翻译调整)

1.按语言分类：

语内翻译（intralingual translation）语际翻译（interlingual translation）2. 按活动形式分类：

笔译（translation）

口译（oral interpretation）：

连续传译（consecutive translation）

和同声传译（simultaneous translation

第三章词语的选择、引申与褒贬

谈到翻译，我们首先碰到的是词的问题，词语的选择与翻译之间存在着紧密关系，因为词是构成句子的基本单位。英汉两种语言有很大差异，翻译过程中怎样在保持原文思想内容不变的前提下，把原文的语言形式转化为译文的语言形式，关键在于词语的选择，即通过词语的选择使译文忠实、通顺，更符合译文的语言规范和修辞要求。

要做到在翻译中能够选择经当的词语，必须把握以下两点：

一是要正确看待翻译时所使用的词典。尽管每个单词的含义在词典中都能找到，但绝对不能把词典当成选择词义的万能钥匙。如果生硬地把词典的释义照搬到译文中去，常会犯一些荒谬的错误。英汉两种语言的词义不仅仅是点的对应，也不仅仅是在一个平面上线形交叉对应，而是成立体交叉对应关系。因此在翻译时，译者寻求的不只是词义的静态对应，而是要在这种立体交叉的词义关系中寻求动态对应。

二是要弄清英汉两种语言的差别。我们知道，英语词汇所包含的意义往往颇具游移性（context-dependency)和灵活性（flexible），这主要体现在英语词汇的意义多依据各自的前后搭配和语境而变化；英语词汇常常是集引申义（extended meaning）、内含义（intensional meaning）、扩展义(extensional meaning)、内涵义（connotative meaning）、外延义（denotative meaning）等多种意义于一体。在具体的语境中一个词语到底为何意完全取决于其所在位置或该词语同其他词语的搭配或组合关系。

现代汉语里的词汇同英语里的词汇大不相同，现代汉语词汇的涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较精确、固定、严谨，其伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小，具有较强的独立性。因此，整体说来，现代汉语里同一个词汇的词义即使在不同的上下文中也基本上是一致的。可以说，现代汉语里一词多义现象远没有英语那样普遍。对照一下英语词典和汉语词典我们就可以发现，英语里每个词条往往有书中甚至数十种词义，很多还有数条甚至数十条同其他词汇的搭配而形成的新义，由此可见英语词汇的词义对于搭配和语境的依赖性；汉语词汇则不同，每个词条只有非常有限的几个词义，这充分显示出汉语词汇词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性相对较小。

英语词汇同汉语词汇的另一显著区别是，由于当代科技日新月异以及英语在国际上不可替代的地位，各行业、各集团都尽可能使用英语常有词汇来表达各种概念，在这种背景下，应予词义的范围很容易扩大。换言之，英语词汇容易获得新义。汉语词汇则不然。作为因形生义、因形带来联想的象形文字，汉语语言有着悠久的历史传统，有着特殊的民族文化底蕴和内涵，再加上汉语里的用词讲究稳定、规范，历来反对生造词义和没有理据的组合，因此，汉语词汇的词义不容易受到外部环境的影响，不易发生变化。

因此，在翻译过程中，我们要正确使用词典，并根据英汉两种语言的差异，对在目的语中所选择的词语进行仔细斟酌和揣摩，充分发挥我们的创造性，选择出精当、贴切的词语，努力使我们的译文准确、生动。

语言的形式与意义之间的关系可粗略划分成以下三种：F1→M1; F1→Mx; Fx→M1（F代表形式，M代表意义，x＞1）。第一种类型指词语和意义一一对应；第二种类型指一词多义；第三种类型指多词同义。在翻译的第一阶段，即理解阶段，译者应注意前两种类型。第一种类型，即一一对应型，如一些专有名词或外来词的翻译；第二种类型，即一词多义型，应更多地加以注意，要注意在理解词语和选择词义时应依上下文为参照系统。而在翻译的第二阶段，即表达阶段，译者多考虑第三种类型，即多词同义型。在表达时，译者需要认真辨析英语中近义词的区别，分析词语搭配，选择准确的词语。明辨词义不仅是翻译的起点，而且也是翻译的基础和关键环节。用词错误往往会影响整个句子、乃至整篇文章的意思，正所谓“差之毫厘，谬以千里。”

从词语与语境的关系看，有些词基本不受语境影响，如意义相对固定单一的专有名词、科技术语、数量词等；有些词则受语境制约，如那些含有感情色彩、价值判断且意义极为丰富的普通名词、形容词、动词、副词等。对于这些词语，先利用各种手段确定其意，然后恰当措辞表达。如：

Operate：

He took the machine to pieces to try and find out how it operated.

他把机器拆开，想看看机器怎么运转的。

If there’s an electrical failure, it’s possible to operate the lift manually.

如果停电，可以由人力开动电梯。

Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more efficiently.

变革正在进行，以提高部门的工作效率。

Specially equipped troops are operating undercover activities in the hills. 专门部队在山上进行秘密训练。

We have representatives operating in most countries.

我们在许多国家都有代理开展业务。

Exchange rates are currently operating to the advantage of exports.

目前的汇率走势对出口有利。

Destructive forces are clearly operating within the community.

显然社区中有破坏势力在活动。

再如：发展是硬道理。

Development is the absolute / cardinal / primary principle. (汉语的“硬”对应hard，但这里的“硬”并非与“软”相反，而是具有“最基本的，最重要的”的含义，absolute（绝对的）、cardinal（基本的）、primary（首要的）都是可以体现该含义的选词，能够强调发展的重要性。

假日经济在我国已经呈现出广阔的发展前景。

The holiday economy promises remarkable growth.

The holiday economy holds great promise of growth.

The holiday economy has remarkable potential for growth.

The holiday economy has the prospect of remarkable growth.

英译汉中常用的确定词义的手段

一、词义的选择

英语词汇非常丰富，一词多义现象非常多，这给理解和翻译增加了一定的难度。可以根据与之相搭配的词以及该词的类属和它在句中的所起的作用，即根据词语搭配和上下文，选择确定该词词义。如：

1)He reached his hand out for the book I offered him.

他伸出手来接我给他的书。

2)We tried to reach them by cable.

我们试着用电报跟他们联络。

3)She reached up and picked a pear off a branch.

她抬起手从一根枝上摘下一只梨。

4)The speaker's voice couldn't reach to the back of the

auditorium.

礼堂后排听不到演讲人的声音。

5)The insecticide was put out of the child's reach.

杀虫剂放在孩子够不着的地方。

6)The upper reaches of Minjiang River serves as ecological

barriers of Sichuan Province and even the west of China.

岷江上游是四川省乃至我国西南重要的生态屏障

英语中的同义词也特别多。但所谓同义词，也只是基本意义相同，其内涵意义仍有很大的差异，因此其搭配关系也不相同。如：grand，grandiose，magnificent，imposing，stately，都有“雄伟的”、“庄严的”、“壮观的”意思，但其内涵意义和使用场合并不相同。

1)We had a grand view of a sea of clouds when we climbed to

the top of the mountain.

当我们爬上了山巅时，看到了云海的壮观景象。

2)We must do away with the grandiose style of work.

我们必须摈弃浮夸的工作作风。

3)It is indeed the most magnificent drawing-room I have ever

seen.

那的确是我所见到的最豪华的客厅。

4)The buildings around the Circus are rather nondescript, though

some of them are large and quite imposing.

广场周围的建筑物并不起眼，不过其中有一些还比较高大、宏伟。

5)Whenever the stately national anthem is performed, I am

invariably emotionally roused.

每当奏起庄严的国歌时，我总在感情上受到激发。

翻译过程中，不论是理解原文还是构建译文，上下文即语篇起着非常重要的作用。因为语篇是一个整体，而不是词、短语和句子

的简单组合，从语篇整体把握原文、理解原文可以帮助我们有效地

确定词义，构建译文，使译文更加通顺流畅、更加合乎逻辑。词语

一旦离开了一定的语境，就失去了确定的意义。单个的词语是多义的，但在具体的上下文里则是单义的（不包括双关语）。如：

11）With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored, libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries.

在本句中，library显然不能译成“图书馆”，尽管该词常作此义，因为该句前半部分说knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored （知识不仅可以交流而且可以储存），有了文字，只是当然是储存在图书中了。所以，library应译为“图书”。

译文：由于文字的发明，人类取得了巨大的进步，因为此时知识不仅可以交流，而且可以储存。图书为开展教育活动提供了可能性，而教育又反过来增加了图书的数量和内容。

二、词义的引申

翻译时，我们会经常遇到很多词，尤其是常用词，在词典上找不到的与原文对等的对应词，或虽有对应词，但不符合译语的表达习惯，或词的字面意义与表达意义不一致等。在这种情况下，我们就要对词语进行变通，即立足于原文特定的具体语境分析词义，判断和把握原文作者赋予这个词的确切含义，将其改变成一种适于表达原文精神实质的新义。这种方法在翻译理论中被称为词义引申。

词义的引申是指在一个词所具有的原始意义的基础上，根据上下文和逻辑关系进一步加以引申，选择适当确切的目标语词语来表达，避免生搬硬套地逐句死译，使译文更加通顺流畅。由于英语词义对上下文的依赖性强，可变性大，因此词义引申对英译汉尤为重要。当然，词义的引申不得超出原始意义所允许的范围，应从词的本义出发，反复推敲，融会贯通。

词义引申主要有以下三种手段：

1、词义的转化

翻译时，如果完全生搬硬套字典所给的字面意思，“对号入座”，会使译文生硬晦涩，含糊不清，甚至令人不知所云。因此，应根据上下文和原词的字面意思，作适当的转化。

1）The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.

译：可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。

析：do not stop here 由“不停留在这里”转译为“并不止这些”。

2）Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend.

译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。

析：若把它死译为“呆在这里”，不通顺。但引申为“已成为我们生活的一部分”，把原文的信息充分地传达出来，且易于读者理解。

3）Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years’service.

译：我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用20年。

析：see twenty years’ service 由“看见20年的服务”转译为“使用20年”。

4）That’s a tall story about the town’s high street.

译: 有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以置信。

析：high street: the main street of a town or a city;

tall: a. hard to believe, exaggerated

2、词义的具体化

词义的具体化是指把原义抽象笼统的词语，根据目标语的表达习惯，引申为意义明确具体的词语。英语中常用代表抽象意义的词表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般须作具体化的引申，否则意义会不明朗。

1）There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness.

译：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。

析：everydayness 由“日常性”具体引申为日常生活所必需的“柴米油盐”。

2）The factory is famous for its arsenal of technical geniuses.

译：这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。

析：arsenal 由“军火库”具体引申为“众多”。

3）Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional

user-friendliness and operational ease.

我们唯一的信念就是要适应购买者的需要，生产更可靠的、质量更高的产品，让使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。（具体化引申）

4）Dobbin had been in the coffee-room for an hour or more He had tried all the papers but could not read them．

杜宾在咖啡室少说也待了一个钟头。他翻遍了所有的报纸，可什么也没看进去。（具体化引申）

5）It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether.

当然油箱里装满优质汽油倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的司机就完全是另一回事了。（具体化引申）

6）I want to be TV’s Czar of script and grammar．

我真想成为电视这一行的霸主，所有节目我说了算。（Czar 本指俄国十月革命前的沙皇，源于古罗马皇帝Jul-ius Caesar之名，翻译时将个体名称泛化为普通意义，经过了由凯撒到沙皇再到霸主这样一个引申的过程，表意更明确。）

3、词义的抽象化

词义的抽象化是指是将表示具体形象的词作概括性的引申，译成意义抽象的词。例如，将“之乎者也”译成“literary jargons”或“pe’dantic jargons”就是一种词义抽象化的处理。现代英语常用表示具体形象的词指代一种属性、一种概念或一个事物，翻译时宜作抽象化的处理，使译文更加自然流畅。

1）The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent.

译：利率一直在10％到15％之间不断波动。

析：see-saw 由“跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动”抽象化为

“波动”。

2）Brain drain has been Kangding’s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area.

译：人才外流一直是康定的头号问题，实际上，它已经成

为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。

析：brain 由“头脑”抽象化为“人才”，concern 由“关心的

事情”抽象化为“问题”，epidemic 由“流行病”抽象化为“带

普遍性的严峻问题”。

3）There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.

译：帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。

析：这里把tiger和ape这两个具体形象引申为这两个形象

所代表的的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。

4）Every life has its roses and thorns.

译：每个人的生活都有甜和苦。

析：这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形

象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。

5）Tony is only nineteen and the baby of our crew.

托尼只有十九岁，是我们机组里的小字辈。（抽象化引申）6）He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life and death.

他一直在沙漠上生活，这地方每一杯水都得精打细算地

用；一杯水可能是生死攸关的事。（抽象化引申）7）Instead，an assassin’s bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had．

事实正好相反，一个刺客的暗杀行径反而使美国人忘却了

他所有的毛病。（本句中，bullet 本意为“子弹”，引申为“暗

杀行径”，一是考虑历史事实(即美国林肯总统遇刺身亡，

这也是原文上下文提供的依据)；二是译文的语义逻辑和表

达习惯，因为我们几乎不可能说“……子弹使美国人忘却了

他所有的毛病”。）

三、词义的褒贬

不同的民族对一些事物的属性和特征的认识往往有异同之处，故而产生了丰富的联想，并出现了许多既有共性又有个性的隐喻现象，使英汉语中的某些词语产生了褒贬、好恶、悲欢等浓郁的感情色彩。有些词义是中性的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但是在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬意味，汉译时就应该相应地用具有褒贬意味的词进行表达。

1)He was a man of high renown (fame).

他是位有名望的人。（褒）

2)The adoption of new policies will surely lead to some striking

results.

采取各项新政策必将带来显著成果。

3)There would have been more painful result but for the drastic

measures.

若不是采取了严厉措施，那将会出现的更痛苦的后果。

4)As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication

from his employees.

他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（贬）

5)The popularity of television and the difficulty of financing plays

have helped to close many theatres. But now it seems the theatre is about to pick up again after a period of decline.

电视普及，加上戏剧筹资困难，许多剧院被迫关门。然而经过一端时间的衰落后，现在剧院似乎又将从新焕发生机。

6) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.

凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。（贬）

7）"He was polite and always gave advice willingly," she recalled.

她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）

汉译英中常用的确定词义的手段

在汉译英时，电子词典或汉英词典等工具书会有助于译者翻译生词，但却不能生搬硬套，词语的意思决定于上下文，所以应放在上下文的语境里选择正确的译词。

一、词语的选择

分析句子各成分之间内在的逻辑关系，在上下文中正确理解汉语词语的内涵，同时根据词语在句中的上下文来确定词义，选择译词。如汉语的“搞”，翻译成英文时必须考虑到与之相搭配的词，否则无从下手。

1)集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic

development

2)坚持对话,不搞对抗persist in dialogue, refrain from

confrontation

3)不搞劳民伤财的“形象工程” refrain from building “vanity

projects ”that waste both money and manpower

4)对内搞活，对外开放revitalize domestic economy, open up to

the outside world

5)恶搞spoof

6)搞花架子do something superficial

7)搞活国营大中型企业invigorate large and medium-sized

state-owned enterprises

8)更加注重搞好宏观调控pay more attention to exercising

macro-control

9)开放搞活open up and enliven the economy

10)靠扩大财政赤字搞建设increase the deficit to spend more

on development

再如：

11、假日外出旅游，成为国人最风行的节目。

(1) Traveling on holidays has become an activity popular with Chinese people.

(2) Traveling on holidays is most popular with Chinese people.

[析] “旅游”与“节目”不是对等的概念，将“节目”译成program 不妥。译文1选用activity作为对应的译词与上文搭配；译文2将“节目”省略不译，将“最风行”（most popular）作为译句的谓语。

12、企业经济效益显著改善。

The economic performance of enterprises improved markedly. 13、生产生活条件明显改善。

Production and living conditions have remarkably improved.

[析] “明显”一般对应obviously，然而obviously强调“清楚，显而易见”，此句中该词有强调程度的作用，所以选用remarkably或markedly、noticeably更佳。

14、中国加入世贸组织后，人才市场会出现新的潮流。

There will be new trends in the personnel market after China’s entry into the WTO.

[析] “潮”可对应tide，潮涨潮落这种自然现象中的潮水的确是tide，或者与潮水相仿的比喻概念中也可以选用该词，如随波逐流（go with the tide）、历史的潮流（the tide of history）等；而表示趋势和动向，英语习惯采用trend.

15、大力加强社会主义精神文明建设。

We should vigorously promote socialist cultural and ethic progress.

[析] “精神”一般对应spiritual，但是spiritual具有宗教色彩，与汉语“精神”并不对等，所以译成cultural and ethic progress，含义体现得更为确切。

二、词语的搭配

16、电脑的普及为网络走进千家万户创造了条件。

The popularization of computer has paved the way for Internet’s entry into average families.

The popularization of computer has made it possible for the Internet to enter into average families.

[析] 此句中“创造”的宾语是“条件”，译成create or invent conditions不妥。这里创造条件是指作了充分准备，使之成为可能。

若按字面译成The popularization of computer has created conditions for Internet’s entry into average families，不符合英语表达习惯，给人以生硬的感觉。

17、新形势、新趋势、新技术，促进了生产力的发展，促进了创造力的发挥，促进了各国之间的合作与交流。

The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces, given full play to creativity, and enhance exchanges and cooperation among countries.

[析] 该句中三个“促进”根据不同的宾语，选用了不同的动词expand, give full play to和enhance。

18、我们要维护人民的权力。

We should maintain the people’s rights.

[析] 根据不同的上下文，“维护”有不同的译法：

维护统一u phold unity

维护独立主权uphold independence and sovereignty

维护国家主权defend state sovereignty

维护人民利益safeguard the people’s interests

维护自尊safeguard one’s self respect

维护世界和平与安全maintain /safeguard world peace and security

19、积极开展资源回收利用，大力提高资源综合利用率。

We need to increase our recycling of resources in order to unutilized our resources more effectively.

20、积极推动信息技术在各行业的广泛应用。

We need to extensively apply IT in enterprises in all industries.

21、我们将积极调整、发展第三产业。

We will be working v igorously/ energetically to restructure and develop tertiary industries.

22、工业结构调整取得积极进展。、

Significant progress was made in industrial structural adjustment.

23、东部地区要积极支持中西部地区发展。

The eastern region should actively support the development of the central and western regions.

24、积极发展各项社会事业。

We will e nergetically/ make great efforts to develop all social undertakings.

[析] “积极”在汉语中屡屡出现，actively一词是无法概括其丰富的含义的，搭配的词语发生变化，其选词也要变化。

三、词语的引申

在翻译成语、谚语或歇后语时，译者应完全理解其涵义，采取意译的方法，或者译成英语中意思相近的成语或谚语。对于汉语中比喻的说法或意象，可以采取意译或者解释来处理。

25、中国经济取得巨大发展，中国人民终于扬眉吐气了。

Chinese people feel proud and elated for the great economic development in China.

26、“五一”假期，火车票十分紧俏，人们提前10天预订火车票。

Train tickets during the Labor Day holidays were in short suppl y, and people flocked to book tickets ten days in advance.

27、中国是一个发展中国家，消除贫困任重道远。

(1) China is a developing country, and it has a long way to go to shake off poverty.

(2) China is a developing country, and it is an arduous task to eradicate poverty.

28、家用电器和艺术品很受俄国商人的欢迎，但服装和纺织品却吃了闭门羹。

Electric appliances and handicrafts are popular among Russian businessmen, but clothes and textile products are g i v en the cold shoulder.

29、台湾当局应该审时度势，顺应民意，走和平统一的光明大道。

The Taiwan authorities should size up the situation and go with the people’s voice to get on the right way of peaceful reunification. 30、传统的人海战术在现代化高技术面前不堪一击。

Compared with modern high technology, the traditional hug e-crowd strategy is not competitive at all.

词义选择的常见错误

（一）望文生义

望文生义是指在没有完全掌握文章词语的确切含义也不借助词典的情况下，匆忙凭自己的主观臆断进行翻译。望文生义是翻译中常见的问题，是翻译中的大敌。这种凭着想当然或不仔细分析就妄加翻译，其结果会铸成大错。其原因是译者受原文表层结构的束缚，注意力只集中在词和句的表层意义上，而忽略了语言环境在词语中的作用。

1）My shoes are the worse for wear.

误：我的皮鞋更加不好穿了。

正：我的皮鞋穿破了。

2）She has been a widow only six months.

误：她只做了六个月的寡妇。

正：她的丈夫死了至今不过半年。

（注：这句英语意为：It is only six months since she became a widow.若译成“只做了六个月寡妇”，则有已经再嫁之嫌。）3）我十点钟等你。

误：I’ll wait for you at ten o’clock.

正：I’ll expect you at ten o’clock.

4）贾母因笑道：“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹！”（红楼梦）

With a smile at Pao-yu, the Lady Dowager scolded: “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to your cousin.”

(注：本句中“脱了衣裳”是指脱下外套、礼服之类，不能照字面译成take off one’s clothes”.)

（二）混淆词性

一词多类是英语的一大特点，即一个词可能属于不同的词类。因此，在翻译时必须首先确定词语在句子中的具体词性，再根据其词性来选择适当的词义。如：

5）Active metals, organic substances, and other oxidizable materials are always subject to slow attack by oxygen when exposed to the air.

误：活泼金属，有机物和其它可氧化的物质，当暴露在空气中时，总是氧缓慢进攻的对象。（subject在本句中是形容词而不是名词。）正：活泼金属，有机物和其它可氧化的物质，当暴露在空气中时，总是容易受到氧的缓慢侵蚀。

（三）语法错误

英语和汉语在语法上存在着很大的差别，尤其是汉译英时，受汉语的影响，很容易出现语法上的错误。

6）我想下个月开始工作。

误：I think to start work next month.

正：I think that I’ll start work next month. 或：I’m thinking of starting work next month.

（四）逻辑错误

缺少深入细致的逻辑分析往往也会导致词语翻译错误。

7）The smaller the animal, the greater the surface area in relation to body mass.

误：动物越小，与体积有关的表面面积越大。

正：动物越小，单位体重的表面积（与体重相比的表面积）越大。

第四章：翻译技巧（上）

Amplification（增词法）

By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our

translation work so as to make the version correct and clear, to make it more like the language translated into. Of course words thus supplied must indispensable either syntactically or

semantically. In other words, a translator is not supposed to

add any meaning to the original. There are two kinds: 1)Words for syntactic construction—to secure correctness, 2)Words

supplied for semantic completion—to secure clearness. Both

aim at making the version expressive and readily understood by the reader.

Examples:

presidential historian ―总统的历史学家‖

研究总统的历史学家

For mistakes had been made, bad ones, he was severely criticized. ―因为已经犯了错误，很严重，他受到了严厉的批评‖

―因为已经犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误，他受到了严厉的批评‖Rocket research has proved the strange fact…..

通过火箭进行研究……

How she wished she could send that man to the Furies—for the punishment she thought he deserved.

Furies [希神]复仇女神(“土地”和“黑暗”的三个女儿, 以清算罪恶为职责, 被描绘成庄严、美丽的女郎, Fury 为其中之一)

她真想把那个臭男人交给那母夜叉去整治整治,也好让她出口恶气。

（一）英译汉常用的增益法

I．增加原文中省略的部分

1. Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt

that the atom can be split and its power used. （power后省略了can be）

自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道，原子可以分裂，原子能可以利用。

2. A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his

money.（money后省略了are soon parted）

愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。

3. Both human and cow milk are naturally spiced with a small

amount of morphine.（human后省略了milk）

人乳与牛乳均含有少量吗啡。

4. So-called convenience and frozen foods are now as popular

in Europe as they are in America.

如今，所谓的方便食品和速冻食品风靡欧洲，就像在美国一样大众化。

5. The heart is slightly bigger than a fist, and lies between the

lungs.

心脏略大于一个拳头，位于两肺之间。

6. Women have outgrown the jumping-on-chair-at

–the-sight-of-a-mouse era, but he says that they have not.

女性已经不再像从前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；而

他则认为，今天的女性还没有取得这样的进步。

7. Population increase and decrease relatively not only to one

another, but also to natural resources.

人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系，而且也和自然资源有相对关系。

8. Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and

amendment be expected?

如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？9. Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in

it.

因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气

的作用力。

II．增加意义上或修辞上的需要的部分

1. He left without a word.

他一句话也不说就走了。

2. What a leader he was!

他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊。

3. Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved

ones.

亲人的相继离世是他的一生充满了个人悲剧。

4. Disappearances occurred with apparently increasing frequency.

失踪事件接二连三地发生，显然越来越频繁。

5. She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of

tea.

她热情地将客人们迎进来，然后给他们各端了一杯茶。

6. Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly.

哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。

7. They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.

他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。

8. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.

一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。

9. Day after day he came to his work --- sweeping, scrubbing,

cleaning.

他每天来干活------扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。

The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satellites and rockets.

该论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的最新成就。1、增加动词

1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing

an exact man.

读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。

2) . We don’t regret, we never have and never will.

我们不会后悔，我们从来没有后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。3). After the basketball, he still has an important conference.

看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加。

4). He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.

他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。

5). Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle;

natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. （compare this with S1)

读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。

2. 增加形容词或副词

1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building

socialism!

中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！

2). The crowds melted away.

人群渐渐散开了。

3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.

他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

4). She lingered long over his letter.

她反反复复地回味着他的来信。

5). In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy

tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together.

在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。

3. 增加名词

To do some shopping 买东西

To do some washing 洗衣服

1). First you borrow, then you beg.

头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。

2). Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer.

玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。

3). He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.

他吃了点东西，喝了点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。

4). The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the

Chinese Government.

发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要课题/任务之一。

5). That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine.

那件黑夹克真是价廉物美。

6). He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.

他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。

7). A new kind of car—small, cheap—is attracting increasing

attention.

一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意——这种轿车体积小，价钱便宜。

8). His arrogance made everyone dislike him.

他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。

9). After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across

the U.S. to San Francisco.

一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。

to persuade 说服persuasion说服工作

to prepare 准备preparation准备工作

backward 落后backwardness落后状态

tense 紧张tension紧张局势

arrogant 自满arrogance自满情绪

mad 疯狂madness 疯狂行为

antagonistic敌对antagonism 敌对态度

4、增加语气词或量词

1). Don’t get angry. I’m just making fun of you.

不要生气嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。

2). As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.

我呢，从一开始就不赞成。

3). They (the eyes) were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and

undefeated.

那双眼睛啊，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧

4). A red sun is rising slowly on the horizon.

一轮红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。

5). A stream was winding its way through the valley in into the Dadu

river.

一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去了。

6）This too was a complicate lie.

这也纯粹是一派胡言。

7). Once, they had a quarrel.

有一次，他们争吵了一番。

8). Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

9). The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary.

万变不离其宗。

10）Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.

人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。

（二）汉译英常用的增益法

A．增词明确原意

1. 我早晨起床后的第一件事是收拾房间。

The first thing I do when I get up in the morning is to tidy up the room.

2. 意大利著名旅行家马可·波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：……

A famous ancient Italian traveler, Marco Polo, once described

his impressions of Hangzhou like this: ……

3. 台湾是中国的领土。

Taiwan is part of Chinese territory.

4. 饭店现有三个餐厅和一个贵宾间、240个座位。

The restaurant now has three dining rooms and a VIP room with

a total of 240 seats.

5. 狠抓管理，安全生产。

We should improve management and ensure safe production.

6. 月亮升得高高的，明亮犹如银盘。

The moon rose high, shining as brightly as a silver plate.

7. 突然电话铃响了。母亲让我回去送弟弟去医院看病。

Suddenly the telephone rang. It was my mother calling me.

She wanted me to go home and take my brother to hospital. 8. 对确有困难的中西部地区和老工业基地，中央财政将继续给予支

持。

In the case of the enterprises of western and central China and old industrial bases that are in real financial difficulties, the central government will continue to offer financial help.

9. 有条件的地方要率先实现现代化。

The areas with suitable conditions must take the lead in achieving modernization.

10. 该公司的主要经营范围包括：… …

The business scope of the company covers the following

areas: … …

B．增词使结构完整

1. 收效可能来得慢，但是有把握，而且是巨大的。

The rewards may come slowly, but they are sure and

tremendous.

2. 我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。

We should gradually eliminate the difference between city and country.

3. 我吃得不多，睡得不好。

I am unable to eat much or sleep soundly.

4. 他生来富于同情心，总是乐于帮助别人。

She is sympathetic by nature and is always ready to help others.

5. 新婚夫妇有数十位宾客陪同，坐着汽车到新房去了。

The newly wedded couple, accompanied by dozens of guests, went to their chamber by car.

6. 全国人民总体上实现了由温饱向小康的跨越。

The Chinese people nationwide have developed from the

stage of having enough to eat and wear to that of living a

better-off life.

7. 明朝的时候，这座城市成了一个繁荣的港口。

In the Ming Dynasty the city became a flourishing port.

8. 沿着南京路向东走，走到尽头，是靠黄浦江江岸的一个很美的地

区。

Walking eastward along Nanjing Road, one finally comes to

a very beautiful area bordering the bank of the Huangpu

River.

C. 增加代词

1). 小不忍则乱大谋。

If one is not patient in small thing, one will never be able to

control great ventures.

2). 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你

才能把工作做好。

Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over

and over again and see if there is anything in it to be

corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well.

3). 没有调查就没有发言权。

He who makes no investigation and study has no right to

speak.

又如：―又要马儿跑得快, 又要马儿不吃草, 简直可笑。‖You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t let it graze.

Isn’t it ridiculous!

4). 别把手搁在口袋里。

Don’t put your hands in your pockets.

5). 一天天冷起来了。

It is getting colder day by day.

6) 尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。

It is better to try and fail than never try at all.

7). 你三星期完成这项设计不容易。

It was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks. 8). 把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。

It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.

Omission (省略法)

Opposite to the principle of amplification, omission is however not contradictory to it. On contrary, omission supplementary to amplification, omits what is considered necessary and

indispensable in English may be deemed useless, superfluous and even encumbrance. This principal makes the version brief, concise and clear.

1). A book is useful.

书（是）有用（的）。

2). The earth goes around the sun.

地球绕太阳转。

3). On Sundays we have no school.

礼拜天我们不上课。

4）由于时间仓促，作者水平有限，书中疏漏在所难免，欢迎广大读者批评指正。

Any advice and criticism is warmly welcome about this book.

（一）英译汉时常用的省略

I．从语法角度来看

1. 省略代词

1).He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.

他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。

2). We live and learn.

活到老，学到老。

3). Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new

Campus.

新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。

4). If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.

得寸进尺。

5). I have received your letter and read it with delight.

我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。

6) When conditions exist, go ahead; when they don’t, create them

and go ahead.

有条件要上；没有条件，创造条件也要上。

7). I wash my face in the morning.

我早上洗脸。

8). He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes,

but said nothing.

他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。

9）The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.

人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。

（省略作主语的泛指人称代词）

10) The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed

them.

他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。（省略作宾语的人称代词）

11) I saw her waving her hand and smiling sadly at me.

我看见她挥着手，对我忧愁地微笑着。（省略物主代词）

12) It took me a long time to reach the hospital.

我花了很长时间才到了医院。（省略非人称代词it）

2. 省略连词

1). He looked gloomy and troubled. （表并列）

他看上去有些忧愁不安。

2). As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes

greater. （表原因）

温度升高，水的体积就增大。

3). We knew winter vocation was coming as (because) we had seen

the big stone in the River. （表原因）

（我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。

4). If winter comes, can spring be far behind? （表条件）

冬天来了，春天还会远吗？

5). When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are

dark in the south there is still light in the north. （表时间）

东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。

6) She won't be coming, as we didn't invite her。

我们没邀请她，她不回来的。（省略从属连词）

7) My heart bleeds when I recall the scene --- my teacher moved

with difficulty out the room, with tears in his eyes.

回想起老师眼含泪水艰难地走出教室的情景，我心里悲痛极了。（省略从属连词）

3. 省略前置词（介词）

1). The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。

2). In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.

一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。

3). And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university.

一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。

4). Smoking is prohibited in public places.

公共场所不准吸烟。

5) On the morning of the exam day I woke up early.

考试的那天早上，我醒得很早。（省略介词）

6) It is really a tough job --- there is no help for it.

这真是件棘手的事，毫无法子可想。（省略介词及其宾语）

4. 省略冠词

1). A book is useful.

（是）有用（的）。

2). The moon was slowly rising above the sea.）

月亮从海面上慢慢升起。

3). A teacher should have patience in his work.

当教员的应当有耐心。（省略表示类别的不定冠词A）

4). The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend.

站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。

5). Milk is sold by the pound.

牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是论磅卖。）

6). He left without a word.

他一句话不说就走了。

7). The children are of an age.

这些孩子都是同岁的。

8）A boy is always a boy

孩子终归是孩子。（省略不定冠词）

9）Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees

themselves are beautiful.

冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。（省略定冠词）

1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.

气压低，沸点就低。(省略动词)

2) European habits have changed much along with the increase in

supermarkets and shopping centers, the number of cars, and the modernization of housing.

欧洲人的习惯随着超市、购物中心和小汽车的增多，以及住房的现代化而发生了变化。（省略名词）

II、从修辞角度看

A．省略重复短语

1）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.

报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。

2）Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.

双方均不得无故解除合同。

B．省略某些多余的或违背汉语语言习惯的词组。

1) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the

grass was dead.

没有下雪，但叶落草枯。

2) Voting ballots are unsigned and marked by the voters in private

booths so that no one else can find out for whom a citizen is

voting.

选票不记名，由选民在隔离的投票站内填写，这样就不会知道选民投了谁的票。

3) Matters in the world should be handled by the government and

people of all countries through consultations on the basis of

equality.

世界上的事情应由各国政府和人民平等协商。

二、汉译英时常用的省略

A. 省略汉语中的重复词

1．我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书，长征是宣传队，长征是播种机。We declare that, the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto, a

propaganda force, a seeding machine

2. 科学技术突飞猛进，给亚洲的发展带来新的机遇，也带来新的挑战。

The rapid advance of science and technology has presented both new opportunities and challenges to the development of

Asia.

3. 新形势、新趋势、新技术，促进了生产力的发展。

The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces.

4. 他们为国家作的贡献比我们所作的贡献要大的多。

They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.

B. 省略汉语的范畴词

1. 中东有些地区仍未结束社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。

The social unrest and upheaval has not been put an end to in some regions in the Mid-East.

2. 师生关系愈好，就愈有利于教学水平的提高。

The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances for improving teaching.

3. 迅速改变我国贫穷落后的面貌，是我国各族人民的强烈愿望。

It is the burning desire of all the people to end our country’s

poverty and backwardness quickly.

4. 世界各地举行了许多盛大的庆祝活动。

Many grand new-year celebrations are held in the world.

5) 没有和平，没有稳定的政治局面，就谈不上经济发展。

Without peace or political stability, there would be no economic growth.

C. 汉语中动词的使用频率远高于英语，所以在翻译成英语时，根据

情况省略某些动词不译。

1）在出席会议前，我有些急事要处理。

I have some urgent business on hand before (attending) the

meeting. .

2）他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束了。

He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.

3) 她连续讲了两个小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。

She has been talking in French for two hours without any

mistakes.

4）十万元以下的轿车的出现，激起了更多人购买私家车的热情。

The appearance of cars priced at less than 100,000 yuan

aroused the enthusiasm of more people for private cars.

D. 汉语意义重复时，应减词英译。

1) 中国人民为此进行了长期不懈的努力。

The Chinese people have made unremitting efforts to that end.

2) 为了保卫国家安全，维护祖国统一，我们必须不断增强国防实力。

We must build up our defense capability with a view to

safeguarding our State security and national unity.

3) 科学技术在一些领域取得重大突破。

Breakthroughs were made in some areas of science and

technology.

4) 各项社会事业全面进步。

All social undertakings developed. /The social undertakings developed in an all-round way.

5) 我们要进一步开创外交工作的新局面。

We shall open up new vista in diplomatic work.

6)我们要加强与世界各国在经济、文化等领域的交往。

We must enhance our economic and cultural exchange with other countries.

7) 市场商品供应丰富多彩。

The market had an adequate supply of commodities.

E. 省略汉语修辞的词语

1) 科学技术日新月异。

Science and technology are advancing /developing rapidly. 2) 大学校园文化包罗万象，其主流是―青春、浪漫、激扬‖的。

The campus culture in universities are all-inclusive, with the

main stream of ―youth, romance and enthusiasm‖.

3) 各级党组织和领导干部都要旗帜鲜明地反对腐败。

Party organizations and leading cadres at all levels must take a clear stand to oppose corruption.

4) 我们满怀信心、昂首阔步迈向21世纪。

We are advancing confidently forwards to the 21st century. ?省略词语决不是随意删节原文的词语，而是省略在译文看来可有可无的、多余的、或是意义隐含在上下文里的词语，目的是为了使原文的意义能够得到正确地理解，在译文中准确再现原文。

Conversion（词类转换法）

?In terms of conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another

language. As a matter of fact, conversion in the English

language is very common.

?So, conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatical way in the two languages. Conversion occurs on many

occasions.

This is the first round.

There is a round table in the room.

Round the corner slowly.

He walked round the table.

He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.

他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。

I．英译汉中常用的词类转换

1、转译成动词

A. 由动词的派生词名词（或含有动作意义的名词）转译为动词1．Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。

2. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.

无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。

3. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of

translation.

读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。

4. A view of Mt. E-mei can be obtained from here.

从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。

5．The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years. 过去的20年里，美国的航空工业突飞猛进。

6. The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people

raised social and political issues.

财富逐渐集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。

B. 英语中加后缀-er, -or 的名词，在句中并不表身份和职业，而是含

有较强的动作意义。

7. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.

他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。

8. He was a regular visitor.他经常来。

9. What kind of sailor are you? (a bad sailor or a good sailor?)你

晕不晕船？

10．We cannot become participants in the war, but nor must we be mere spectators.

我们不能参与战争，但也不能袖手旁观。

11. Americans are great joiners, as the huge number of

organizations available in the United States attests.

美国人热衷于参加各种活动，看看不胜枚举的各种组织就足以证明这一点。

C. 前置词转换为动词

12. ―Coming!‖ Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the

steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

―来啊!‖ 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。

13. Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in.

琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来.

14. That day she was up before sunrise.

那天她在日出前就起来了.

15．The Statue of Liberty was a gift to USA from France in 1886 as

a mark of friendship and also in memory of the aid France gave

the Americans during the American Revolution.

自由女神像由法国于1886年赠给美国，作为友谊的象征，并纪念美国独立战争期间法国给予的援助。

2. 转译成名词

A. Verbs-Nouns

英语中有许多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语的名词。如：1. She behaves as if she were a child.

她的举止跟一个孩子一样。

2. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got

into the car.

一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。3．Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.

人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。

4. The American economy is organized in single-owner businesses,

partnerships and corporations.

美国经济的组织方式是个人所有制、合伙制和公司制。

5．White policemen are now careful of how they speak and behave towards their fellow black citizens.

白人警察现在十分注意自己及对黑人公民的言行举止。

B. Adjectives-Nouns

1.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

2. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and

protected the poor.

罗宾汉和他的同伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。

3. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.

史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。

4. This problem is no less important than that one.

这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。

5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.

玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。

C. Adverbs—Nouns

1. It is editorially said that…社论说……

2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally.

他体力很强，可智力很弱。

3. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1.

图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。

3. 转译成形容词

A. Nouns—Adjectives

I can note the grace of her gesture.

我可以看到她优雅的举止。

2. We have seen the beauty of Mt. Tai.

我们看到了美丽的泰山。

3. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.

独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。

B. Adverbs—Adjectives

4. The English language has changed subtly and pervasively.

英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。

5. She looked at me expectantly.

她用期待的眼光看着我。

6. Hopefully, it will be done early next month.

下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。

7．Variety is a key characteristic of the United States, both geographically and culturally.

多姿多彩是美国地理和文化的主要特征。

4. 转译成副词

A. Nouns—Adverbs

1. The man nodded with satisfaction.

那人满意地点了点头。

2. He had the honor to attend the congress.

他荣幸地出席了代表大会。

B. Adjectives—Adverbs

3. He had a careful study of the map before he started off.

他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。

4. Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence?

你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？

II．汉译英中常用的词类转换

A．动词的转译（译成名词、介词短语、形容词等）

1. 中国政府承诺不对无核国家使用核武器。

(1) The Chinese Government commits itself to non-use of nuclear

weapons against non-nuclear countries.

(2) The Chinese Government undertakes not to use nuclear

weapons against non-nuclear countries.

2．我们要确保更有效地利用外资。

(1) We shall ensure that foreign capital is more effectively utilized.

(2) We shall ensure more effective utilization of foreign capital. 3．那个国家片面地注重工业，忽视农业和轻工业，因而市场上货物不够，货币不稳定。

That country’s lopsided stress on heavy industry to the neglect of agriculture and light industry results in a shortage of goods on the market and an unstable currency.

4. 这次国际会议开得好。

The recent international conference was a success.

5. 中国在发展经济的过程中，逐步改善了人民的生活条件。

The economic growth in China has been accompanied by the improvement of the people’s living conditions.

6. 当今中国，电脑使用已经普及，上网人数与日俱增。Nowadays, with the wide use / application of computers in China, more and more people have access to the Internet.

7. 中国仅有美国一半的可耕地，却负担为美国人口四倍的人民的吃饭

问题。

China supports a population four times that of the United States

with the arable land only half that of the US.

8. 他们不顾一切困难挫折，坚持创业。

They kept on their enterprise in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.

9．他不懂知足常乐的道理，对现有的一切还不满足。

He never understands that happiness lies in contentment, so he isn’t content with what he has already had.

10. 得知台湾地震，全国人民深表关切。

The people in the mainland are all deeply concerned at the news that Taiwan has been struck by an earthquake.

11. 证人不敢肯定命案发生时他不在场。

The witness isn’t sure that he has an alibi for the time death took place.

B. 名词的转译

1. 国民经济出现了重要转机。

The national economy has improved significantly.

2. 去年中国出口总额为1873亿美元。

China’s export totaled US$183.7 billion last year.

3. 专家认为，肥胖人口增长的主要原因是人们的运动量减少。

The experts attribute the increasing number of obese people to the decrease in the physical exercises.

4. 许多家用电器都是在中国制造的，这些家用电器性能可靠，操作方

便。

A lot of household appliances are made in China, which (and

they) are reliable in performance and easy in operation.

C．形容词和副词的转译

1．水资源稀缺，是我国经济和社会发展的严重制约因素。

Lack of water resources is a serious limitation on the economic and social development of our country. (形容词转成名词)

2. 所有单位必须搞好卫生，清除混乱和不文明现象。

All the organization must clear up, and banish disarray and

discourtesy. (形容词转成名词)

3. 亚洲依然是世界上最具经济活力的地区。

Economically, Asia is still the most dynamic region in the world.

(形容词转成副词)

4. 一切形式的恐怖行为都严重威胁着所有人民、所有国家的和平、繁荣和安全。

Terrorist acts in all forms and manifestations are a profound

threat to the peace, prosperity and security of all people and of all nations. (副词转成形容词)

5. 他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：―是的。‖

―Yes,‖ he said with a slow nod or two. (副词转成形容词)

6. 他们热忱地欢迎他。

They give him a hearty welcome. (副词转成形容词)

9. 他会立即答复。

He will give an immediate reply. (副词转成形容词)

Negation (正说反译、反说正译法)

The English language has its peculiarities in negation. Of

course, English-speaking people have their own way of

thinking in the negation and expressing negative implications.

What is affirmative in form in English may be implied

something negative in Chinese, and vice versa. The use of

―yes‖ and ―no‖ is a case in point.

1. --―Are you not going tomorrow?‖

--―No, I’m not going.‖

2. ―I don’t think you’re right in this point.‖

Leave me alone! Go away!

别烦我！走开！

Feel at home.

别见外，别客气。

I went to the airport to meet my friend but missed her.

我去机场接朋友，可是没接着。

Good winner, good loser.

胜不骄，败不馁。

Discussion: ―你是人，你不是东西。你是东西吗？你真不是东西！？

我认为你不是东西。你算什么东西！‖

You’re a person, not a thing. Aren’t you a person/a thing?

Are you reliable/ some-thing? No, I don’t think so./Yes, I think so. What a creature you are! What a fool you are! You are a

sheer idiot. I think you are an idiot. I don’t think you are

trustworthy. You, really, are nothing. You think you are

something. No, far from it.

一、原文用肯定语气，译文用否定语气

1．You have roused my curiosity. And now you must gratify it.

a) 你既然挑起了我的好奇心，就别再吊我的胃口了。

b）你既然激起了我的好奇心，就别再卖关子了。

c）你既然激起了我的好奇心，就别再遮遮掩掩了。2．Appearances are often deceptive.

外表往往是靠不住的。

3．She was irritated at being denied the opportunity to get a pay rise.

她没有得到涨工资的机会，非常生气。

4．She is the last person to trust with a secret.

她是最不能保守秘密的人。

5．It escapes your notice that she has changed so much.

你没注意到她变化那么大。

6. The computer is beyond repair. You might as well buy a new

one.

这台电脑修不好了，你不如买台新的算了。

7. Women who do house work by the hour may make nearly as

much public school teachers, if they work the same number of hours.

做家务的钟点女工在同样的时间内，其收入同公立学校的教师的工资差不多。

做家务的钟点女工在同样的时间内，挣钱不比公立学校的教师少。

8. They accepted the peace proposal with dignity.

他们不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。

9. While she liked his works, she pointed out areas where

improvement was possible.

尽管喜欢他的作品，但她仍指出某些地方有待改进。

尽管她喜欢他的作品，但仍指出其不足之处。

10. She seemed pale from the absence of all cosmetics.

因为没有化妆，她看上去面色苍白。

11. At the news of his father’s death, he remained quiet for several days.

得知父亲过世的消息，他好几天都一言不发。

12. Before too many years passed, corner gasoline stations may be

replaced by battery-recharging terminals.

用不了多少年，街头加油站就有可能被蓄电池充电站所代替。

13. Decision has to come.

决定还没有做出。

14. He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.

他75岁了，可是并不显老。

二、原文用肯定语气，译文用否定语气

1．The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as joyable as possible.

旅馆工作人员竭尽所能让我们住得舒适些。

2．Nothing but a miracle could prevent the company from going bankrupt.

只有奇迹发生，这家公司才能免于破产。

3．Your negligence was nothing less than criminal.

你的疏忽简直是犯罪。/ 你的疏忽无异于犯罪。

4．She couldn’t find anywhere to live, though not for want of trying.

她四下里寻找住处，仍是找不到。

5．Don’t lo se time in handing in the exercise books.

立即把作业本交上来。

6．If all three of you take part in it, there can be no further questioning of your courage.

要是你们三位都参加，那就足以证明你们勇气可嘉。（反译）要是你们三位都参加，无疑你们是有勇气的。（正译）

7．We could not be more mistaken.

我们大错特错了。

8．You can not be too careful in proofreading.

校对时越仔细越好。

9．I couldn’t agree with you more.

我完全同意。

10．Anybody less like a dictator they would not find.

他是他们所见到的最霸道的人了。（反译）

他们再也找不到比他更霸道的人了。（正译）

从以上例句中可以看出，正反译法所涉及到的不仅有词、词组，还有句子。再如：

1. Such a chance denied me.

我没有得到这样一个机会。（动词）

2. The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.

虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。（动词）

3. ―Don’t unstring your shoes, Rody,‖ she said.

她说：―把鞋带系上，罗迪。‖（动词）

4. Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect given up his

position dishonorably.

许多人认为首相辞职实际上很丢面子。（副词）

5. We may safely say so.

我们这样说万无一失。（副词）

6. The explanation is pretty thin.

这个解释相当不充分。（形容词）

7. His refusal is not final.

他的拒绝并非不可改变。（形容词）

8. He was an indecisive sort of person and always inconstant.

他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。（形容词）

9. Miss Smith kept to her room all day.

史密斯小姐终日足不出户。(短语)

10. You should seize the opportunity at any moment to put in a good word for me.

你应该不失时机为我说说情。(短语)

11. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of

cancer.

调查结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。(短语)

12. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this

afternoon.

今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。(短语)

13. Jim was no end upset because he couldn’t go swimming.

吉姆非常心烦，因为他不能去游泳。(短语)

14. If it worked once, it can work twice.

一次得手，再次不愁。(句子)

15. Let bygones be bygones.

既往不咎。(句子)

16. He was not going to lose sight of me.

他一直在监视我的行踪。（句子）

Repetition (重译法)

Strictly speaking, repetition is under amplification, namely

supplying some necessary words in target language. But this amplification is different from what we discussed in Chapter IV.

Here we mean to repeat the same words or phrases which are

given previously in the version. Repetition is employed for the sake of clearness, for the sake of emphasis, and for the sake of vividness.

重复译法主要体现在以下几个方面：

1、英语中常重复使用前置词，而将第二个、第三个前置词的名词省

略，翻译时则往往要把名词重复；

2、英语句子常常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中要重复

这个动词；

3、英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词

而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词；

4、英语中两个并列句中后句的动词承接前文省略，而在汉语中独立

的分句必须具备谓语，翻译时必须重复译出英语中省略的动词。

5、英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按照汉语习惯重复其所代替

的名词。

一、重复名词和动词

1. Since most new smokers apparently are women, my friend’s

confusion was understandable. And there are more than ever since September 11.

（1）因为多数新近成为烟民的显然都是女性，我朋友把她们混同为妓女，是可以理解的。自9.11事件发生后，抽烟的女性超过以往任何时候。

（2）大多数的新烟民似乎都是女性，我的朋友误以为她们是妓女也情有可原。自9.11事件发生后，抽烟的女性人数比以往任何时候都多。

2. Americans view relationships in terms of ―rights‖; Chinese in

terms of ―obligations‖ --- to family, to one’s elders, to the country.

美国人以―权利‖看待关系，而中国人则以―义务‖看待关系：包括对家庭的义务、对长辈的义务和对国家的义务。

3. Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the

automobile, and above all to Henry Ford.

底特律的迅速发展和一度繁荣归功于汽车业，尤其归功于亨利-福特。

4. Westerners think in ―prose‖, each sentence or paragraph

following from the preceding.

西方人思维方式是―散文式‖的，每句话、每个段落都承接着前句或前段。

5. Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one

another, but also to natural resources.

人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系，而且也和自然资源有相对关系。

6. Americans are beginning to realize that this terrible problem of

poverty is their problem and not just the Government’s.

美国人开始意识到可怕的贫困问题不仅是政府的问题，更是他们自己的问题。

7. Genetically engineered rice is the key to Asia’s food security, to

feed impoverished millions.

转基因大米对于保障亚洲粮食供给十分重要，对于保证贫穷的数百万人民温饱也十分重要。

8. Justice will inevitably prevail over evil, light over darkness and

progress over backwardness.

正义终将战胜邪恶，光明终将送走黑暗，进步终将替代倒退。9. The 21st century executive must be a global strategist, working

as deftly in Tokyo as in New York. He sees --- then seizes ---

markets worldwide.

21世纪的行政主管必须是全球战略家，无论在东京还是在纽约，都能应付自如。他能够纵览全球市场，把握市场机遇。

10. Ericsson launched its slim and smart new model which analysts

expect will boost profits but not market share in the tough mobile phone market.

手机市场竞争激烈，爱立信公司推出小巧时尚的新机型，专家预

测这种机型能够增加利润，但不会扩大市场份额。

12. Some theaters concentrate on the classics and serious dramas,

some on light comedy, some on musicals.

有些剧院集中上演经典剧目和严肃戏剧，有些剧院集中上演轻喜剧，而有些剧院则集中上演音乐剧。

13. Around the world, laws on human cloning research are either

restrictive, absent, or are lagging behind what is happening in the laboratory.

（1）全世界关于克隆人研究的法律要么加以限制，要么缺乏，要么落后于实验室的进程。

（2）全世界关于克隆人研究要么以法律加以限制，要么缺乏此类法律，要么立法滞后于实验室研究的进展。

二. 重复代词

1). Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.

杰西睁开眼，眼里充满了泪水。

2). He hated failure; he had conquered it in his own life, risen above

it, despised it in others.

他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。

3). Happy family also had their own troubles.

幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。

4). Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have

their own lines.

强国有强国的策略，小国有小国的路线。

5). Each country has its own customs.

各国都有各国的风俗。

6). Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.

谁犯了纪律，谁就该受到批评。

7). Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are

free.

你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。

8)Some have entered college and others have gone to the

countryside.

上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。

或：有的上大学了，有的下乡了。

三、重复形容词

1). We want such materials as can bear high temperature and

pressure.

我们需要能耐高温、高压的材料。

2). Everybody appreciates polite words and manners.

每个人都会赞赏礼貌的言辞和礼貌的举止。

3). They are loyal to the motherland and the people.

他们忠于祖国，忠于人民。

四、为了生动而重复

1). There had been too much publicity about his love affairs.

他的风流韵事已经是满城风雨、人人皆知了。

2). The boasts were flat.

祝酒辞时平平淡淡的。

3). The kid is always in rags as if he were an orphan.

那个孩子整天穿得破破烂烂，就像个孤儿似的。

第五章：翻译技巧（下）

作状语的-ing和-ed分词短语的翻译

1. Lacking communications between generations,some families are upset by the widening generation gap.

(1) 因为两代人之间缺乏交流，一些家庭代沟加深，深感烦恼。

(2) 由于两代人之间缺乏交流，不断加深的代沟使一些家庭深感烦恼。

2. Being a major concern now, the problem of cyber security calls for government measures for improvement.

(1) 网上安全问题现在引起了人们的关注，因此需要政府采取措施，增强网上安全。

(2) 网上安全现在已经成为人们关注的主要问题，因此需要政府采取措施，增强网上安全。

3. Swallowing small companies, the big media corporations will be able to control what Americans read and watch.

如果吞并众多小公司，大媒体集团将能控制美国人的视听。

4. Having brought about a lifestyle revolution, Internet use is threatened by hackers’ repeated attacks of the computer systems of important organizations.

尽管因特网带来了生活方式的革命，黑客屡屡入侵重要机构的电脑系统，使因特网的功能受到了损害。

5. In due course, having received a summons, the motorist who commits a motoring offence will appear in a police court.

驾驶人开车违章，收到传票后，要在规定时间内到治安法庭受审。

6. Functioning like a magnet, Hollywood draws ambitious young people from all over the world.

好莱坞如同一块磁铁，吸引了世界各地一心想成名的年轻人。

7. Sweeping across Asia, an information technology revolution is causing an acute shortage of high-tech labor.

(1) 一场信息技术革命席卷亚洲，导致高新技术人才严重短缺。

(2) 一场席卷亚洲的信息技术革命导致高新技术人才严重短缺。8. Launched on 1 January, 1999, the euro becomes the official currency in the 11 European Union nations.

(1) 欧元于1999年1月1日启动，成为11个欧盟国家的官方流通货币。

(2) 1999年1月1日启动的欧元已经成为11个欧盟国家的官方流通货币。

9. Long dominated by the Japanese, Asia’s auto market now lies in the sights of ambitious US and European car manufacturers.

(1) 亚洲汽车市场长期由日本一统天下，目前雄心勃勃的美国和欧洲汽车制造商正瞄准亚洲市场。

(2) 长期由日本一统天下的亚洲汽车市场，目前受到了雄心勃勃的美国和欧洲汽车制造商的关注。

10. American writers have produced novels, short stories, and poems, reflecting both the life of the nation and the diverse local and ethnic cultures within it.

美国作家创作出了反映国民生活和国内多民族文化的长篇小说、短篇小说和诗歌。

11. The Panama Canal has become Panama’s Canal, ending 95 years of American control.

巴拿马运河已经成为巴拿马自己的运河，从而结束了美国95年的控制。

12. In an effort to reach more readers, many publications have gone on-line, making their materials available to people with personal computers.

为了争取更多读者，很多杂志将文章刊载在电脑网络上，人们在家里可以通过个人电脑阅读喜爱的文章。

被动句的翻译

1. Our foreign policy is supported by people all over the world.

我国的外交政策得到了全世界人民的支持。

2. More than 50,000 computers at websites were infected by a computer virus that is spreading rapidly around the world.

一种电脑病毒在全世界迅速传播，网上5万多台电脑遭到侵袭。3. A police court is presided over by a magistrate, who tries the cases without a jury.

治安法庭由地方法官主持，法官审理各种案件，无须陪审团。

4. The risk of the global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced.

全球核冲突的危险性已经大大减小。

5. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.

广义地说，人可以分为三类：有些人辛劳而死，有些人忧愁而死，有些人烦闷而死。（或：有累死的，有愁死的，有烦死的）

6. The euro was inspired by the idea of creating “a country called Europe”.

欧元诞生于“欧洲一体化”的设想。

7. Movies were first made in Hollywood before WWI.

一战前好莱坞首次制作了电影。

8. In 1849 gold was discovered in California in the mountains near San Francisco and so started the famous Gold Rush.

1849年加州三藩市附近的山里发现了黄金，由此开始了广为人知的淘金热。

9. The consumer spending was dampened in the regional financial crisis in Asia.

亚洲地区的金融危机抑制了消费。

10. The mobile phone boom is driven by the young adults.

年轻人促进了移动电话市场的繁荣。

11. The ever-increasing demand for private cars could be halted by more investment in public transport.

公共交通增加投入，可以抑制不断增长的私车需求。

12. It is believed that nuclear power is among the greatest innovations of our time. But it is also feared it will bring the end of the world.

我们相信核能是当代最伟大的发明之一，但是我们也担忧核能会带来世界末日。

13. It is commonly believed that hot climates reduce people’s energy and that people of the south walk and talk more slowly than the busy northerners.

（人们）通常认为，炎热的气候降低了人的活力，南方人走路和说话都比忙碌的北方人慢。

14. The National Security Agency in US is accused of reading other people’s e-mails around the world in its search for military and commercial secrets.

(1) 美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的电子邮件，获取军事和商业秘密，受到了指责。

(2) 人们指责美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的电子邮件，获取军事和商业秘密

定语从句的翻译

一、前置法

1. The fine would serve as a warning to other motorists who drove without due care.

罚款对于驾车不够小心的司机可以起到警告作用。

2. The era of globalization has begun with new communication and information technologies, and capital could flow freely to those regions, industries and companies that promise the best returns.

随着通信和信息技术的发展，全球化时代已经到来，资本可以自由地流向有望获得最大收益的地区、产业和公司。

二、省略法

3. One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found in or near the West End.

伦敦的一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及周边地区。

4. Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational, which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.

美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报道犯罪、色情和小道消息，也有严肃报刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。

5. Scientists have been devoted to developing high-yield rice varieties that sparked the green revolution in the 1970s.

科学家致力于开发高产水稻品种，从而引发了20世纪70年代的绿色革命。

三、重复法

6. The high-tech explosion has created a new group of workers that like challenge and treasure the independence and the diversity of work.

高科技迅速发展，造就了一批新的员工，他们喜欢挑战，珍视独立和工作的多样性。

7. Cambridge University has nurtured great scientists, thinkers and poets such as Newton, Bacon, Milton, Byron and Darwin, who made outstanding contribution to the progress of mankind.

剑桥大学培养出了牛顿、培根、弥尔顿、拜伦、达尔文这样伟大的科学家、思想家和诗人，他们为人类的进步做出了杰出的贡献。

8. Not long from now, the seemingly endless expansion of computer power that has propelled the digital revolution of the past two decades will stop unless major breakthroughs take place.

电脑的能量似乎在无止境地扩大，推动了过去20年的革命，然而在不久的将来，如果没有大的突破，这种扩大将会终止。

四、融合法

9. The idea that the family is the traditional unit of society is challenged by American youth who are increasingly turning down marriage.

家庭是社会的传统组成成分，而美国青年越来越拒绝婚姻，使这种观念受到了挑战。

10. Apple pie is a favorite sweet, and English puddings, of which there are various types, are an excellent ending to a meal, especially in winter.

苹果馅饼是人们喜爱的甜点，而英国布丁品种多样，用作一餐的最后一道点心再好不过，尤其在冬天更是如此。

11. Technology is creating a global economy that is supplanting the old national economies.

（1）由技术带来的经济全球化正在取代旧有的民族经济。

（2）技术正在使经济日趋全球化，这种经济形式正在取代旧有的民族经济。

12. Foundations are based on the money that would otherwise go to the government in taxes.

基金会所依赖的资金本来会以税收的形式上缴政府。

13. The trend of home working is surging in the field of finance where trading can be done via the Internet.

在金融界可以通过互联网进行交易，居家工作的潮流正在金融界兴起。

14. Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation.

通常热带地区阳光强烈，而其他地区海水蒸发量不如热带地区那么大，因此这些地区海水咸度要高些。

五、定语状语转换法

15. Einstein, who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921.

爱因斯坦由于创立了著名的相对论，于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖。

16. There was no respect even for Einstein in Hitler’s Germany, who only wanted to think of the problems beyond time and space and politics.

（1）爱因斯坦一心只想考虑超越时空和政治的问题，但是希特勒统治下的德国，就连他也得不到尊重。

（2）希特勒统治下的德国，就连爱因斯坦也得不到尊重，因为他一心只想考虑超越时空和政治的问题。

17. The danger of a recession in world trade that could hit all countries cannot be ignored, but it would bear most heavily on the weakest partners in the world economy.

因为经济衰退的危险可能冲击到所有的国家，所以不容忽视，但是受到冲击最大的将是世界经济中最为弱小的国家。

主语的选择

一、英译汉中主语的选择

（一）There be结构主语的选择

1、In the 1960s there was a change in fashion in favor of small cars.

(1) 20世纪60年代出现了一个变化，人们崇尚小型汽车。

(2) 20世纪60年代，时尚起了变化，人们开始喜欢小汽车。

(3) 20世纪60年代，时尚起了变化，小汽车受到人们的青睐。

2、There are a lot of pine trees on the slope of the hill.

山坡上长着许多松树。

3、There sits a flower bed in the middle of the garden.

园子中央有一座花坛。

4．There are four types of sentences in terms of structure: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.

按结构分，句子有四类：简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。

5．There are over twenty printing errors.

印刷错误有二十多处。

6．There may be a chance to win.

可能还有赢的机会。

7．There’s going to be a fine day.

天要晴了。

8．There can never be any discussion as to the consequences of corruption.

无需讨论腐败的后果。

9．There was expected to be strong disagreement on the matter.

对这件事的看法，估计有很大的分歧。

D．其他译法

10．There is a persistent demand on the part of parents for an attack on pornographic publications.

家长一直要求对色情出版物进行打击。

11．There is a growing concern over the population growth.

人们对人口的迅速增长越来越关注。

12．There was cheer in every face and a spring in every step.

人人喜笑颜开，步履轻快。

（二）倒装句主语的选择

1、Then began a bitter war between the two countries.

于是两国之间开始了恶战。

2、To this class belongs the most astonishing work that the author accomplished.

作者写就的那部惊世骇俗之作便是属于这一类。

3、So bright was the moon that the flowers were as bright as by day.

月色皎洁，照得花朵像白天一样鲜艳。

4．In the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees, all in full bloom.

长方形的院子里长着三株盛开的白玉兰。

5．Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles, turkeys and toys.

货品中有圣诞树、花卉、蜡烛、火鸡和玩具。

6．Just as necessary for us as knowledge are social experiences.

对我们来说，和知识同样必需的是社会经历。

7．The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the lack of the information media.

农村因为地处偏僻，交通不便，与外界隔绝。而通讯工具的缺乏，使农村更为闭塞。

8．Improved housing has also contributed to a sharpened sense of aesthetics.

改善居室环境也有助于增强审美意识。

9．His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.

他疲惫不堪，天气又越来越热，于是想就近找个阴凉的地方，坐下歇会儿。

10．An awed hush fell upon the bystanders.

旁观者吓得大气也不敢出。

11．A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memories.

(1) 从办公室窗口望去，他可以看见华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂的全景。

(2) 从他的办公室窗口望出去，华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂尽收眼底。

12．The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.

我走在厚厚的地毯上，声息全无。

13．His action was prompted by the fear of being attacked.

他这样做是因为害怕受到攻击。

14. His real interests lie outside work in his love of music.

(1) 他真正的兴趣在工作之外，在于他所钟爱的音乐。

(2) 他真正的兴趣是在工作之外，在于他对音乐得喜好。

(3) 他最喜欢在工作之余，尽情欣赏音乐。

二、汉译英中主语的选择

（一）汉语单句

1、我们对两国关系的顺利发展，特别是经济技术合作的不断扩大，感到满意。

We are gratified with the smooth development of relations between two countries and particularly the steady growth of our economic and technological cooperation.

2、我们进行政治体制改革，要有利于维护国家统一、民族团结、社会稳定。

The political reform should be conducted in such a manner as to promote national reunification, unity and social stability.

3、当前，世界经济贸易形势总体趋好。

(1) At present, the overall trend in the world’s economic and trade situation is getting better.

(2) At present, the world’s economic and trade situation is generally getting better /turning for the better.

4、一般来说，游览西湖及周围景点花上两天时间较为合适。

(1) General speaking, it is advisable for a tourist to have a two-day tour of the West Lake and scenic spots around it.

(2) Generally speaking, a two-day tour is ideal for the West Lake and scenic spots around it.

5、游览北京、上海、西安，最好是在春、秋两季。

(1) Spring and autumn are supposed to be the best times to tour cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an.

(2) The best times to tour cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an are supposed to be spring and autumn.

(3) Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an are at their best for tourism in spring and autumn.

6、国有大中型企业建立现代企业制度的改革取得重要进展。

(1) Significant advances were made in the establishment of a modern corporate structure in large and medium-sized State-owned enterprises.

(2) China make significant advances in the establishment of a modern corporate structure in large and medium-sized State-owned enterprises. 7、素质教育继续推进。

(1) We continued to develop education designed to raise the overall quality of students.

(2) Continued efforts were made to promote quality-oriented education.

8、中国的扶贫开发解决了两亿多农村贫困人口的温饱问题。

Thanks to the efforts to assist with the development of the poor areas, the problem of food and clothing for more than 200 million rural poor has been solved.

9、经过20多年不懈的艰苦奋斗，中国的扶贫开发取得了巨大成就。Thanks to the arduous and unremitting efforts in the past more than two decades, China has made tremendous achievements in its drive to assist with the development of the poor areas.

10、近年来，中国轻工业产品的出口有了长足的进步。

(1) In recent years, the export of products in China’s light industries has seen considerable growth.

(2) In recent years, great progress has been made in the export of products in China’s light industries.

11、一般加工工业生产能力过剩的矛盾仍较突出。

Over production is still a glaring problem in ordinary processing industries.

12、在全球市场迅猛发展的今天，贸易投资自由化和便利化的重要性

变得更加突出。

Trade and investment liberalization and facilitation has take on increased importance at a time when rapid changes are reshaping the global marketplace.

13、上海商业将广泛应用计算机技术，加快商业电子化步伐。

The computer technology will be widely used in the Shanghai’s commercial sector to accelerate its electronicalization.

（二）汉语偏正结构

1、生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。

Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.

2、这种担心看起来似乎没有根据，其实不然。

Such fear is not as far-fetched（牵强附会的）as it may seem.

3、为协助你方尽早将我们的产品销入你们的市场，我们同意提前装货。

We agree to advance our shipment to assist you in introducing our products into your market as early as possible.

4、留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。

There will never be a shortage of firewood as long as green hills remain.

5、如果考虑到劳动力的因素，我国生产率的品均水平长期以来一直很低。

The average level of productivity in our country had long been low when the quality of the labor force was considered.

（三）汉语多重复句

1、后来，潘家败落，其子孙急于出售，一些商人得以低价购入。

(1) When the Pans went into a decline, their descendants were eager to sell the garden, some businessmen bought it at a low price.

(2) Later on, the Pans went into a decline, and their descendants were eager to sell the garden, so some businessmen were able to buy it at a low price.

(3) With the decline of the Pans, their descendants were eager to sell the garden so that some businessmen were able to buy it at a low price.

(4) Later, it was bought by some businessmen at a low price from his desperate descendents when the family went into a decline.

[析] 该句是一汉语多重复句。第一层是因果关系；第二层属递进关系。“潘家败落，其子孙急于出售”，可用and连接的并列句处理（如2），汉语联合复句中的并列、承接、递进复句一般都可用and连接的并列句转换。译文（3）采用了结果状语连词so that连接第二句和第三句，第一句转变为with结构，表示伴随发生的背景情况，使译文简洁些。译文（4）将句子的次序加以变换，利用表示原因的连词as连接“其子孙急于出售”一句，可以突出结果“一些商人得以低价购入。”

英语比较结构的翻译

一、比较级的一般翻译

1. California on the whole has a climate milder all the year round than that of any other places in the Continental United States.

(1) 与美国大陆其他地方相比，大体上加州全年气候更为温和。（比较级）

(2) 大体上说，美国大陆哪个地方的全年气候也没有加州那么温和。（原级）

(3) 大体上说，在整个美国大陆上，加州的全年气候是最温和的。（最高级）

2. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large number of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.

(1) 尽管美国生产的汽车比其他国家要多，但它仍从德国、日本和瑞典大量进口汽车，这主要是因为美国市场有这种需求。

(2) 尽管美国的汽车生产量居世界首位，但它仍从德国、日本和瑞典进口大量汽车，这主要是因为美国市场有这一需求。

3. Music whose meaning is slightly different with each hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.

(1) 每次聆听时意义略有不同的音乐则有更大的可能长久不衰。

(2) 有一种音乐，你每一次聆听感受稍有不同，这样的音乐更有可能经久不衰。

4. He left the White House a wiser but sadder man.

他离开白宫时比以前更睿智，但也更伤感。

二、比较级的特殊翻译

1、American presidents tend to be judged less by the goods they set in motion than by how well they respond to crises.

美国人对总统的评判往往不是看他们能否成功治理国家，而是看他们能否泰然应对危机。

2、Charles is more cautious than decisive.

查尔斯谨慎有余，果敢不足。

3、It is not advice as much as approval that he seeks.

与其说他在征求意见，不如说他在期望得到赞同。

4、If you ask my opinion, I’d say he is a man who is more brave than wise.

(1) 要我说，他这人有勇无谋。

(2) 要我说，他这人勇敢有余，韬略不足。

三、比较级表示强调的翻译

1、After all these years of working together, he is more than a friend to me.

他和我共事了这么多年，岂止是我的普通朋友（我们已成莫逆之交）。

2、He felt more than shrilled to come across such a gorgeous beauty.

邂逅这样一个大美人，他激动万分。

3、I was busy and less than delighted to have company that day.

那天我很忙，不喜欢有人作伴。

4、The plan is nothing more than a castle in the air.

这个计划只是空中楼阁。

5、It is not easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge.

获取知识不易，传授知识亦难。

汉语“使”字句的翻译

1、电信使我们的工作生活发生了前所未有的改变。

(1) Telecommunications have brought about unprecedented changes to our working and daily life.

(2) Telecommunications have unprecedentedly changed our working and daily life.

(3) Thanks to telecommunications, our working and daily life have changed unprecedentedly.

(4) Thanks to telecommunications, our working and daily life have undergone unprecedented changes.

2、数字技术在使人与人之间的联系更加紧密地同时，也使得个人隐私失去了隐秘性。

While tightening the ties between people, the digital technology is intruding upon / infringing on their privacy.

3、通过互联网支付的账单明显呈现上升趋势，这种情况使得一些邮政业务出现史无前例的萎缩。

(1) The obvious increase in electronically-paid bills is shrinking some postal services unprecedentedly.

(2) The obvious increase in electronically-paid bills has caused some postal services to shrink unprecedentedly.

(3) The obvious increase in electronically-paid bills has led to the unprecedented shrinkage in some postal services.

(4) As the electronically-paid bills are obviously increasing, some postal services are shrinking unprecedentedly.

4、上海将集中进行轨道交通建设，使轨道交通成为未来公共交通的重要组成部分。

(1) Shanghai will concentrate on the construction of the railways as a key part in public transport in the future.

(2) Shanghai will concentrate on the construction of the railways so that they will become a key part in public transport in the future.

(3) Shanghai’s focus on the construction of the railways will make them a key part in public transport in the future.

5、一些电脑病毒席卷全球，造成巨大经济损失，并使电子邮件系统瘫痪。

Some computer viruses swept across the world, causing serious financial losses and paralyzing the E-mail systems.

6、建筑工地的噪音使附近居民晚上无法入睡。

(1) The noise from the construction site made it nearly impossible for the residents living nearby to fall asleep at night.

(2) The noise from the construction site almost prevented the residents living nearby from falling asleep at night.

(3) The residents living nearby could hardly fall asleep at night with the noise from the construction site.

7、黑客袭击事件屡次发生，使得政府很有必要采取相应措施加强对互联网的安全防卫。

(1) The repeated occurrences of hackers’ intrusion has made it necessary for the government to take proper measures to tighten the security of the Internet.

(2) The government needs to take proper measures to tighten the security of the Internet because of the repeated occurrences of hacker’s intrusion.

(3) The government needs to take proper measures to tighten the security of the Internet as hacker’s intrusion occur repeatedly.

8、外来的干涉使这个国家陷入全面内战。

(1) Outside interference drove /plunged the country into all-out civil war.

(2) The country was plunged into /fell into an all-out war because of the outside interference.

(3) Outside interference resulted in an all-out civil war in the country.

长句的处理

(1) 顺序法

3. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.

即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。

(2) 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:

5. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。

7. The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.

大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。(4) 综合法。

9. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.

尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

10. Attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and political freedom, immigrants from many other countries flocked to the United States in increasing numbers, reaching a peak in the years 1880 -1914.

【译文1】许多其他国家的人听说在美国经济上有很大的发展机会，还有宗教和政治自由，于是便纷纷涌入美国，移民人数越来越多，1880年至1914年间达到了顶峰。

【译文2】许多其他国家的人听说美国有很多的经济发展机会，还有宗教和政治自由，（很受吸引），纷纷涌入美国。移民人数越来越多，1880年至1914年间达到了顶峰。

【译文3】许多其他国家的人听说在美国挣钱机会多，还有宗教和政治自由，不免有所心动，纷纷移居美国，移民人数越来越多，于1880年至1914年间达到了顶峰。

汉语长句的翻译

一、合句

1、西部地域辽阔，交通不发达，首先要进行基础设施的建设。

(1) Since the western region covers a vast area with poor transport facilities, we should first of all build infrastructure facilities.

(2) Covering a vast area with poor transport facilities, China’s western region is in urgent need of infrastructure facilities.

2、中国加入世贸组织的谈判已经进行了15年。中国的立场始终如一。

(1) The negotiations on China’s entry into the WTO have been going on for fifteen years, and China’s stand /position has remained consistent.

(2) During the fifteen years of negotiations on China’s entry into the WTO, China has maintained consistent stand /position.

二、断句

（一）意义复杂断句

4、东方明珠电视塔谓语黄浦江畔、浦东陆家嘴嘴尖上，塔高468米，三面环水，与外滩的万国建筑博览群隔江相望，是亚洲第一，世界第三的高塔。

译文1：The Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower is located on a bend of the Huangpu River at the tip of Lujiazui in Pudong. Surrounded by the river on three sides, the tower faces a row of Western buildings of variegated styles on the Bund across the river. It is 468 meters tall (in height), ranking first in Asia and third in the world.

译文2：The Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower is located on a bend of the Huangpu River at the tip of Lujiazui in Pudong. It is surrounded by the river on three sides and faces a row of Western buildings of variegated styles on the Bund across the river. The tower, 468 meters tall (in height), ranks first in Asia and third in the world.

译文3：The Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower is located on a bend of the Huangpu River at the tip of Lujiazui in Pudong. It is surrounded by the river on three sides and faces a row of Western buildings of variegated styles on the Bund across the river. The 468-meter-tall tower ranks first in Asia and third in the world.

（二）总分复句断句

汉语的总分复句包括总说和分述两部分，或者先总说后分述，或者先分述后总说。译成英语时，经常把总说的句子断开，单独译成一句。

6、中国将致力于建设国家创新体系，通过营造良好的环境，推进知识创新、技术创新的体制创新，这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。

China will be dedicated to establishing a national innovation system and creating a favorable environment to stimulate the innovation of knowledge, technology and institution. It is the only course for China to achieve its development extending to the new century (its trans-century development).

7、西部大开发战略思想现在已经有了实施的机遇，因为中国的经济发展已经到了这样一个阶段：沿海地区经济的发展已经趋于饱和，要寻找新的市场，而西部地区的开发，现在也迫在眉睫。

(1) Now the time is ripe to carry out the strategy of the large-scale development of the western region, for the Chinese economy has grown to such a stage: the economy in the eastern coast is approaching the point of “saturation” and it needs new markets. Moreover, development of the western region is imminent.

(2) Now China has the opportunity to carry out the strategy of the large-scale development of the western region, for the Chinese economy has grown to a new stage. In this stage, the economy in the eastern coast is approaching the point of “saturation” and calls for markets while development of the western region is imminent.

（三）语气变化断句

10、当今世界，国际局势总体上趋向缓和(1)，但各种因素引发的冲突甚至局部战争此起彼伏(2)，一些地区的紧张态势依然存在(3)，妨碍了有关国家和地区的经济发展(4)，也对世界经济产生了不利影响(5)。

译文1：In today’s world, the international situation is, on the whole, moving towards relaxation (1). However, conflicts and even local wars triggered by various factors have kept cropping up (2), and tension still remains in some areas (3). All this has impeded the economic development of the countries and regions concerned (4), and adversely affected the world economy (5).

译文2：In t oday’s world, the international situation is, on the whole, become less strained (1). However, the frequent conflicts and local wars triggered by various factors (2) as well as the continuous tension in some areas (3) have impeded the economic development of the countries and regions concerned (4), and adversely affected the world economy (5).

译文3：Despite the general tendency of the today’s international situation towards relaxation (1), the frequent conflicts and local wars triggered by various factors (2) as well as the continuous tension in some areas (3) have impeded the economic development of the countries and regions concerned (4), and adversely affected the world economy (5).

长句的处理

一、英语长句的分析

(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。

(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引

导词。

(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句,

表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。

(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰

的先行词是哪一个等。

(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。

(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。

2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.

譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

二、长句的翻译

(1) 顺序法。(2) 逆序法。(3)分句法。(4) 综合法。

(1) 顺序法

3. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,

electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.

即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。

4. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,

and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their

―expectation of life‖, the time it will take to exhaust all known

sources and reserves of these materials.

可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质―可望存在多少年‖, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆

尽。

(2) 逆序法

5. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,

because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with

oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。

所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

6. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students

are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.

因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

(3)分句法

7. The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.

大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以臵信。

8. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current

events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.

人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。

从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。

(4) 综合法

9. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.

尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

10. Attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and

religious and political freedom, immigrants from many other

countries flocked to the United States in increasing numbers,

reaching a peak in the years 1880 -1914.

分层：1. (Immigrants from many other countries were ) attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and

political freedom.

2. Immigrants from many other countries flocked to the

United States.

3. in increasing numbers

4. reaching a peak in the years 1880 -1914

【译文1】许多其他国家的人听说在美国经济上有很大的发展机会，还有宗教和政治自由，于是便纷纷涌入美国，移民人数越来越多，1880年至1914年间达到了顶峰。

【译文2】许多其他国家的人听说美国有很多的经济发展机会，还有宗教和政治自由，（很受吸引），纷纷涌入美国。移民人数越来越多，1880年至1914年间达到了顶峰。

【译文3】许多其他国家的人听说在美国挣钱机会多，还有宗教和政治自由，不免有所心动，纷纷移居美国，移民人数越来越多，于1880年至1914年间达到了顶峰。

汉语长句的翻译

一、合句

二、断句

（1）意义复杂断句

（2）总分复句断句

（3）语气变化断句

一、合句

1、西部地域辽阔，交通不发达，首先要进行基础设施的建设。

(1) Since the western region covers a vast area with poor

transport facilities, we should first of all build infrastructure

facilities.

(2) Covering a vast area with poor transport facilities, China’s

western region is in urgent need of infrastructure facilities.

2、中国加入世贸组织的谈判已经进行了15年。中国的立场始终如一。

(1) The negotiations on China’s entry into the WTO have been

going on for fifteen years, and China’s stand /position has

remained consistent.

(2) During the fifteen years of negotiations on China’s entry into

the WTO, China has maintained consistent stand /position.

二、断句

3、我们必须抓住新的机遇，迎接新的挑战，/采取更加有力的措施，

以更为积极的姿态扩大对外开放，力争对外贸易和吸收外资有新的增长。

We must seize new opportunities and meet new challenges. We must open ourselves wider to the outside world more actively

and resort to more effective measures in an effort to expand

foreign trade and attract more foreign funds.

4、东方明珠电视塔谓语黄浦江畔、浦东陆家嘴嘴尖上，塔高468米，

三面环水，与外滩的万国建筑博览群隔江相望，是亚洲第一，世界第三的高塔。

译文1：The Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower is located on a bend of the Huangpu River at the tip of Lujiazui in Pudong.

Surrounded by the river on three sides, the tower faces a row of Western buildings of variegated styles on the Bund across the river. It is 468 meters tall (in height), ranking first in Asia and

third in the world.

译文2：The Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower is located on a bend of the Huangpu River at the tip of Lujiazui in Pudong. It is surrounded by the river on three sides and faces a row of

Western buildings of variegated styles on the Bund across the river. The tower, 468 meters tall (in height), ranks first in Asia

and third in the world.

译文3：The Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower is located on a bend of the Huangpu River at the tip of Lujiazui in Pudong. It is

surrounded by the river on three sides and faces a row of

Western buildings of variegated styles on the Bund across the river. The 468-meter-tall tower ranks first in Asia and third in the world.

5、承各方的大力支持，华东出口商品交易会一届比一届办得圆满，

深受中外客商的注目，现已成为洽谈出口和市场信息交流的重要窗口。

译文1：Thanks to (Owing to /Because of) the energetic support from all walks of life, each of the East China Export Commodity Fair registered greater success than its predecessor. Well

received by traders both at home and abroad, the fair has

become an important window on negotiations on exports and

exchange of market information.

译文2：Thanks to (Owing to /Because of) the energetic support from all walks of life, the East China Export Commodity Fair

enjoys a growing success, thus attracting attention from traders both at home and abroad and becoming an important window on negotiations on exports and exchange of market information. 6、中国将致力于建设国家创新体系，通过营造良好的环境，推进知

识创新、技术创新的体制创新，这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由

之路。

China will be dedicated to establishing a national innovation

system and creating a favorable environment to stimulate the

innovation of knowledge, technology and institution. It is the only course for China to achieve its development extending to the

new century (its trans-century development).

7、西部大开发战略思想现在已经有了实施的机遇，因为中国的经济

发展已经到了这样一个阶段：沿海地区经济的发展已经趋于饱和，要寻找新的市场，而西部地区的开发，现在也迫在眉睫。

(1) Now the time is ripe to carry out the strategy of the large-scale

development of the western region, for the Chinese economy

has grown to such a stage: the economy in the eastern coast is approaching the point of ―saturation‖ and it needs new markets.

Moreover, development of the western region is imminent.

(2) Now China has the opportunity to carry out the strategy of the

large-scale development of the western region, for the Chinese economy has grown to a new stage. In this stage, the economy in the eastern coast is approaching the point of ―saturation‖ and calls for markets while development of the western region is

imminent.

8、西部大开发既要有紧迫感，又必须统筹规划，/突出重点，分步实

施，防止一哄而上。

We should not only have a sense of urgency, but also work out a comprehensive plan. While giving prominence to some key

areas in the development process, we must carry it out step by step instead of rushing headlong into action.

9、在漫长的历史过程中，中国虽然经历过改朝换代、政权更迭，出

现过地方割据，遭遇过外敌入侵，特别是近代史上曾饱受外国列强的侵略和瓜分，/但统一始终是中国历史发展的主流。

Throughout its long history, China has witnessed (undergone) changes of dynasties, transfers of governments, regional

separatist regimes, foreign invasions, and especially the

aggression and dismemberment by foreign powers in modern history. Nevertheless, unity has always represented the main

development trend in Chinese history.

10、当今世界，国际局势总体上趋向缓和(1)，但各种因素引发的冲突

甚至局部战争此起彼伏(2)，一些地区的紧张态势依然存在(3)，妨碍了有关国家和地区的经济发展(4)，也对世界经济产生了不利影响(5)。

译文1：In today’s world, the international situation is, on the

whole, moving towards relaxation (1). However, conflicts and

even local wars triggered by various factors have kept cropping up (2), and tension still remains in some areas (3). All this has impeded the economic development of the countries and

regions concerned (4), and adversely affected the world

economy (5).

译文2：In today’s world, the international situation is, on the whole, become less strained (1). However, the frequent conflicts and local wars triggered by various factors (2) as well as the

continuous tension in some areas (3) have impeded the

economic development of the countries and regions concerned

(4), and adversely affected the world economy (5).

译文3：Despite the general tendency of the today’s international situation towards relaxation (1), the frequent conflicts and local wars triggered by various factors (2) as well as the continuous tension in some areas (3) have impeded the economic

development of the countries and regions concerned (4), and

adversely affected the world economy (5).