自卸汽车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
The English Instruction
Dump Truck
A dump truck or production truck is a truck used for transporting loose material(such as sand,gravel or dirt)for construction.A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at the rear,the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery.In the UK the term applies to off-road construction plant only and the road vehicle is known as a tipper.
Standard Dump Truck
A standard dump truck is a full truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame.The dump body is raised by a hydraulic ram mounted forward of the front bulkhead,between the truck cab(traction unit)and the dump body (semi-trailer).The tailgate can be configured to swing on hinges or it can be configured in the “High Lift Tailgate”format where in pneumatic rams lift the gate open and up above the dump body.
A standard dump truck has one front axle and one or more rear axles which typically have dual wheels on each https://www.360docs.net/doc/bb17494827.html,mon configuration for a standard dump truck include the six wheeler which has one rear axle,the ten wheeler with two rear axles and the tri-axle with three rear axles.These are mainly found in inner cities and in the Deep South. The short wheelbase of a standard dump truck makes it more maneuverable than the higher capacity semi-trailer dump trucks.
Off-road Dump Trucks
Off-road dump trucks more closely resemble heavy construction equipment or engineering vehicles than they do highway dump trucks.They are used strictly off-road for mining and heavy dirt hauling jobs.
The term ‘Dump’Truck is not generally used by the mining industry or by the manufactures that build these machines.The more appropriate US term for this strictly off road vehicle is ‘Haul’truck.The classification bottom and side for example,describing how the loaded material is discharged once loaded.In the case of the Haul truck illustrated,a Liebherr T 282B the load is discharged to the rear,designing this particular vehicle as an end dump.Bottom dump normally describes a trailer that discharges its load by opening two clam shell doors under the load space,in some examples several trailers(road train)are pulled by one truck mainly these are on road machines.The only remaining example of what is described as a unitized bottom dump coal hauler is manufactured by Kress Corporation.This large capacity truck is used for the transportation of coal from a loading device directly to a power station or bulk storage area.
Winter Service Vehicle
Many winter service vehicle units are based on dump trucks to allow the placement of ballast to weigh the truck down or to hold salt for spreading on the road.
Semi Trailer and Dump Truck
A semi end dump is a tractor-trailer combination where in the trailer itself contains the hydraulic hoist.A typical semi end dump has a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer.The key advantage of a semi end dump is rapid unloading.A key disadvantage is that they are very unstable when
raised in the dumping position limiting their use in many applications where the dumping location is uneven or off level.
Main Component Parts of Tractor Automobile
Both the tractor and the automobile are complex self-propelled machines consisting of separate interacting machanisms and units that can be combined into certain groups.
The arrangement of the main component parts of the tractor is shown in Fig.2.Irrespective of particular design features,all tractors consist of engine,drive line,running gear,steering mechanism,working attachments and auxiliary equipment.
The engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.
The drive line comprise a set of mechanisms which transmit the torque developed by the engine to the driving wheels or tracks and change the driving torque both in magnitude and direction,The drive line includes the cluth,flexible coupling,transmission and rear axle.
The cluth serves to disconnect the engine shaft from the transmission for a short period of time while the drivers is shifting gears and also to connect smoothly the flow of power from the engine to the driving wheels or tracks when starting the tractor from rest.
The flexible coupling incorporates elastic elements allowing connecting the cluth shaft and the transmission drive shaft with a slight misalignment
The transmission makes it possible to change the tractor by engaging different pairs of gears.With the direction of rotation of the engine shaft remaining the same,the transmission enables the tractor to be put in reverse.
The rear-axle mechanisms increase the driving torque and transmit it to the driving wheel or tracks at right angles to the drive shaft.In most
tractors,the rear also comprises brakes.
In the wheeled tractor,as distinct from its crawler counterpart,the drive line includes the differential which enzbles the wheels to revolve with different speeds when making turns or running over ragged terrain at which time the lefthand and righthand wheels must travel different distance during one and the same time.
The steering mechanism serves to change the direction of movement of the tractor by turing its front wheels of by varying the speed of one of the tracks.
The working attachment of the tractor are used to utilize the useful power of the tractor engine for various farm tasks.They include the power take off shaft,drawbar,implement-attaching system and belt pulley.
The tractor auxiliaries include the driver’s cab with a spring-mounted seat and heating and ventilation equipment,hood,lighting equipment,tell tales horns etc.
The arrangement and purpose of the main component parts of the automobile are in principle the same as those of the wheeled tractor.In the automobile,the drive line,running gear,steering mechanism and brakeing system are referred to collectively as the chasis.The steering mechanism serves to change the direction of traveled the braking system to slow down the running speed of the automobile or to stop it.
The auxiliaries of the automobile include winch,cab heating and ventilation equipment,hitch bar,etc.
Control of The Tractor and The Automobile
Automobile Control
The automobile and its engine are controlled and the operation of their mechanisms monitored by means of controls and instrucments located in the cab fort of the driver’s seat.
To start the engine and control its operation,use is made of throttle pedal,radiator shutter control handle,choke button,ignition/starter switch and throttle hand lever.The ignition/start switch is operated by a key which may be placed in one of the following four positions:central position-all current consumers are switched off:first position clockwise-ignition is switched on;first position counter clock wise it is possible to actuate the horn,windshield wiper and heater blower with the ignition circuit switched off.
Before starting the engine,it is necessary to check the radiator coolant level,the engine crankcase oil level and the fule level in the fuel tank. To start a warm engine,place gear shift lever in neutral and switch on ignition and the starter motor by turning the ignition key clockwise as far as it will go.
To start a cold engine,it is recommended to do the following.Pump up gasoline by using the fule pump hand primer,Close the carburetor choke by pulling chock button outward full distance,Place the gear shift lever in neutral.Disengage the floor,which will decrease drag on the engine and thus ease the operation of the starter motor for in this case the transmission gears will not revolve in thickensed oil during starting.Switch on ignition and the starter motor by turning the ignition key fully clockwise;limit the time the start motor is energized to 5 second.Once the engine has started,switch off the starter motor by releasing the ignition key,open the chock by pushing its button inward one-half its full stroke,increase some what the speed by slightly depressing accelerator pedal and then engage the clutch by releasing its pedal.An engine in good rapair usually can be easily started,if the engine has first or second attempt.In the case of a false start,wait at least 30 second before attempting another start.If the engine has failed to start after the third attempt,check the ignition and fule systems.If the
trouble is with the start motor or if the battery is discharged,the engine can be cranked up by your hand.When cranking up ,don’t grasp the crank handle,but keep your fingers on its one side only,so that the hand may not get hurt if the wngine kicks back.
Before starting the engine in low-temperature conditions,shut off the oil cooler,fill the cooling system with hot water and the engine crankcase with hot oil or use the starting preheated.Prior to turning on the ignition switch,close the radiator shutter by pulling handle out ward full distance and crank the engine three to five revolutions with the crank handle.Then perform all the rest operations as recommended for starting the cold engine.
Automobile controls include clutch pedal,brake pedal,throttle pedal,steering wheel,gear shift lever and parking brake lever.
Before starting to drive,warm up the engine at a moderate speed until the coolant temperature reachs 60℃.As the engine gets warmer,gradually open the choke and decrease the engine speed with the choke fully open.Read the dashboard instruments to check on the operation of the engine.
To monitor the operation of engine and the automobile itself,use is made of the following instruments and indicator mounted on the instrument panel in front of the driver’s seat:temperature gauge and temperature warning lamp and oil pressure gauge.
Signaling is effected by means of horn button and turn signal switch handle downwards causes the left-hand side of the steering column.Turning the directional signal switch handle downwards causes the left-hand side and tail lights to flash,thus gibing indication of a left turn and turning it upwards actuates the right-hand side and tail lights to indicate a right turns.Whenever either of the turn signal light is switch on turn signal indicator lamp on the instrucment panel starts flashing.The turn signal lights are switched off automatically when the automobile is straightened
after turning.
On the left-hand side of the cab floor there is dimmer switch which is used to switch over the head lights from high to low beam and vice versa.Main light switch has three position:1.all lights are off;2.side lights,license plate light,tail maker lights and instrument panel light are switched on;3.side lights,head lights,tail mark lights,instrument panel light and license plate light and license plate lights are switched on.
Mounted on the instrument panel are windshield wiper and heater blower switches blower are switched on by turning their respective switches clockwise.The wiper switch has three positions;off,slow and fast.That of the heater blower also has three position:off ,low air delivery and high air delivery.
Mounted under the instrucment panel are radiation shutter control handle and hood catch handle.Pulling back on handle will close the radiator shutter and pulling back on handle will release the hood catch.There are also two circuits.Breaker button,cowl ventilator handle and ventilator air intake control handle.With handle in the extreme left-hand position,the cowl ventilator is fully open and with the handle in the extreme right-hand position,the air intake door is fully open and when the handle is in the extreme right-hand position,it is fully closed.
The Drive Shaft
1.The last component in the drive train is the axle in a rear wheel drive car the axle is in the rear.Engine power is transmitted from the transmission to the axle via the drive shaft.The drive shaft is basically a metal tuber with joints on each end called universal joints.These joints allow the tube to move in relation to the suspension and keep powers flowing to the real.In fro-
nt wheel drive cars the axle is integrated into the transmission thus the term transaxle.
1.The drive shaft or propeller shaft,connects the transmission output
shaft to the differential pinion shaft.Since all roads are not perfectly smooth and the transmission is fixed,the drive shaft has to be flexible to absorb the shock of bumps on the road.Universal or “U-joints”allow the drive shaft to flex(and stop it from breaking)when the drive angle changes.
2.Drive shafts are usually hollow in order to weigh less,but of a large
diameter so that they are strong.High quality steel and sometimes aluminum are used in the manufacture of the drive shaft.The shaft must be quite straight and balanced to avoid vibrating.Since it usually turns at engine speeds,a lot of damage can be caused if the shaft is unbalanaced or bent.Damage can also be caused if the U-joints are worn out.
Hydraulic Steering System
Most power steering systems work by using a hydraulic system to rotate the vehicle’s wheel.The hydraulic pressure is usually provided by a gerotor or rotary vane pump driven by the vehicle’s engine.A double-acting hydraulic cylinder applies a force to the steering mechanism,which in turn applies a torque to the wheels.The flow to the cylinder is countrolled by valves by the steering wheel.There are several common valve.This is done so that the position of the steering wheel corresponds to the position of the vehicle’s wheels.As the pumps employed are of the positive displacement type,the flow rate they deliver is directly proportional to the speed of the engine. This means that at high engine speeds the steering would naturally operate faster than at low engine speeds .Because this would be undersirable,a restricting orifice
and flow control valve are used to direct some of the pump’s output back to the hydraulic reservoir at high engine speeds.A pressure when the hydraulic cylinder’s piston reaches the end of the cylinder.
Some modern implementations also include an electronic pressure relief valve which can reduce the hydraulic pressure in the power steering lines as the vehicle’s speed increase(this is known as variable assist power steering).
英文翻译
自卸汽车
一辆自卸车或者生产用自卸车是用来运输建筑用的散料（例如：沙、砾石和垃圾）的汽车。专用自卸车要求后面有液压倾斜的货箱，它的前部可以被举起让货物堆放在送货的汽车后面。在英国，这种汽车只允许在非公路场地用，并且公路车被认为是自卸车。
标准自卸车
标准自卸车是在车架上安装了自卸车箱的整车底盘。车厢被安装在舱壁前面的液压缸举起，液压缸位于驾驶室（牵引单元）和车厢（挂车）之间。标准的自卸车有一个前桥、一个或者更多每边都有双后轮的典型后桥，两个后桥十个车轮，并且四车轴有三个后桥。这些主要在中部城市和南方见到。
短轴距的标准自卸车比更高的储存容量半挂车自卸车更具机动性。
非公路自卸车
非公路自卸车比公路用车更接近与建设设备或工程汽车。它们被严格要求运用于采矿和非公路的重型场合。
自卸车并不经常被用于采矿业和建筑业。在大部分的美国，这种严格意义上的非公路汽车是转运卡车，例如它典型的地步和侧面，介绍了当被装上后的材料是如何被卸载的。在转运卡车的车厢的说明里，利勃海尔T282b货车货物时卸载到后方的，指定这个特别的车辆作为年转运卡车。有一些例子，几个拖车（公路列车）是由一辆在道路上行走的卡车牵引。剩下的唯一的例子是被形容为组合煤车hauler是由kress公司制造的。这个大容量的卡车是用来从一个加载装置直接向电力站或散装储存区运输煤炭的。
冬季服务自卸车
许多冬季服务车辆单位的基础是自卸卡车，通过布置压载物来增加卡车的重量或将盐散布在道路上。
半挂车和自卸车
一个半挂自卸车是一个拖拉机与挂车的组合，其中拖车本身包含液压启闭机。一个典型的半挂自卸车有一个3轴拖拉机牵引2轴半挂车。关键的优势是一个半挂自卸车可快速的卸载。一个关键的缺点是它们在倾卸货物时很不稳定，这限制了它在许多场合的应用，如倾卸的场地是不平的。
拖拉机和汽车都是复杂的自动行走机器，它由不同的相互作用的机械装置和设备组成，从而形成一定的组合，拖拉机主要由以下部分组成，不考虑专门的设计特征，所有的拖拉机是由发动机，驱动机构，汽车传动，转向和悬架装置机构，转向装置，工作附件，辅助设备。
发动机使热能转变为机械能。
驱动机构由一套机械装置组成，它们能传递由发动机曲轴输出的扭矩并能在大小和方向上改变转动扭矩。驱动机构包括离合器、柔性连机器、变速器和后轮轴。
离合器的作用是使当司机换挡时使发动机曲轴短时间内脱离变速器，同时也是在启动拖拉机是自如的将能量从发动机传到驱动轮上。
柔性联轴节把弹性元件离合器轴和功率传动轴连接在一起，并允许它们有轻微的同轴度。
变速器通过啮合多对齿轮来改变驱动扭矩和拖拉机的行驶速度，为了发动机曲轴方向自动保持一致，变速器能帮助拖拉机倒车。后轮装置可以提高行驶扭矩并能以合适的角度改变扭矩，在大多数的拖拉机中，后驱动桥由制动器组成，高速拖拉机与低速拖拉机的区别是驱动机构，包括差速器，能使车轮在转弯时或崎岖的山路上以不同的角速度转动。在一定的时间或相同的时间内左右车轮可以行驶不同的距离。
汽车的运转，转向和悬架机构是拖拉机行走的需要，车轮的转动与地面有关。
转向装置用于通过转变前轮或改变速度从而改变拖拉机的转动方向。
工作附件是利用拖拉机的发动机的可用能量来完成不同的农业工作，它们包
括动力输出轴、拉杆、推动装置和皮带轮。
拖拉机的辅助系统包括驾驶室的弹性座椅和加热通风装置、发动机罩、点火装置、方向指示器、喇叭等。
汽车主要组成部分的布置和目的在理论上与转动拖拉机的安排在道理上是一样的，在汽车上，汽车的传动机构，驱动机构，汽车的传动，转向，悬架机构是用于改变行驶和制动的方向，放慢行驶中的汽车速度直至汽车停下为止。
汽车的辅助装置包括绞车盘，驾驶室、加热和通风装置、牵引杆等。
汽车和拖拉机的控制
汽车的控制汽车和它的发动机的控制和对这些装置的操作受到驾驶室前面的一些控制件和部件的监控。
为了启动发动机并控制其旋转，需要用节流操作踏板、散热器百叶窗控制手柄、阻风门按钮、点火开关和节气门操纵拉杆。点火开关由位于以下四个位置的任何一个开关，中间位置——所有的电流消耗被关闭，第一个位置也是点火开关，同样第二个位置可以打开点火开关和开启电动机，第一个开关可以按响小喇叭，擦挡风玻璃，同时关闭加热器和鼓风机的加热系统。
在启动发动机前，有必要检查指示器里油液的多少，发动机曲轴箱机油的多少和燃油箱里燃油的多少。
要启动一个热的发动机请把换挡杆至于中间的位置，并打开点火开关，并启动气动马达以使发动机运转起来。
要启动一台冷的发动机，建议按如下操作进行：通过启动液压泵提高汽油压力，把阻风门按钮拨到关闭阻风门，把换挡杆置中，通过踩离合器，将离合器踩至驾驶室地面，这样就可以减小离合器的阻力，从而以便于启动发动机，因为在这种情况下，变速器不会在变浓的机油里搅动。打开点火开关，启动电动机和发动机，限制启动发动机的时间持续五秒,如果发动机被开启，通过松开点火开关即可关闭发动机，通过推阻风门按钮打开阻风门，轻轻踩下加速器踏板在一定程度上能加快发动机的转速，同时逐渐放开离合器踏板时离合器结合。一台状态良好的发动机在一两次的尝试下很容易就能启动。如果启动失败，请在另一次启动前至少等待30秒。如果再试一次仍然无法启动，请检查点火装置和供油系统，
如果问题出现在启动器或电池组上，可以采用手柄的一边，这样如果发动机反转就不会受伤。
在低温状态下，启动发动机前请关闭冷却器，用热水灌满冷却装置是发动机机油箱充满热的机油或者使用启动预热装置，在打开点火开关之前请关闭散热器百叶窗，然后按以下建议打开其余的装置。
汽车的控制包括离合器踏板、制动器踏板、节流操作踏板、方向盘、换挡杆和驻车制动杆。
在开始驾驶之前，请以适当的转速加热发动机直至冷却液温度达到60℃，随着发动机的变热，随着阻风门的全部打开，逐步打开阻风门并降低发动机的转速，请阅读仪表盘仪器以检测发动机的运行情况。
为了检测发动机的运转和汽车自身，常使用被安装在驾驶员座椅前仪表板上的设备和仪表:温度计、温度警告灯、燃油油量计、速度计、燃油压力警告灯、电流表、燃油压力计。
信号是由拨动开关和安装在转向柱左边的信号开关产生的。向下转动转向信号开关左转向灯和车后灯就闪烁起来，这样指示将要向左转弯。并且向上转动使得右边的灯和车后灯指示右转弯，不管任何时候开启任何一个转向信号灯，安装在仪表板上的转向信号指示灯都将闪烁。当汽车转弯后直线行驶时转向信号灯自动关闭。
在汽车地板的左边有脚dimmer开关，它是用来从高到底开启顶部的灯beam and vice versa 主灯开关有三个位置：1.所以的灯都关 2.边灯、方向盘灯、后车标灯和仪表板灯都亮 3.边灯、头顶灯、后车标灯、仪表盘灯和驾驶方向盘灯都灭。
安装在仪表盘上的挡风玻璃雨刮器和除霜吹风机开关都可以通过顺时针拨动各自的开关来开启。雨刮器开关有三个位置：关、小流量、和大流量。
安装在仪表盘下面的是散热器百叶窗开关控制手柄和车篷手柄。往后拉动手柄可以关上散热器百叶窗，拉回手柄可以释放车篷。它们同样有两条回路。当手柄到达左边最大位置时进气通风口全开，到达右边最大位置时全闭。当手柄在左边最大位置时进气是全开的，当手柄在右边最大位置时进气门全闭。
1.在后轮驱动的汽车上传动系的最后部件是后驱动桥。发动机功率传递，
通过传动轴从变速器传输到后桥。该传动轴基本上是一个两端都有万
向节的金属管。这些万向节，使金属管可以和悬架随动和保持转矩不
断地流向后桥。在前轮驱动的汽车中传动轴被集成到了变速器，这样
组成了传动系。
2.传动轴或万向传动轴，连接变速器输出轴到差速器输入轴。因为所有
的道路都不能完全平顺，并且变速器是固定的，传动轴必须做成弹性
的以吸收坎坷道路引起的震动。一般，当传动角变化时“u型接头”
允许传动轴弯曲。
3.传动轴通常是中空的，目的是减轻重量，但一个大的直径，以便他们
有足够的强度。高优质钢，有时候铝都可以用于制造传动轴。传动轴
必须有很高的直线度和动平衡度，以避免震动。因为它通常是轮流在
发动机速度，如果轴不平衡或弯曲，都可以引起很多的危害，如果u
型连接已磨损将引起危害。
液压转向系统
大多数的动力转向系统是用液压系统来转动汽车的轮子的。油液压力通常由一个由发动机驱动的活塞泵或者旋转叶片泵来提供。一个双向液压活塞向转向机构提供压力，转向机构轮流向车轮提供转矩。液体的流量由方向盘操作来控制。有几种普通阀虽然较复杂，但是它们都允许转向轮转动比开启一个简单的必要的阀容易。这样可以使转向轮的位置对应汽车车轮的位置。随着泵的作用轮胎发生位移，流量直接正比于发动机的转速。这就意味着在发动机高速时需要一个限流阀和流量控制阀被用来引导一部分泵的输出返回到油液泵。一个泄压阀也被用来防止当液压缸活塞到达活塞缸顶部室所建立的压力引起的危险。
一些现代的调压阀也包含一个电子泄压阀，这个电子泄压阀可以减小动力转向系在发动机转速上升时油液的压力（这就是我们众所周知的可调式动力转向）。
汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
新能源电动汽车英文翻译
湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目在采用PWM逆变器下的变速感应电机驱动器中的传导性排放轴承电流的减少和鉴定 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 班级机制0911 姓名杨成杰 学号2009116140 指导教师 职称周立文（学校）冯南（企业） 2013年5月10日
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ Minimization and identification of conducted emission bearing current in variable speed induction motor drives using PWM inverter Abstract. The recent increase in the use of speed control of ac induction motor for variable speed drive using pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is due to the advent of modern power electronic devices and introduction of microprocessors. There are many advantages of using ac induction motor for speed control applications in process and aerospace industries, but due to fast switching of the modem power electronic devices，the parasitic coupling produces undesirable effects. The undesirable effects include radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) which adversely affect nearby computers, electronic/electrical instruments and give rise to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor. Due to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor，electrical discharge machining takes place in the inner race of the bearing which reduces the life of the bearing. In high power converters and inverters, the conducted and radiated emissions become a major concern. In this paper, identification of bearing current due to conducted emission, the measurement of bearing current in a modified induction motor and to minimize the bearing current are discussed. The standard current probe, the standard line impedance stabilization network (LISN)), the electronics interface circuits are used to measure high frequency common mode current，bearing current and to minimize the conducted noise from the system. The LISN will prevent the EMI noise entering the system from the supply source by conductive methods, at the same time prevents the EMI generated if any due to PWM, fast switching in the system, will not be allowed to enter the supply line. For comparing the results with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) standards, the graphs are plotted with frequency Vs，line voltage in dB μV，common mode voltage in dB μV and the bearing current in dBμA without and with minimizing circuits. Keywords. EMI;a.c.drives; bearing current.
外文文献翻译：汽车的发展
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
电动汽车应用前景(外文翻译)
电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？ 随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。石油并不是可再生资源。在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。 面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。 目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。截止到2009
外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
新能源汽车外文文献翻译
文献出处：Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726. 原文 The prospects for global green car mobility Patrick Moriarty, Damon Honnery Abstract The quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel. Keywords：Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution 1. Introduction Provision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measures
电动汽车中英文文献
China Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development With the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical " To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress. With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009, Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334. Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources, Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market. FAW Group Development Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000. FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level. Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus FAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus
汽车变速器设计外文翻译
汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。