高考英语语法知识梳理回顾

情态动词

1、can, could

（1）表示能力，意为“能，会”：

The smallest good habits can make a big difference.

（2）表推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句或疑问句中，can比could语气强：

This can't/couldn't be done by him.

（3）表示请求或允许，在疑问句中可以用could代替can，语气更委婉。

Could I use your phone, please?

（4）表示理论上的可能性。

Always believe that good things are possible, and remember that mistakes can be lessons that lead to discoveries.

（5）用于否定句或疑问句，表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。

He can't do this. / Can this be done by him?

（6）can't...too/enough表示“无论...也不为过”You can't be too careful while driving.

can't help doing sth表示“禁不住做某事”Hearing the story, I couldn't help laughing.

2、may, might

（1）表示请求和许可，疑问句中可互换，might语气更委婉。

Might I borrow your computer?

（2）表示可能性，可以对现在、将来或过去进行推测，通常用于肯定句和否定句，might比may语气弱。Parents may scold their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space.

（3）表示祝愿，常用结构为“May+主语+do”.

（4）用于固定习语中“may/might as well + do”意为“不放，倒不如，最好”；

“may/might well + do”意为“最好做，很可能”。

【易错警示】may作“可以”讲时，其否定回答用mustn't，表示“不可以，禁止”。

--May I use your car? --No,you mustn't.

3、must

（1）表示义务，意为“必须”（主观意志）回答must的一般疑问句时，若是否定回答，不用mustn't，而用needn't/don't have to，表示“不必”的意思。

（2）表示猜测，推测，意为“一定”。常用于肯定句；对现在或未来的事情推测用must do，对正在进行的事情推测用must be doing，对过去发生的事情推测用must have done结构。

He thought Joe must be dead,but he didn't want to leave immediately.

Hurry up! They must be waiting for us now.

（3）用于否定句表示禁止。Smoking must not be allowed in the office.

（4）表示“偏要，非要...不可”。Must you make so loud noise?

4、shall

（1）用于第一、第三人称疑问句，表示征求对方的意见或请示。

Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow?

（2）用于第二、三人称的陈述句，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺和威胁。

I promise he shall get a present for his birthday.

（3）用于条约、法令、法律、规定等，意为“必须”。

It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.

5、should,ought to

（1）表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”，表示责任或义务时，ought to=should，只是前者语气更重。You ought not to/should not be so selfish.

（2）should表示出乎意料的语气，意为“竟然，居然”。

That he should speak to you like that is quite astonishing.

I'm surprised that he should eat so little every day. 惊讶

It's a pity that she should fail in the entrance examination. 遗憾

（3）should表示根据经验或常理的推断：

The watch should be OK tomorrow.

（4）should和ought to表示推测，合理的预期，意为“应该，估计”

He ought to/should be here on time—he started early enough.

6、will,would

（1）用于表示意志或意愿。will指现在，would指过去。

I will never do that again. / They said that they would help us.

（2）表示“请求；建议”。用would比will委婉、客气些，句末用won't you表达邀请

Will you please take a message for him? / Would you please pass him the book？

（3）表示习惯性动作，“总是”“惯于”，will指现在，would指过去：

Fish will die without water.

（4）表示预料或猜想：It would be about ten when he left home.

（5）表示命令、强迫：All will arrive before 7:45

（6）表示意愿或者固执地坚持：

She won't lend me the money. / The window won't open

（7）will表示规律性的“注定会”。

Wearing proper clothes is important too, form locals will judge you by what you wear.

7、need/dare：

need/dare可以做助动词，也可以做行为动词

Father sent me the book, so I didn't need to write to him for it.

Father sent me the book, so I needn't have written to him for it.

Most people hate Harry but they didn't dare to say so.

Most people hate Harry but they dared not say so.

完全倒装

1. 表地点、方位的副词或介词（in, down, off，there, here, now, then）放在句首时，且谓语动词是不及物动词

①With great power comes great responsibility.

②There remains a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.

③Away he went.

2. 主系表倒装(表语为分词，形容词，不定式)

①Happy is the man who is contented.

②Such is the prevalence of digital devices that an ever-growing abundance of information is always a

click away.

部分倒装

1. Only+状语

Only with concerted efforts can we embrace a brighter future.

2. 否定副词或否定意义的介词

（never/hardly/scarcely/rarely/under no circumstance/at no time…）

①In no country other than Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a

single day.

②Not only should we take effective measures, but we need to enhance people’s awareness of

environment protection.

3. so+adj/adv …that 或者such+（adj /article）n ….that

①So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.

②To such an extent do the parents love their son that they have tried to satisfy every demand of his.

注意(1) 如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装

Only after she had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a mistake.

(2) 如果否定词或only出现在强调句的前半部分，主句不用倒装

It is only under special circumstances that freshmen are permitted to take make-up tests.

(3) hardly any置于句首或者修饰句子主语时= almost no 不用倒装

Hardly any fried food agrees with her.

形式倒装

as/though 引导的让步状语从句，需要将强调部分置于句首(though引导的让步状语从句可不倒装)

强调部分一般为形容词/副词/名词(不加冠词)/动词原形

①Well-intentioned as the plan is, it is by no means feasible.

②Thriving as the industry is, people can’t turn a blind eye to the negative effect on the environment.

③Expectantly as the parents wait for the reunion during the spring festival, a small portion of people still

choose other activities ranging from travelling to staying at work.

④Try as he did, he failed to gain admission to the prominent university.

Yet 相关句型

1、yet用作连词时，与but一样也主要用于转折，意为“但是”“而”：

?I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了，但我还要尝试。

?The judge was stern, yet completely fair. 法官很严峻，却完全公正。

?They are the same, yet not the same. 它们又一样，又不一样。

?It is strange, yet it is true. 那真是怪事，然而却是事实。

?I’ve been away only for three years, yet I can hardly re cognize my hometown. 我仅在外三年，可我几乎认不出我自己的故乡了。

?He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。

2、有时用在句首。如：

?Yet the house was cheerful. 但屋子里显得很欢快。

?Yet its population has doubled. 但它的人口翻了一番。

3、yet有时可与并列连词and或but连用，构成习语and yet和but yet，且两者大致同义(均相当于表转折的but)：

?I gave him ten pounds (and) yet he was not satisfied. 我给了他十镑但他仍不满足。

?She’s vain and foolish, and yet people like her. 她很虚荣愚蠢，但人们却喜欢她。

?She drove very fast to the airport, but [yet, and yet, but yet] she missed the plane. 她开快车去机场，可还是误了飞机。

4、although不能与表示转折的but连用，但是却可以与yet连用。如：

?Although we have made some progress, yet we still have a long way to go. 我们虽然取得了些进步，但还是远远不够的。

5、yet通常用于否定句或疑问句中，译为"还，尚，仍，已经"等。常常放于句末，否定词之后。

1）yet大多用于完成时态中。例句：

?（1）Have you heard from him yet？你收到他的信了吗？

?（2）Has he come yet？No，not yet．他已经来了吗？不，还没有。

2）yet也可以用于一般现在时。例句：

?（1）He is not yet here．他还未到。

?（2）Is the tea cold yet？茶凉了吗？

?请比较下面两个例子：

?Is she here yet？（＝Has she arrived？）她已经到了吗？

?Is she still here？（＝Hasn't she gone yet？）她还在这里吗？

6、与yet有关的短语。

?1）as yet意思为"到那时，迄今"，多用于否定句中。例句：

?As yet，he had not become famous．那时，他还没有出名。

?2）not．．．nor yet译为"不......也不"。例句：

?I do not like red nor yet yellow．我不喜欢红色，也不喜欢黄色

7、yet还可以用于肯定句中，译为"还，仍然"，相当于still，在口语中常用still。例句：

?1）She is yet a chil．她还是个孩子。

?2）I have yet much to do．我还有许多事情要做。

8、yet与比较级和once，again等连用，相当于still或even，译为"更"和"再"。yet与最高级连用，译为"到目前（或当时）为止（最......）"。例句：

?1）You must work yet harder．你工作还要更努力。

?2）Say it yet once more，please．请再说一次。

?3）This is the biggest lake yet discovered．这是目前为止已发现的最大的湖泊。

9、yet可以表示将来还有可能发生的事。例句：

?1）He will win yet．他还会赢的。

?2）It may yet succeed．它迟早会成功的。

虚拟语气

指条件状语从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致。在这种情况下，主句、从句的谓语动词的形式要根据各自表示的时间做出相应地调整。

?（1）If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。

?（2）If we hadn't been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn't be going so smoothly.（从句指过去，主句指现在）。

?（3）If it hadn't been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now.（从句指过去，主句指现在）。

?（4）If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow.

（从句指现在，主句指将来）

3、虚拟条件句的倒装：

虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时，可省略if，再把were, should, 或had移到从句的句首，实行倒装。

?Were they here now, they could help us.

?=If they were here now, they could help us.

?Had you come earlier, you would have met him.

?=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

?Should he fail in the experiment this time,he would try again.

?=If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again.

含蓄条件的虚拟语气

含蓄条件的虚拟语气，所谓含蓄条件句就是利用语境不直接说出条件的句子。这种句子可以分为两类：一种是广义的含蓄条件句，另一种是狭义的含蓄条件句。

1. 广义含蓄指的是不用连词if 或unless 介绍条件，而是改用其他方式。事实上这些表达方式也是同样是条件状语。

（1）用介词引入条件：

* but for（如不是, 如没有）：注意，凡是出现这个复合介词的句子，必须要用虚拟语气，如：?We would have had a pleasant journey but for the rain.

?（= We would have had a pleasant journey if it hadn’t rained.）

* without/with (在不具备/具备…的条件下), 如：

?Without his help, I could not have done it well.

?(=If he hadn’t helped me, I could not have done it well.)

?With favorable winds, we might have got there in two days.

?(= If there should be favorable winds, we might have got there in two days.)

* under （在…条件下）

?We could have done better under more favorable conditions.

?（= We could have done better if we were to be under more favorable conditions.）

（2）分词短语充当条件（分词短语本身就具有充当条件状语的功能），如：

?Given a certain opportunity, he could have shown more talent.

?(= If he had been given a certain opportunity, he could have shown more talent.)

（3）表示不具备条件的连词：but, but that, or或otherwise不定式短语

?They would have resisted but that they lacked courage. （= They would have resisted if they hadn’t lacked courage. 要不是缺乏勇气她们会抵抗的. ）

2. 狭义含蓄指的是不用任何语言方式显示条件，而是把条件隐藏在具体的原环境中，

（1）用上下文暗示条件，如：

?I was so busy then, otherwise, I would have finished it.

（If I hadn’t been busy then, I would have finished it.）

?It rained yesterday, or I would have gone camping.

（If It hadn’t rained yesterday, I would have gone camping.）

（2）用委婉语气暗示条件，如：

?Would you mind opening the window? (=Would mind if I opened the window.)

?Could you do me a favor to pass me the book? (= You would do me a favor if you should pass me the book. )

（3）用表示愿望的语气暗示条件，如：

?Long live the Chairman Mao! (= If Chairman Mao should live long.)

（4）用其他语言环境暗示条件，如：

?That would be fine. ( =省略了If you should do it.)

?You might stay here forever. (=省略了If you wanted to.)

?I would not have done it. (=省略了If I were you.)

(二)if省略句

1.当if引导的虚拟条件句中的谓语动词含有had，should，were时，可将if省略，而将had，should，were置于句首，采用倒装结构。

If you had left home earlier，you would have caught the bus.＝Had you left home earlier，you would have caught the bus. 如果你早点从家中出门，你就能赶上汽车了。

2.若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用谓语动词的省略形式。

Were it not for the expense，I would go abroad now. 要不是考虑到花销，我现在可能都出国了。

(三)含蓄条件句

用介词(短语)代替条件状语从句，常用的介词(短语)有without，but for，but that，otherwise，or，but等。

(1)Without your help，we could not have succeeded.没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得成功。

(2)But for electricity，there would be no modern industry.要是没有电，就没有现代产业。

(3)He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.他昨天太累，否则他会参加派对。

（四）错综条件

当条件句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称作“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。

If you had studied hard before，you would be a college student now.

如果你以前用功学习了的话，你现在就是一名大学生了。

主动表被动(共8种情况)

1. 系动词(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，prove等)要用主动表被动。

Although all of the apples ________，none of them ________ good.

A.have been tasted；taste

B.have been tasted；are tasted

C.have tasted；taste

D.have tasted；are tasted

2. 英语中有些动词如：open，close，shut，lock，move，read，wash，clean，cook，cut，wear，carry

等，当主语是物，且又表示主语的特征和状态时，要用主动形式表被动含义。

Being popular with customers，the products ________ well and maybe ________ in two months.

A.sell；sell out

B.are sold；sell out

C.sell；will be sold out

D.are sold；will be sold out

3. 不定式to blame；to let用作表语，通常用主动表被动。

The policy is partly ________ for causing the worst unemployment in Europe.

A.to be blamed

B.to blame

C.being blamed

D.blaming

4. .“主语＋be＋形容词＋to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。

The chair looks rather hard，but in fact it is very comfortable ________.

A.to sit

B.to sit on

C.to be sat on

D. for sitting

A lot of people find modern art very hard ________.

A. understood

B. to be understood

C.to understand

D. being understood

5. 不定式用于某些动词(如：have[有]，get，give ; need等)的宾语后作定语时

Have sth. to do

I have some clothes ________ now，so I can’t go out to play.

A.to wash

B.to be washed

C.washing

D.being washed

注：若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式。

Sir，do you have something ________？I’m free now.

A.to type

B.typing

C.to be typed

D.to have typed

6. 在“with＋宾语＋不定式”结构中

With so many difficult problems ____, I don' t know if I' ll have time to go camping with my friends this weekend.

A. to settle

B. settled

C. to be settled

D. have to be settled

7. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。

These ten books recommended by this well known website are really worth ______.

A.to read

B.to be read

C.reading

D.being read

注：be worthy却不一样，其后常接不定式的被动式或of＋动名词的被动式。

The book is worthy ________ again because it is very instructive.

A.reading

B.to read

C.to be read

D.of reading

8.表示“需要”的动词need，want，require或动词deserve(“应受，应得，值得”)后的动名词用主动式表被动意义。Dr. Yuan Longping’s rice has helped many people in the world get rid of hunger, so he deserves ________so many awards.

A. to give

B. being given

C. given

D. giving

句意：袁隆平院士研究出的水稻帮助了世界上很多人摆脱饥饿，因此他值得被颁这么多奖。

deserve用法：

1、值得去做某事（表主动）：deserve to do 或deserve sth.

2、值得被……样（表被动）：deserve to be done 或deserve doing

it 用作形式宾语

1. 基本用法

当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时，通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语，而将真正的宾语移至句末。其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。如：

I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。

We think it no use complaining. 我们认为抱怨是没有用的。

2. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构

(1) 动词+ it + that-从句。如：

I like it that you came. 你来了，我很高兴。

You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有have, take, put, like 等。

(2) 动词+ it + when (if)-从句。如：

I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。

We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了，我们十分感激。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer等。

(3) 动词+ prep + it + that-从句。如：

See to it that you’re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。

You may rely on it that he’ll come to meet you. 你放心，他会来接你的。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer fo r

It 作形式主语常见句型

动词不定式，动名词或主语从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语动词前，而用it 作形式主

语，放到句首，常见句型有：

1. It + be + 形容词+主语从句，如：

It is uncertain whether he can come to Jenny’s birthday party or not.

2. It + be +名词词组+主语从句，这类名词有：a fact, a pity, a shame, an honor，a question 等，如：

It’s a pity that you missed the exciting football match. It remains a question whether he will come

or not.

3. It + be + 过去分词+ 主语从句，这类过去分词有：announced, believed, expected, hoped, decided, reported, said, shown 等，

如：It is reported that 16 people were killed in the earthquake. It is not decided who will give the

operation to the patient.

4. It + 不及物动词(seem, appear, happen 等) + 主语从句, 这类不及物动词有：appear, happen, seem 等，如：

It seemed that he didn't tell the truth. It happened that I was out when he called.

5. It + be + 形容词+ for sb.）+ 动词不定式

这类句型常用形容词easy, difficult, hard, important, possible，wise 等作表语，有时候为了强调不定式动作的执行者，常在不定式前加for sb，

如：It is necessary for the young to master two foreign language.

It is unwise to give the children whatever they want.

这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, important, possible，wise

6. It + be + 形容词+ of sb. + 动词不定式，这类形容词常是表示心理品质,性格特征的形容词，如：

kind, nice stupid, clever, foolish, polite, impolite, silly, selfish, considerate等。某人和这些形容词可以构成主系表结构。如：

It’s very kind of you to help me with the work. =You are kind to help me.

It seemed selfish of him not to share his dictionary with others. =He seemed selfish not to share

his dictionary with others.

7.It + be +名词词组+ 动词不定式，

如：It is not a good habit to stay up too late.

8. It + be + 名词或形容词+ 动名词，这类名词和形容词常常是：good, no good, no use, a waste of, useless, senseless 等，

如：It’s a waste of time talking to her any more. It is no use arguing about the matter with him.

9. It + take ( sb. )+ 时间（金钱）+ 动词不定式，如：

It took the workers almost three years to finish building the dam. It will take a whole day

to get to the top of the mountain on foot.

that 引导的定语从句的用法

关系代词that 可以引导限定性定语从句，修饰代表人或事物的先行词，但不能用于引导

非限定性定语从句。that 可以充当从句的主语、宾语、表语。例如：

The bag that lies on the ground is hers. 地上的那个包是她的。

（关系代词that 修饰bag 的定语从句中充当主语）

The old man that I visited yesterday is my teacher. 我昨天拜访的那个老人是我的老师。

（关系代词that 在修饰man 的定语从句中充当宾语）

在先行词是事物的限定性定语从句中，that 和which 一般可互换，但在下列情况下不可

以互换：

1. 只能用that，不能用which 作先行词的情况

（1）先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用

which。例如：

①That’s all that I know. 我知道的就这些。

②Is there anything that you want to buy in town? 你有什么东西要在城里买吗？

③Nothing that the teacher does doesn’t influence his students. 老师所做的事情没有不

影响到学生的。

（2）先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、the only, the very, the last 等修饰时，关系代词

通常只用that，不用which。例如：

①The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。

②This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.

这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。

③This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。

（3）先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。例如：

①The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.

我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。

②The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’ s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。

（4）关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时，通常只用that，不用which。例如：

①He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。

②Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学

校了。

（5）句中其他位置已出现which，为避免重复，不用which 而用that 引导限定性定语从句。

例如：Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车？

情态动词+have done 用法一览：

must have done对过去已发生行为的肯定推测，意为：一定已做了某事。

can’t have done对过去已发生行为的否定推测，意为：过去不可能发生过某事。

Can…have done? 对过去已发生行为的怀疑，意为：有……可能吗？。

could have done用于肯定句表示：可能已经，还可表示过去存在的可能性，但过去并未实现，意为：本来可以。用于否定句或疑问句中时与can’t have done/can…have done?的意义相同，但语气稍弱。

may/might have done对过去已发生行为的没有把握的推测，意为：也许已经/没有……，一般只用于肯定句或否定句，不用于疑问句，might 语气更加不肯定。

might have done过去本来可能……，但实际并未发生过。还可表示：本来应该或可以做……，含轻微的责备语气。注意不能用may。

should/ought to have done用于肯定句表示过去本应该做某事，而实际上未做。用于否定

句表示过去本不该做某事，而实际上做了。

needn't have done本来不必做某事，而实际已做了。

would rather have done宁愿过去做了或没做某事，两者都表示后悔。

would like/love to have done过去本愿意或本打算做某事，而实际未做成。

When 引导状语从句的用法

1、有“当……的时候”的含义(=at the time that...),此时when 后的从句是用来说明前面主句动作发生的背景.

例如:James pretended to be deaf when I spoke to him.当我和詹姆斯讲话的时候,他假装耳聋.

2、有“正……忽然……”的含义,表示突然发生某事.此时是when 前的主句说明when 后面句子之中动词动作发生的背景.

例如:I was about to leave/I was on the point of leaving my office when the telephone

rang.我正要离开办公室时,忽然电话铃响了.

注意:在这种句型中一般不可把when 放在句首.

3、有“无论什么时候……”的含义,与whenever 的意思差不多,但语气较轻.此时when 后的从句说明主句动词动作发生的背景

例如:When the wind blows, all the doors rattle.只要风一吹,所有的门都吱吱嘎嘎作响.

4、有“本该(可)……而(却)……”的含义,此时when 含有对比意义.例如:

They have only three copies when we need five.我们本该需要五本,而他们却只有三本.

5、有“既然……”的含义.此时when 从句说明主句的理由或是一种借故.例如:

I can’t tell you anything when you won’t listen.既然你不想听,我就不告诉你了.

6、有“如果,要是(=if)”的含义,此时when 从句表示条件,意思上接近“在……的情况下”.

例如: Come when you are ready.如果(要是)你准备好了,就来吧.

7、有“还没(刚刚)……就……”的含义,此时表示主、从句的动作几乎同时发生.

例如: I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.我刚开门,他就打我.

8、有“那时或然后”的含义,此时when 前往往有“,”号.

例如:They arrive at 6,when we all have dinner.他们六点到,那时(然后)我们大家一起吃饭.

9、有“其实或虽然……但是……”的含义,此时when 的意思接近although.

例如:She stopped trying, when she might succeed next time.她不再尝试了,其实下一次说不定

会成功.

“当先行词不表示地点时,使用where 引导定语从句”的判断方法

首先,判断定语从句的结构:定语从句应该不缺少主语和宾语,而是缺少状语。其次,观察先行词:先行词是除了时间名词(在这种情况下会用when)和原因名词(在这种情况下会用why)以外的其他任何名词。第二个条件之所以成立,是因为定语从句中的状语成分一般就是由when、where 和why 等三个引导词来引导的。

为了更深刻地理解这种判断方法,请看以下几个例句:

1. English is a “fixed-word-order” language where each phrase has a fixed position.

英语是一种“词序固定”的语言,这种语言的特点就是每个短语都有固定的位置。

点评:首先,我们来判断定语从句“each phrase has a fixed position”的结构:该从句并不缺少主语和宾语,但是缺少状语。其次,我们来看先行词:先行词是fixed-word-order language, 它既不表示时间,也不表示原因。由此可知,此处用where 来指代先行词,表示“在‘词序固定’这样的语言中”。

2. At the Academy, Plato taught the students through the use of debates, where two or more people

took different ideas of an argument.

在学院里,柏拉图采用的教学方法是组织辩论,在辩论中,两个或多个学生各持一方观点。点评:首先,我们来判断定语从句“two or more people took different ideas of an argument”的句子结构:该从句不缺少主语和宾语,但是缺少状语。其次,我们来看先行词:先行词是

debates,它既不是时间名词,也不是原因名词。由此可知,此处应用where 引导定语从句,表示

“在辩论中”。

3. However, being enthusiastic isn’t for everyone and no one likes false enthusiasm,where a person pretends to be excited even about the most trivial points.

然而,热情并非适合每一个人,而且也没有人喜欢那种连区区小事都假装兴奋不已的虚假热情。

点评:首先,我们判断定语从句“a person pretends to be excited even about the most trivial

points”的句子结构:该从句不缺少主语和宾语,但是缺少状语。其次,我们来看先行词:先行词是false enthusiasm,它既不是时间名词,也不是原因名词。因而,此处用where 来引导定语从句,表示“在‘虚假的热情’这种状态下”。

通过对上面三个例句的点评,相信读者已经能够掌握在先行词不表示“真正地点”的情况下,如何判断是否使用where 来引导定语从句了。此外,我们需要仔细体会例句中where 指代先行词时所表达的含义,分别是“在……样的语言中”“在……中”“在……样的状态下”,都带有“抽象的地点”意义。

独立主格结构

1.独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代

替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

2.动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生；动词-ed 形式表示动作已经结束/表“被动”；动词-ing 形式往往表

示动作正在进行/表“主动”。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是将要由经理本人来处理，应用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间

注意：这里不能用to be settled，因为主句的主语是“The manager”，和“非谓”部分里的动词“settle”构成“主动”关系…）

The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经被处理好了，用过去分词settled 表示动作已经结束/表“被动”）

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动

作同时进行）

独立主格结构

(1)若要理解独立主格结构，先得理解非谓语在什么情况下是作状语的。看下面两个句子：

1. _____in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star. (重庆卷)

A. Being raised

B. Raising

C. Raised

D. To raise 【C】

2. In recent years an English word "infosphere" has appeared, ______the sense of “information” and " atmosphere".( 福建卷)

A. combine

B. combined

C. combining

D. being combined 【C】

【点拨】可以看出空格处需要非谓语动词。非谓语所在句子都由逗号与主谓宾完整的句子分开。所以可大致总结为：如非谓语动词与完整主谓宾句子由逗号隔开(插入语除外)，则非谓

语是作状语的。

(2)再来看下面三个句子：

1. The lecture ______, a lively question-and-answer session followed. （江苏卷）

A. being given

B. having given

C. to be given

D. having been given 【D 】

2. With so much work _____, we had to sit up through the night.

A.to do

B. done

C. doing

D. being done 【A 】

3. The twin sisters have become well known for paper-cutting in their region, their fame_____ over into neighboring province. (15 年秋苏州市一中高三第一次月考)

A. spread

B. spreading

C. has spread

D. spreads 【B 】

【点拨】：三个句子中，空格处需要填的是非谓语，和(1)中两个句子不同之处在于(2)中空格处非谓语动词前都有名词，分别为：lecture、work、fame。第1 句中独立主格结构放在了句首;第三句中独立主格结构放在了句末。无论放在句首还是句末，其实都是独立主格结构。总结：非谓语动词作状语，并其前有名词，就是独立主格结构。另外，第2 句中非谓语动词前还有一个介词with，在独立主格结构中with 无任何含义，可有可无。直观句型：1、(With)+N.+非谓语，主谓宾；2、主谓宾，(With)+N.+非谓语。

只能用whether 不能用if 的情况

1. whether 和if 均可用来引导主语从句，但if 引导的从句不能位于句首。

如：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me. 他们是赢是输对于我都一样.（此时whether 不能换作if ）It's doubtful whether there'll be any seats left.说不上还有没有空座位了. (此句whether 能换作

2. whether 和if 均可用来引导宾语从句。

如：①I don't know whether/if I will be able to come.我不知道我是否能来.

②I asked him whether he had done all the work himself or whether he had had any assistance. 我问他这些工作都是他自己做的还是别人帮他做的.( 注意: 在两个供选择的从句之间若用or 字, 则须重复用whether. )

注:⑴当强调宾语从句并将其提前时只能用whether。

Whether I'll have time to go with you I am not sure.我很难说我们是否有时间跟你们一起去。

⑵从句作介词宾语时只用whether 不用if。

She was undecided about whether she should accept his offer. 她拿不定主意应该不应该接受他的好意

⑶当whether 和or not 连用时，只用whether 不用if。

如: I don’t know whether or not he will come.我不知道他是不是回来。

I'll be happy whether/if I get the job or not 我能不能得到那份工作都一样高兴

⑷当whether 和or 连用表示明确的选择时，只用whether 不用if。

He hesitated about whether he should drive or take the train. 他开车去还是坐火车去, 犹豫不决

3.表语从句用whether 引导不用if.

①The doubt was whether you had broken the beautiful vase. 疑问是你是否打坏了这只漂亮的花瓶。

4.同位语从句用whether 引导不用if.

The question whether we'll build a lecture building hasn't been settled. 是否要建一幢教学楼的问题还未决定。5.在动词不定式之前，只能用whether，不能用if。

The question is whether to go to Munich or Vienna. 问题是去慕尼黑还是去维也纳

过去进行时

1. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如：

Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week. 汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。

2. 与always 连用表示赞美，厌烦等感情色彩时。如：John was always coming to school

late. 约翰上学总是迟到。

Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people. 雷锋总是为人民做好事。

3.用来描写故事发生的情景时。如：

It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.

那是一个漆黑的夜晚，风刮得很厉害，雨下得很大，一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上，他想过河去。

4.when 作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：

I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇见了他。

常考连词及短语：

when 当…时; 在…时候; 既然，在…情况下；一…就

Can you spare me five minutes when it is convenient?

Hardly had he drifted off when the telephone rang.

How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen?

while并列连词表对比，常译为“而…”；引导时间状语从句“当…时”, 从句常用延续性动词；让步转折，只放在句首，“尽管”

Tom is quite good at science while his brother is absolutely hopeless.(而…）

While I was waiting at the bus stop, three buses went by in the opposite direction . (当…时)

While I was willing to help, I didn’t have much time available.（尽管…)

as 当…时; 随着；因为，由于：按照，以…方式(方式状语）尽管（让步状语，一定要倒装）；

The sun was setting as we reached home .

I have told the story just as it happened.

We have to stay at home as the virus is spreading widely.

Sick as he was , he still came to work.

He walked to work as his car was being repaired.

since 自…时候起；既然= now that

I’ve been wearing glasses since I was three.

Since we are now in the city, why not go and visit him?

as if = as though 好像even if , even though 即使，尽管

as far as 就…而言as long as 只要in case 以防…

宾语从句

宾语从句位于及物动词、动词短语或介词之后。引导词有三类：

1.从属连词只起连接作用，不作句子成分:

that，whether，if，as if, as though

2.连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语:

what, wahtever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever

3.连接副词在从句中只作状语:

when, where, how, why

一、that引导的宾语从句

that引导宾语从句时无词义，在从句中不作成分，口语中一般可以省略，但下列情况下不能省略：

1．当that在从句中作介词的宾语时。

◆I don't know exactly where he lives, except that it's somewhere out in the wilds.

2．动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略。

◆He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon.

3．it作形式宾语的宾语从句。

(1)动词find/feel/think/consider/make＋it＋宾补(形容词或名词)＋that从句

(2)动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoy＋it＋that从句

(3)短语动词see to/depend on/rely on＋it＋that从句

(4)固定搭配take it for granted/owe it to sb. ＋that从句

二、whether与if引导的宾语从句“是否”。

◆(2017·天津卷)She asked me whether I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.

在下列情况下只能用whether而不能用if：

1．宾语从句中有or not时，只能用whether。

◆I don't know whether or not the report is true.

＝I don't know whether the report is true or not.

2．whether引导的从句可放在介词之后，作介词的宾语，而if则不能。

◆It depends on whether we have enough time.

这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。

三、连接代词引导的宾语从句

连接代词引导宾语从句时既充当句子成分又有具体词义，且不可省略。

◆(2018·天津卷)

The gold medal will be awarded to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race.

◆(四川卷)

Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.

四、连接副词引导的宾语从句

连接副词引导宾语从句时既充当句子成分又有具体词义，且不可省略。

1．(2017·北京卷)

Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street, not knowing where she was heading.

2．When I walked on the street, I wanted to say how clean the streets were.

1.You should keep in mind ________ you should behave while travelling abroad.

A. that

B. what

C. how

D. where

解析：考查宾语从句连接词。句意：在国外旅行时，你应该记住你应该怎样做。behave表示“表现”是不及物动词，所以应该用连接副词，C项符合语境。故选C。

2.【2017·天津】She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.

A. when

B. where

C. whether

D. what

解析：他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认。我还没有还。A.什么时候；B.在哪里；C是否；D.什么。根据句意，故选C

3.The Beatles, the supreme rock and roll band of the 1960s, were in many ways pioneers for ______ was to come, like holding concerts in sports stadiums.

A. which

B. what

C. whoever

D. that

解析：考查介词的宾语从句。披头士乐队，二十世纪六十年顶尖的摇滚乐队，在许多方面，是引领潮流的急先锋，比如像在体育场举办音乐会。for是介词，后面是一个宾语从句，从句缺少引导词和主语，所填词起双重作用，故选B。

4.【2017·江苏】We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.

A. that

B. which

C. what

D. how

解析：考查宾语从句。"half of _______ it used to charge."是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20；另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语，所以，这里是宾语从句；宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句中的宾语，故选C。句意：我们选择这家宾馆是因为一晚上的住宿费降到了20美元，这是该宾馆过去要价的一半。

注意和which引导的定语从句对比。