逢源”。宽距以70－100厘米最恰当，适用于较宽敞的厨房空间。

Galley Arrangement: table in the kitchen placed side-by-side on both sides, people work in the Middle, does not"do several jobs in th e same time", But you can"be able to achieve success one way or anoth er"。 Wide distance to70-100cm is the most appropriate, suitable for larger kitchen space.

“L”型厨房：沿厨房相临的两边布置橱柜设备，这种布置方式优点是较为符合厨房炊事行为的操作流程，从水池到灶台之间的操作连续，在转角处工作时移动较少，既方便适用又能在一定程度上节省空间；且管线、烟道等可以集中布置，便于隐蔽；另外，这种布局的橱柜整体性强，外表整齐、美观。缺点是当布置橱柜的墙体因为施工误差而相互不垂直时，定型L型橱柜与墙体之间的误差不易调节。这种厨房的储藏量虽大，但是转角处的空间不易利用，需要进行特别处理来提高利用率。L型布置适用于开间净尺寸在1 500～2 000 mm之间的厨房，或是开间大于2 000 mm

L-Shaped Arrangement:Along kitchen’s phase on both sides of Cabinet equipment, t his arrangement’s advantage is more conform to t he kitchen cooking behavior of the operation process, from pool to h obs continuous operation, in the corner department work will moved l ess, both convenient applies and save place in degree; pipeline and f lue, can set layout, easy to hidden; in addition, this layout of C abinet look appearance neatly and beautiful. The disadvantage is t hat when the layout of the closet wall is not perpendicular to each o ther because of construction error,it’s difficult to adjust between cabinets and walls. Although it is a largereserve of this kitchen, b ut the corner space is not easy to use, require special handling to i mprove utilization. L-shaped arrangement is suitable for net size of a room in an old-style house in 1500 ~ 2000 mm between kitchen, or ru nning a greater than 2000 mm

“U”型厨房：厨房三边均布置橱柜设备，这种布置方式的优点是操作面长，储藏空间充足，厨房空间利用充分，设备布置也较为灵活，基本上集中了“L”型的优点，取材便利。缺点是由于三面布置厨房，阳台的设置受到了一点限制。“U”型布置适用于面积标准较高的大厨房，平面接近方型的厨房这种布置在开放式厨房的平面布局中较为多见，可供2－3人同时操作，“三管齐下”，适用于人口较多家庭。

U-Shaped Arrangement: The kitchen’s trilateral are all arranged ambryequipment,this kind of arrangement have the advantageof opera-ti ng surface long, enough storage space, the kitchen space to use fully, the equipment layout is also more flexible, basically focused the ad vantages of "L” arrangement, it’s convenient for materials. Disadvantage is that due to the layout of the kitchen on three sides, the terrace is the set limit. "U" type arrangement applies high standards of large kitchen,flat close to the square of this arrange- ment in the kitchen more often in the open kitchen layout,available for2-3people and operations, "the three-pronged ", Suit for large families.

“岛”型厨房：这种布置在普通住宅厨房中较为少见，操作台设在厨房中部。这种布局形式占用的空间较多，多用于面积较大的别墅、独立式住宅等的厨房中。这种布局方式适合多人参与厨房操作，使厨房的工作气氛活跃。其岛型台面既可以作为操作台面，也可以当作餐台使用。

Island Kitchen Arrangement:this arrangement is more rare in ordinary kitchen, central console located in the kitchen. This layout forms take up more space, it usually for larger villas, detached houses, such as in the kitchen. This arrangement is suitable for many people involved in the kitchen operations, make kitchen work lively. The island type mesa can as operation platform,, can also be used as a dining tables.

操作台的高度

目前操作台的高度多数为860mm，而事实上，人在切菜时，上臂和小臂应呈一定夹角，这样可以最大程度地调动身体力量，双手也可相互配合地工作。调查显示，如果身高相差1cm的话，最舒适切菜台高度一般相差0．5cm左右。根据人体尺度的国家标准可知，成年女子身高的10百分位数为150．3cm，90百分位数为164cm，因此相对应的操作台高度应在79cm～86cm之间，具体的高度根据主妇的高度来调节，原则即为身高每增加1cm，操作台的高度增加0．5cm，一般将操作台高度定为800mm～ 850mm能适合于大多数人。如果厨房空间足够的大，可补充增设其他所希望高度的操作台，以满足不同功能的需要。

The height of the console

Currently most of the height of the console are860mm And, indeed, when people are cut food, should have a certain angle between the upper arm and forearm, which can mobilize to the maximum physical strength, can also interact with both hands. Investigation revealed that if the height difference between the1cm, most comfortable cutting height generally a difference of0. 5cm or so.According to national standards for human scale, adult female height of10percentile for150.3cm,90percentile for164cm, so that corresponds to the console height should be79cm~86cm between specific height to the height of the housewife to adjust principles is the height for each additional1cm, increase the height of the console0.5cm,General

console height as800mm~850mm Suitable for most people. If kitchen space is large enough, add to add the desired height of the console, to meet different needs.

操作台的宽度和深度

人在站立操作时所占的宽度女为66cm，男为70cm，但从人的心理需要来说，必须将其增大一定的尺寸。根据手臂与身体左右夹角呈15°工作较轻松的原则，操作台面宽度应以760mm为宜。因此一般来说，在条件允许的情况下，操作台的宽度应≥760mm。

人使用操作台的主要操作区的深度为450mm，而人略探身可触及的操作案台深度为600mm，因此从这方面看操作台的深度不宜小于450mm，也不宜大于600mm。The width and depth of the console

People stand when the width of women660mm, Male700mmBut from the psychological needs of people, it increases a certain size must be. Around under his arm and body angle is15 °principle of work more easily, console width should be760mm. Generally, in cases where conditions allow, the width of the console should be≥ 760mm.

People using the depth of the console's main operating area450mm, And the slightly leaning to reach operating depth as600mm, So in terms of the depth of the console should not be less than450mm, Nor greater than600mm。

灶台设计

一般来说，灶台是和操作台的高度是在同一高度上的。但由于女性平均使用炉台的时间较长，因此为避免烹饪时胳膊架得很高，造成颈肩酸痛，灶台的高度应比操作台的高度下降约10Cm，让视线得以轻松俯视煮食，手肘在炒菜时也可以轻松悬放，不会长时间处于紧绷状态。因此，放置灶具的台面应扣除锅和灶具的高度，对于台式炉灶需要在普通操作台的基础上减去炉灶和锅的高度200mm，即灶台柜在600mm~650mm之间。

Stove design

In General, the stove was and the height of the console are on the same height. But because women on average use including nogging longer, so to avoid cooking arm is very high, resulting in neck and shoulder pain, cooking bench height should bemore than the height of the console by about10Cm, for sight to easily look down on cooking, elbows in cooking is easy to hang on, not in a tight State for a long time. Therefore, place the stove tops should be reduced height of the pot and cooker, table-top stoves require less stoves and pots on the basis of ordinary console height200mm, cooking benches and cabinets in600mm~650mmin between.

而对于嵌人式炉灶则需要在普通操作台高度的基础上减去锅的高度100mm，即灶台在700mm～ 750mm之间。但这种灶台和操作台不在一个平面的情况下需要保证：灶台布置，否则没有足够的空间会影响人的操作，而且也不便于物品的放置。一般在厨房洗涤池的一侧保留最小的操作台空间为460mm，而另一侧保留最小的操作台空间为610mm。

But block people cookstoves are required in normal height consoleMinus the pots on the basis ofthe height of100mm, hobs700mm~750mmin between. But this stove and cases need to ensure that the console is not a plane: UN arrangement, or there is not enough space will influence people's actions, and would not facilitate the placement of items. General reservations on the side of the sink in the kitchen a minimum of desk space to460mm, while the other side retained the minimum desk space is610mm.

洗涤台的高度和深度

一般来说，洗涤池的高度偏低，长期使用会使用户产生腰部劳损，这就需要加高洗涤池的高度，使用户在正常站立的情况下就可轻松洗涤。根据人机工程学原理，女子的“立姿肘高”为 960mm，加穿鞋修正量20mm，得980mm；由于立姿下在略低于肘高的位置操作最适宜，所以取洗涤池的高度为“立姿肘高”减去180mm~130mm，即洗涤池的高度在800mm~850mm之间，与操作台的高度一致，两者可这个高度满足洗涤和切菜的需要。

The height and depth of washed

In General, the low height of the washing pool, long-term use will allow the user to produce lower back strain, this requires the height of the height of sink so that users standing in normal circumstancesYou can easily wash. According to ergonomic principles, the woman"found cubits high" for960mm, plus shoes correction of20mm,980mm; as found in slightly less thanElbow-high the location most suitable, so take the height of the washing pool"Found cubits high" minus180mm~130mm, height of the washing pool in800mm~850mmbetween consistent with the height of the console, both the high needs of washing and chopping needs.

厨房洗涤池不应太靠近转角位置，否则没有足够的空间会影响人的操作，而且也不便于物品的放置。一般在厨房洗涤池的一侧保留最小的操作台空间为460mm，而另一侧保留最小的操作台空间为610mm。

Kitchen sink should not be too close to the corner position, or there is not enough space will influence people's actions, and would not facilitate the placement of items. General reservations on the side of the sink in the kitchen a minimum of desk space to460mm, while the other side retained the minimum desk space is610mm.

橱柜设计

操作台下面(里面)的收藏，使用不浪费进深空间的、带滑轮的橱柜比较方便。抽屉式的柜橱由于比较深，有些东西会被埋没其中，为便于使用应对所有储藏物品进行分类存放。考虑到厨房的东西还会有增加的可能，储藏的空间也应留有余地。

Kitchen cabinet design

Console the following(Inside)Collection, use of not wasting the depth of space, convenient cabinets with a pulley. Cupboard and drawer of more deep,

some things will be buried, stored classified for ease of use to all storage items. For kitchen stuff also will increase the possibility of storage space should also leave room for.

厨房使用方便与否，与储藏空间的充实与否密切相关，零碎东西多的厨房必要的东西能够顺利地拿进、拿出是关键，根据所拥有的锅以及餐具量的需要，确保足够的储藏空间，此外，有固定放置微波炉、电饭锅的场所也是十分必要的。频繁使用的东西应收藏在站着就可以够得到的范围内，其中经常使用的调味品、工具等应收藏在与视觉高度接近的位置，作业效率会提高。

Kitchen easy to use or not, is closely related to storage space is full or not, odds and more necessary to successfully get into the kitchen, took out was the key, depending on the amount of pots and tableware have needed to ensure that enough storage space and, in addition, has a fixed place is also very necessary to place the microwave oven, rice cooker. Frequently used collections in the stands can reach within, which often use condiments, tools should collections and Visual height, close to the location, job efficiency improves.

橱柜按所处的空间位置及大小可分为：

地柜：最常见的一种柜体形式，又称为下柜，在橱柜下部，起支撑台面及提供储藏空间的作用。根据功能可分为拉篮柜、水槽柜、米桶柜、灶台柜等。

吊柜：位于橱柜上部，拓展厨房上部储藏空间。

岛台：孤岛岛台指的是独立于橱柜之外的，下有柜体的单独操作区。孤岛岛台只适用于开放式厨房，在现代装修中其最大的作用就是作为厨房与其他空间的隔断。

高柜：高柜以人在取物时两手能达到的使用高度为宜，一般在1 8O0 mm以上，尺寸为下柜高度+上下柜间距+上柜高度。若需扩大存放空间或节省占地面积，也可在柜顶上叠置柜、架，用于存放较轻、不常用的物品。也可以搭配嵌入式冰箱使用。

半高柜：高度介于高柜与地柜之间，常跟地柜相连，上部放置微波炉、烤箱等，下部跟地柜一样设置开门或与消毒柜等各种电器配合使用。

According to the position and size of the space the Cabinet can be divided into:

Cabinet: one of the most common forms of the Cabinet, also known as the next Cabinet, in the lower part of the Cabinet, supporting role and provide storage space. According to the function can be divided into basket, flume tank, cabinets, Hearth ark.

Hangi ng cabinet: Located in cabinet’s upper, expanding above the kitchen storage space.

Islands: Islands island is independent of the Cabinet, there are separate operating area of the Cabinet. Applies only to the open kitchen island, whose biggest role is as a kitchen and other spatial partition in modern decoration.

High cabinet: high cabinets to hands when people take things to reach using the height, generally in 1 8 00 mm above, size for the next ark height + fluctuation tank spacing + otc height.. If you need to expand the storage space, or save an area or on top of the cabinets stacked cabinets, shelves, to hold the lighter, less frequently used items. Also can use for match embedded refrigerator .

Half height cabinet: It’s height between high counters and cabinets, often connected to the Cabinet, upper placed microwave oven, oven, etc., with the lower ground ark set as open or and disinfection cabinet, etc. Various kinds of electric appliance used together.

厨房灯具设计

厨房灯具的设置布局，不仅与人们的视力健康、活动安全和工作效率直接有关，而且还会影响环境气氛和人的精神情绪。所以，厨房灯具的选择，必须满足人们的心理需要，要有足够的照度以使操作者有舒适感，同时，光线的对比度要适中。使用者要依据空间面积和具体环境进行构思设计。

此外，从清洁卫生的安全用电的角度来安排厨房灯具是十分必要的。安装灯具应尽可能远离灶台，以免油烟水汽直接熏染灯具。灯具造型应尽可能简洁，以便于经常擦拭。灯具底座要选用瓷质的并使用安全插座。开关要购买内部是铜质的，且密封性能要好，要具有防潮、防锈效果。

Kitchen lighting design

Kitchen luminaire layout, and vision health, not only activities directly related to the safety and efficiency, but also affects the spiritual atmosphere and mood of the environment. Therefore, selection of kitchen luminaire, people's psychological needs must be met, you have enough illumination to provide the operator with comfort, at the same time, the contrast of light to moderate pressure. Users based on conceptual design of space and context.

In addition, from clean sanitation safety power Angle to arrange kitchen luminaire

is very necessary. Installing luminaire should keep away from the hearth as far as possible , lest lampblack water vapor direct edify lamps. Modelling of luminaire should be concise as far as possible, so that often wipe. luminaire base should choose porcelain and use safety socket. Switch to purchase internal is copper is qualitative, and better sealing performance, have moisture, rust effect.

结束语

10年之前，整体厨房还是富裕人家的奢侈品，10年后的今天橱柜已经走进了千家万户，成为人们生活的必需品。人们也已经认识到了整体厨房的专业性和特殊性，而作为专业的橱房设计师不但要从经济性上考虑橱房设计，还要使操作者更加方便，更加舒适，并考虑家电业和家具业的发展，今后橱房的发展方向必然是更加多样化，专业化，并朝家电、橱柜一体化及智能化方向发展。

Conclusion:

Ten years ago, the kitchen also a luxury for wealthy,10 years later, now the Cabinet had walked into thousands of households, become a necessity of life. People also have been aware of the integral kitchen professional and particularity, and as a professional cabinet room designer not only to consider from economic cabinet room design, but also make the operator more convenient, more comfortable, and consider about the home appliances and furniture industry development, In the future the development direction of the cabinet room must be more diverse, professional, and toward home appliance, cabinet integration and intelligent direction development.