高中英语语法讲义冠词
高中英语语法讲义-冠词
一、概说
冠词是用于名词前并用以说明该名词含义的虚词(在现代英语中冠词被称为限定词)。传统语法通常将冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两类。但现代英语通常将冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三类。不定冠词之所以冠以“不定”两字，就是因为它的主要特点就是“不确定”或“泛指”；定冠词之所以冠以“定”字，就是因为它的主要特点是“确指”或“特指”。
二、冠词位置
1. 通常位置。冠词是帮助说明名词含义的词，在通常情况下，它总是放在名词前，若名词前带有形容词等修饰语，它则放在相应的修饰语前：
He is a (famous) poet. 他是(著名)诗人。
2. 特殊位置
(1) 若修饰名词的形容词受too, so, as, how, however 等副词的修饰，则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之前：
She is as clever a cook as her mother. 她跟妈妈一样做饭。
It is too difficult a book for beginners. 那本书供初学者看太难了。
It’s so interesting a film that we all like it. 那部电影很有趣，我们大家都喜欢看。
He didn’t know how great a mistake he had made. 他不知道他自己犯了一个好大的错误。
(2) 若单数可数名词前有such, what, many 等词修饰，不定冠词应置于它们之后：What a nice coat! 多漂亮的上衣啊!
I have been there many a time. 我去那儿很多次。
I’ve never seen such a big apple. 我从未看到那样大的苹果。
注：“many a＋单数可数名词”是一种较文的说法，在现代英语的口语或非正式文体中，通常用“many＋复数名词”代之。
(3) 不定冠词与副词quite, rather 连用时，不定冠词通常置于其后，但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则不定冠词放在quite, rather 之前或之后均可以：
He is rather a fool. 他是个大傻瓜。( a 必须后置)
It is quite a [a quite] good book. 那是本很好的书。
但不能说：He is a rather fool. (因为名词前无形容词，所以错误)
定冠词与quite 和rather连用时，情况也是如此(即定冠词后置)：
You’re going quite the wrong way. 你的路全走错了。
It’s quite the most interesting film I’ve ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。
(4) 与both, all, half, twice等连用时，冠词通常应置于其后：
I know both the brothers. 两兄弟我都认识。
All the children have gone home. 所有的孩子都回家了。
Half the workers are women. 一半工人是妇女。
He left half an hour ago. 他是半小时前离开的。
Yours is twice the size of mine. 你的是我的两倍大。
注：①both 后的定冠词通常可省略而不影响意思的表达；all 后的定冠词也可省略，但省略后含义稍有变化(用定冠词表示特指，省略定冠词表泛指)。
②在美国英语中，half 也可置于不定冠词之后：half an hour＝a half
hour 半小时。
三、不定冠词的用法
1. a还是an。不定冠词有a 和an两种形式其区别是：a 用于辅音音素前，an 用于元音音素前：
a dog 一条狗 a dictionary 一本词典 a student 一个学生
an egg 一只鸡蛋an elephant 一只大象an island 一个岛
注：有些以元音字母开头的单词，由于它不是以元音开头，其前仍用a：
a university student一个大学生 a European country一个欧洲国家
同时，有些单词虽然以辅音字母开头，由于它的第一个读音为元音，其前用an：
an honest man 一个诚实的人an honorable deed 高尚的行为
以下各例均用了an，也是因为紧跟在其后的词语以元音开头：
miss an “m”漏写一个m an 8-year plan 一个8年计划
2. 不定冠词的类别用法。即指明某一类别的人或事物，并将其与其他类的人或事物区别开来。
(1) 泛指指某一类人或物中的任何一个：
We need a boy to do the work. 我们需要一个男孩来做这工作。
下定义时通常这样用：
A teacher is a person who teaches. 教师就是教书的人。
(2) 笼统指某类中的某一个，但又不具体说明是哪一个：
He bought a computer yesterday. 他昨天买了台电脑。
比较：
A tiger can be dangerous. 老虎是危险的。(泛指任何一只老虎)
A tiger has escaped. 有一只老虎逃跑了。(指某只老虎，但不具体说明是哪只)
(3) 用于补语或同位语前，表示某人的身份、职业、国籍等：
He is a Frenchman. 他是法国人。
My father is a doctor. 我父亲是医生。3. 不定冠词的数量用法。即表示“一”的意思，含有数量意味。
(1) 表示类似数词one 的含义，但语气比one 要弱：
I’ll be able to finish it in a day or two. 在一两天内我会完成此事。
It took us an hour and a half to get there. 去那儿花了我们一个半小时。
(2) 不定冠词与数词one都可表示“一”的意思，前者可视为后者的弱式：
I have a [one] brother and two sisters. 我有一个兄弟和两个姐妹。
尽管两者有时可换用，但由于两者词性和用法不同，在多数情况下不能互换：
①从本质上说，不定冠词侧重指“类别”概念，而数词one侧重指数量概念。有时尽管两者都可用，但含义有差别：
I bought a dictionary yesterday. 我昨天买了本词典。(意指买的是词典，不是语法书，也不是钢笔等)
I bought one dictionary yesterday. 我昨天买了一本词典。(意指买的是一本词典，不是两本或三本词典等)
“Can a boy do it?”“No, but a man can.”“小孩做得了吗?”“做不了，要大人才行。”
“Can one boy do it?”“No, but two (boys) can.”“一个小孩做得了吗?”“不行，要两个小孩才行。”
②当要强调数量概念或进行数量对比时，只能用数词one：
“How many
pens do you have?”“I have one (pen).”“你有几支钢笔?”“我有一支钢笔。”
I want one apple, not three apples. 我要一个苹果，不是三个苹果。
③若不是表示“一”的数量概念，而是表示“类别”概念，则只能用不定冠词：
A computer is useful. 电脑是有用的。
He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的教师。
④在某些短语中，两者均可用，含义相同：
at a [one] blow 一下子，一举in a [one] word 一句话，总而言之
而在某些表达中，两者均可用，但含义不同：
at a time 每次，同时at one time 一度，曾经
还有一些表达，两者均可用，虽含义相同，但表达不同：
on a hot summer afternoon 一个炎热的夏日的下午(用介词on)
one hot summer afternoon 一个炎热的夏日的下午(不用介词on)
an hour and a half 一个半小时(不说one hour and a half)
one and a half hours 一个半小时
a minute or two 一两分钟(不说one minute or two)
one or two minutes 一两分种
注意，在绝大多数习语中，两者是不能换用的：as a result 结果，all of a sudden 突然，one day 一天，one by one 一个一个地，等。
⑤与表示时间或度量衡的名词连用表示“每”时，只用不定冠词：
Brush your teeth twice a day at least. 每天至少要刷牙两次。
They are sold at two dollars a dozen. 他们的售价是每打两美元。
4. 不定冠词的其他用法
(1) 用于序数词之前，表示数量或序数的增加：
Soon I saw a second plane. 不久我又看到了另一架飞机。
“This is the second time that I’ve read the book.”“Do you want to read it a third time?”“这是我第二次看这本书。”“你还想看第三次吗?”
(2) 用于表示“非常”、“很”等意义的most 前：
This is a most interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。
(3) 用于物质名词前，使之转化为具体名词，表示“一种”、“一杯之量”等：
A coffee, please. 请给我来杯咖啡。
I’d like a tea, please. 我要来杯茶。
(4) 用于抽象名词前，使之具体化，表示与该之相关的具体的人或事：
He was a success in business. 他事业成功。
It’s a pleasure to talk with you. 同你谈话是件令人愉快的事。
(5) 用于指人的专有名词前，指某人、某人的作品或艺术品、…似(式)的人等：
A Mr Smith wants to see you. 一位名叫史密斯先生的人想见你。
He bought a complete Lu Hsun. 他买了一套鲁迅全集。
He thought he was a Zhu Geliang. 他自以为是诸葛亮。
(6) 用于某些由动词转化来或具有动作意味的名词前，表示一次、一番等义(通常与have, take, make, give 等动词连用)：
Let’s go out for a walk. 我们出去走走吧。
Do you care for a smoke? 抽烟吗?
Would you like a drink? 要喝一杯吗?(7) 有的不可数名词或本来带有定
冠词the的名词，由于受定语的修饰，其前可用不定冠词，表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似a kind of 的意思：
have breakfast 吃早餐─have a quick breakfast 吃快餐
the world 世界─a world like ours 像我们这样的世界
(8) 构成短语表示数量：
a few apples 几个苹果 a little money 一点点钱
a lot of time 许多时间 a great many friends 许多朋友
5. 不定冠词的省略与重复
(1) 在不引起误会的情况下，两个并列名词中的后一个名词前的不定冠词可以省略：The noun is the name of a person or thing. 名词是人和物的名称。
(2) 当两个并列名词指的是同一个人时，后一名词前的不定冠词通常省略：
His father is a teacher and poet. 他父亲是位教师兼诗人。
但如果要强调这两种身份，也可后一个不定冠词：
His father is a teacher and a poet. 他父亲既是教师，又是诗人。
有时，由于两个并列的名词关系比较紧密、被视为一个整体，也可只用一个冠词：
A man and woman are walking arm-in-arm. 一对男女手挽着手走着。
(3) 两个形容词并列同时修饰一个名词时，若该名词指的是两个事物，则通常应分别使用两个冠词：
We have a black and a white cat. 我们养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。(比较：We have a black and white cat. 我们养了一只黑白花猫。)
但是，有时两个并列的名词只一个事物，为了加强语气，也有了两个冠词：
It was a cold and a dark night. 那是一个又冷又黑的夜晚。
(4) 有些由两样东西构成的“自然成对”使用的事物，通常只在其前使用一个冠词：
a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a cup and saucer 一副茶杯与茶托
a horse and cart 一辆马车 a needle and thread 一根带线的针
hire a car and driver 租一辆配有司机的汽车
有时连第一个冠词也省略(尤其是与介词连用时)：with knife and fork 用刀叉
(5) 当要对两个并列的名词进行选择和比较方面的强调时，通常应重复两个冠词：Give me a pen, not a pencil. 给我一支钢笔，不是铅笔。
Do you want a novel or a dictionary? 你是想要本小说，还是想要本字典？
6. 因汉语习惯用错不定冠词的几种情形
(1) 单数可数名词若泛指，其前需加a/an，不要按汉语习惯漏掉此不定冠词：
他是著名影星。
正：He is a famous film star.
误：He is famous film star.
(2) 不定冠词不能与指示代词、物主代词、所有格等连用：
我在公园遇到了我的一位朋友。
正：I met a friend of mine in the park.
误：I met my a friend in the park.
(3) 不要受汉语影响而用错不定冠词位置：
我从未读过如此有趣的书。
正：I have never read such an interesting book.
误：I have never read a such interesting book.
误：I have never read a so interesting book.
三、定冠
词的用法
1. 定冠词表示类别
1.表示特指：
Look! A car has stopped there. The car is beautiful. 瞧，有辆汽车在那儿停下了。那辆汽车可真漂亮。/ Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不问问老师?2.与单数可数名词连用表类别：I hate the telephone. 我讨厌电话。
The cobra is dangerous. 眼镜蛇是危险的。
3.与某些形容词连用表示类别：
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 富人并不总是比穷人过得开心。
The old are more likely to catch cold than the young. 老年人比年轻人容易感冒。
4.用于独一无二的事物名词前：
The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
The sky was blue and clear. 天空清澈湛蓝。
5.用于方向或方位等名词前：
He looked towards the east. 他朝东望。
Turn to the right at the second crossing. 在第二十字路口向右拐。
6.用于序数词或形容词的最高级前：
You will be the second to speak. 你第二个发言。
Autumn is the best season here. 秋季是这里最好的季节。
7.用于乐器名词前表示演奏：
He plays the piano very well. 他的钢琴弹得很好。
注：若不是从演奏角度来考虑，而是考虑乐器的实体，则不一定用定冠词：
He bought a piano for his son. 他为儿子买了部钢琴。
(5) 用于姓氏的复数前，表示全家人或全家中两个或两个以上的人：
The Browns live next to us. 布朗一家就住在我们隔壁。
The Greens have no children. 格林夫妇没有小孩。
(6) 用来代替前面已提到的人的身体部位或衣着等的一部分：
He hit me in the face. 他打我的脸。
He caught the thief by the collar. 他抓住小偷的衣领。
(7) 用于逢整十数词的复数名词前，指世纪中的年代或人的约略年岁：
He began to learn French in his fifties. 他五十多岁开始学习法语。
He went to Japan with his family in the sixties. 他在60年代带家人去了日本。
(8) 用于某些单数可数名词前，使意义抽象化，指其属性或功能等：
This colour is pleasant to the eye. 这颜色悦目。
He is fond of the bottle. 他喜欢喝酒。
(9) 表示计算单位，含有a, each, per 之类的意义：
He is paid by the hour (piece). 他拿计时(件)工资。
It sells at two dollars the pound. 这东西每磅卖两美元。
(10) 用于人名前，或特指、或比喻、或指其作品等；用于某些产品的名称前，指产品：He likes the Picasso. 他喜欢毕加索的画。
Lu Xun has been known as the Gorky of China. 鲁迅人称中国的高尔基。
(11) 用于江、(运)河、海、洋以及山脉、群岛、半岛、海岛、海峡、沙漠等名称的前：the Changjiang River 长江the Pacific (Ocean) 太平洋
the Suez (Canal) 苏伊士运河the Red Sea 红海
the Jingang Mountains 井冈山the Bay of Bengal 孟加拉湾
the Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠the English Channel
英吉利海峡
注：①关于湖名前是否用冠词通常要分两种情况：中国的湖名在英译时，其前通常加定冠词：the West Lake 西湖，the Dongting Lake 洞庭湖。而外国的湖名前，多数不加定冠词，少数加定冠词，视习惯而定：Lake Success 成功湖，the Lake of Geneva 日内瓦湖②山名的构成有两种方式：若用于“山名＋Mountains”，其前常用定冠词：the Jinggang Mountains 井冈山；若用于“Mount / Mt＋山名”，则通常不用冠词：Mount Tai 泰山。另外，若不出现mountain 一词时，则通常要用冠词：the Alps 阿尔卑斯山。
(12) 用于由普通名词或含有普通名词构成的专有名词(如国名、地名、政党、团体、组织机构以及旅馆、商店、学校、医院、文娱场所、建筑物等)前：
the United Nations 联合国the Peace Hotel 和平饭店
the Red Cross Hospital 红十字医院the Friendship Store 友谊商场
the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会注：大学名称的构成要注意以下情况：①对于以地名命名的大学, 通常有两种形式(注意冠词的有无)：
the University of London / London University 伦敦大学
②对于以人名命名的大学，通常只有一种表达(不用冠词)：
Yale University 耶鲁大学Brown University 布朗大学
五、零冠词的用法
1. 用于物质名词前。物质名词表示泛指或一般概念时，通常用零冠词：
Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏100度沸腾。
Blood is thicker than water. 水浓于水(即亲人总比外人亲)。
表示泛指或一般概念的物质名词前，即使有一描绘性修饰语，仍用零冠词：
Don’t eat rotten food. 不要吃腐烂的食物。
注：(1) 若特指，物质名词前可用定冠词：
Is the water in the well fit to drink? 这井里的水能喝吗?
(2) 表示一种、一杯、一场、一阵、一份等这样的概念时，可用不定冠词：
This is a very good wine. 这是一种很好的酒。
A coffee, please. 请给我来杯咖啡。
It was very cold and a heavy snow was falling. 当时天气很冷，正在下大雪。
2. 用于抽象名词前。抽象名词表示泛指或一般概念时，通常用零冠词：
Do you like music? 你喜欢音乐吗?
Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
表示泛指或一般概念的抽象名词前，即使有一描绘性修饰语，仍用零冠词：
I like light music very much. 我非常喜欢轻音乐。
注：(1) 若特指，抽象名词前可用定冠词：
I like the music of Mozart. 我喜欢莫扎特的曲子。
(2) 若表示一种、一类、一方面、那种、这种等这之类的概念时，可用不定冠词：
He lives a happy life. 他过着幸福的生活。
Physics is a science. 物理是一门科学。
(3) 表示动作的一次、一例、一番等时，可用不
定冠词：
Let me have a look. 让我看一看。
(4) 表示与抽象名词意义相关的具体的人或事，可用不定冠词：
The book is a delight to read. 这书读来很有趣。
3. 用于专有名词前。在通常情况下，专有名词前用零冠词：
Smith lives in London. 史密斯住在伦敦。
注：(1) 若特指，专有名词前有时也可用定冠词：
The Smith you’re looking for no longer lives here. 你找的那个史密斯不住这儿了。(2) 专有名词前使用不定冠词和定冠词的其他情况，见本章有关内容。
4. 用于复数名词前。复数名词表示类别时，通常用零冠词：
Teachers should be respected. 教师应该受到尊重。
泛指不定量的人或物，也用零冠词：
We are students of Class Five. 我们是五班的学生。
注：若特指，复数名词前应用定冠词：
The teachers should attend the meeting 教师应参加会议。
5. 用于单数可数名词前。单数可数名词前用零冠词，主要有以下情况：
(1) 用于表示家庭成员或nurse, cook, teacher 等名词前：
Mother is not at home. 妈妈不在家。
Ask nurse to put the child to bed. 叫保姆孩子抱到床上去睡觉。
Teacher was satisfied with our work. 老师对我们的工作很满意。
(2) 用于动词turn(变成)，go(变成)后作表语的名词通常用零冠词：
He was a teacher before he turned writer. 他在成为作家之前是教师。/zn
He has gone socialist. 他成了社会主义者。(3) 在让步状语从句的倒装句式中，单数可数名词通常用零冠词：
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然是个孩子，但已经很懂事了。
Teacher though he is, he can’t know everything. 他虽然是老师，但也不可能什么都懂。
(4) 单数可数名词用作呼语，通常用零冠词：
How is she, doctor? 医生，她怎么样?
Can you drive me to the station, driver? 司机，请送我去车站，好吗?
(5) 在某些独立结构中通常用零冠词：
The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。
He was sitting in the chair, pipe in mouth. 他坐在椅子里，嘴里叼着烟斗。
(6) 在“kind [sort] of＋名词”这一结构中，名词通常用零冠词：
This kind of book is very interesting. 这种书很有趣。
He is the sort of person I really dislike. 他这种人我真不喜欢。
注：注意以下两句在含义上的差别(https://www.360docs.net/doc/d01209062.html,)：
What kind of car is it? 这是什么牌子的车?
What kind of a car is it? 这种车质量如何?
(8) 当单数可数名词含义抽象化具有形容词意味时，通常用零冠词：
The man was more animal than man. 那个人与其说是人，不如说是畜生。
I was fool enough to accept his offer. 我接受他的提议真是太傻了。
Are you man enough for this dangerous job? 你有勇气敢做这项危险的工作吗?
5. 其他用零冠词的场合
(1) 节假日、星期、月份、季节
等通常用零冠词：
We had a good time on Christmas Day. 我们在圣诞节过得很愉快。
Monday comes before Tuesday. 星期二在星期一之后。
He was born in September, 1988. 他出生在1988年9月。
注：①我国用Festival 构成的传统节日通常用定冠词：the Spring Festival 春节/ the Mid-autumn Festival [the Moon Festival] 中秋节
②若表示特指或心目中的专指，星期、月份、季节等名词前可用定冠词：
He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。
He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday. 他星期日来，星期一就走了。
③表示“某一个”或受描绘性定语修饰表示“某种”这样的意义时，节日、星期、月份、季节等名词也可用不定冠词：
My birthday happened to be on a Saturday. 我的生日碰巧是星期六。
She came round to see me on a sunny Sunday. 她在一晴朗的星期日来看了我。
We had a nice Christmas. 我们过了一个愉快的圣诞节。
④当季节名词不强调时间而强调季节的内涵时，通常用the：
Winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(单纯指冬天的时间)
The winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(暗示寒冷)
(2) 某些表示自然界时间变化现象的名词，与某些介词(如at, after, before, till, until, towards, from 等)构成短语时，通常用零冠词：
at day-break 在天亮时before dawn 在天亮前
at dusk 在黄昏时after sunset 在日落后
after sunrise 在日出前until sundown 直到日落
towards dark 天快黑时at midnight 在半夜
from dawn till dusk 从早到晚
当day, night, evening, morning, afternoon 等表示抽象的时间概念时，通常用零冠词：Night fell. 天黑了。
Evening came on. 夜幕来临。
It was late afternoon before he reached home. 傍晚时候他才到家。
(3) 球类、三餐、茶点等名词前，通常用零冠词：
We play basketball in the afternoon. 我们下午打篮球。
What do you have for breakfast? 你早餐吃什么?
They were at tea when I called.我来访时他们正在喝茶(吃茶点)。
注：①球类名词若不是作为一项体育活动看待，而是作为一个实实在在的东西来看待，则可以用冠词：
The basketball is mine. 这个篮球是我的。
He bought a basketball. 他买了一个蓝球。
②三餐饭被特指可用定冠词，若受形容词修饰且非特指，可用不定冠词：
The supper she cooked was delicious. 她做的晚餐很可口。
We had a good lunch at Uncle’s. 我们在叔叔家吃了顿丰盛的午餐。(4) 当名词后接有数词表示顺序时，名词前通常用零冠词：
Lesson 10 is more interesting than Lesson 11. 第10课比第11课更有趣。
There’s a picture of a ship on page 15. 在第15页有张一艘船的照片。
(5) 公园、广场、学校、语言等名词前通常用零冠词：
Hyde Park 海德公园Central
Park (纽约)中内公园
Zhongshan Park 中山公园Tian An Men Square 天安门广场
speak English 说英语Beijing University 北京大学
注：当语言名词表特指意义或指某一语言中的对应词时，通常用定冠词：
he English spoken in America and Canada 在美国和加拿大讲的英语
What’s the English for this? 这个东西用英语怎么说?
另外，在语言名词后加上language一词时，也要用冠词：the English language。
(6) 表示学习、生活、娱乐等的单数名词，若表示相关的活动时，通常用零冠词：
go to school (bed, church, town, class, college, etc) 去上学(睡觉，做礼拜，进城，上课，上大学，等)
in bed (school, class, college, church, prison, hospital, etc) 在睡觉(上学，上课，上大学，做礼拜，坐牢，住院，等)
be sent to hospital (prison) 被送往医院住院或治疗(关进监狱)
School is over at twelve. 12点放学。
注：①若不是指活动，而是指具体的实物，则要用冠词。比较：
go to the bed 到床边去(侧重指“床”这个实体)
go to bed 上床睡觉(侧重指与“床”有关的活动，即睡觉)
be in the school 在这所学校里(侧重指“学校”这个地点)
be in school 在上学(侧重指与“学校”有关的活动，即读书)
②但是cinema, theatre是例外，它们表示相关活动时，其前要用定冠词：＋
He often goes to the cinema (theatre). 他经常去看电影(看戏)。
I prefer the cinema to the theatre. 我喜欢看电影，不喜欢看戏。
③有时定冠词和零冠词的选择与英美英语的不同习惯有关：
in hosptital(英)住院in the hospital(美)住院
go to university(英)上大学go to the university(美)上大学
at table(英)在吃饭at the table(美)在吃饭
(7) 某些用介词by 构成的方式的短语通常用零冠词：
①表示乘坐交通工具：
by bus 乘公共汽车by bike (bicycle) 骑自行车
by plane / by air乘飞机by ship (boat) 坐船
by land 走陆路by sea 从海路
②表示用通讯或通信等方式：
by phone 用电话by telegram 用电报
by letter 用信件by post 用邮寄
by radio 用无线电by hand 用手工
(8) 表示正式的或独一无二的头衔或职位等，在用作宾语、表语、补语或同位语时，通常用零冠词：
John is captain of the team. 约翰是足球队的队长。
He is head of the foreign languages department. 他是外语系主任。
注：尽管有时也有用定冠词的现象，但以零冠词为普通。
(9) 单数可数名词紧密联系的平行结构，通常用零冠词：
They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。
Please pass me pencil and paper. 请把纸笔递给我。
Boy and girl came up to me together. 一个男孩和女孩一起向我走来。
(10) 有些短语用零冠词和定冠词均可
，只是含义不同：
out of question毫无疑问out of the question不可能，不值得考虑的
keep house 料理家务keep the house 呆在家里不外出
in charge of 负责，管理，主管in the charge of 在…的管理(负责)之下
(11) 许多习语用零冠词：
catch fire 着火give way 让路lose heart 灰心
move hosue 搬家send word 捎信take place 发生
by chance 偶然catch sight of 看见make use of 利用
六、一点补充说明
以下用法的the有人认为是冠词，有人认为是副词：
1. 用于最高级前：
Of all her children, Mary is the most honest. 她的三个孩子中，玛丽是最诚实的。
2. 用于比较级前，表示某人或某物比以前更好或更坏，此时句中通常会有表示原因、理由或条件的短语或从句：
I feel the better for my walk. 散了一下步我觉得舒服多了。
I love him all the more for his faults. 正因为他这些缺点，所以我越发爱他。
3. 用于“the +比较级，the +比较级”，表示“越…越…”：
The more a man has, the more he wants. 人越有越想要。
The higher up we go, the colder it becomes. 越往上走，天气就越冷。
九、重点考点原创精练
1. The teacher said _____ snow is white, but you see _____ snow on the road is red. Why?
A. the, the
B. 不填，不填
C. the，不填
D. 不填，the
2. “Can I help you?”“Yes,_____, please.”
A. two coffees and a tea
B. two cups of coffee and the tea
C. two coffee and a tea
D. two cup of coffee and a tea
3._____ tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.
A. The
B. One
C. A
D. This
4. A boy and _____ girl were sitting on a bench. The boy is smiling and _____ girl looked angry.
A. a, a
B. the, the
C. a, the
D. the, a
5. There was _____ accident here yesterday. A car hit a tree. _____ driver was killed.
A. an, A
B. the, The
C. an, The
D. the, A
6. “Did you get _____ ticket?”“Yes, I managed to get _____.”
A. a, one
B. the, one
C. a, it
D. the, it
7. A bird in _____ hand is worth two in _____ bush.
A. a, a
B. the, the
C. a, the
D. the, a
8. When in _____ Rome do as _____ Romans do.
A. the, the
B.不填，不填
C. the, 不填
D. 不填, the
9. Which do you prefer, _____ country or _____ town?
A. the, the,
B. a, a
C. 不填，不填
D. the, 不填
10. You make _____ mistakes if you do things in _____ hurry.
A. the, the
B. 不填，the
C. the, 不填
D. 不填，a
11. It’s said that _____ twins met Geoff at Harvard and _____ three became good friends.
A. the, the
B. 不填，不填
C. the, 不填
D. 不填, the
12. ______ is his favorite subject, but he doesn’t know _
____ for this word.
A. English, English
B. The English, the English
C. English, the English
D. The English, English
13. I can’t remember ______ Christmas when it snowed so much.
A. a
B. the
C. one
D. 不填
14. Since tasting the excitement of _____ big city life, she never wants to live in _____ country again.
A. the, the
B. 不填，不填
C. the, 不填
D. 不填，the
15. The operation is _____ success and she is now out of _____ danger.
A. a, the
B. a, 不填
C. 不填, the
D. 不填，不填
16. As _____ writer, he was _____ complete failure.
A. a, a
B. a, the
C. 不填，不填
D. a, 不填
17. This bird is really lovely, and I’ve never seen _____ one.
A. a finer
B. a finest
C. the finer
D. the finest
18. We couldn’t have picked ______ day for the picnic —it rained nonstop.
A. a worse
B. a worst
C. the worse
D. the worst
19. This is _____ best kind of _____ pen you can get here.
A. the, the
B. the, a
C. the, 不填
D. a, the
20. As is known to us all, _____ tiger is in _____ danger of becoming extinct.
A. the, a
B. the, 不填
C. a，不填
D. 不填，the
21. ____ air is necessary to life, but ____ air around here is not fresh.
A. the; the
B. 不填; 不填
C. the; 不填
D. 不填; the
(精选)人教版高中英语语法复习资料
语法：是一门研究英语语言构成规律的学科。 词 法 ———— 语法 ————句法 简单句：在句子中只包含一套主谓结构。 并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。 复合句：〖大句套小句〗 一气：虚拟语气 二词：非谓语动词、情态动词 三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 语法 非谓语动词 一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词 二、 啥样呢？ 1. 不定式：To do 2. 动名词：Doing 3. 分词：Done Eg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue. 围绕着群岛的海洋是深蓝色的 Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done. ☆☆非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语 ▲ 方法一：口诀法 非谓语，三要点。 句法 目 的 结 构 形容词 名词 数词 代词 动词 介词 副词 感叹词 冠词 连词 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 简单句 复合句 并列句 时态、语态 非谓语动词 情态动词 词法 名词性从句 状语从句 定语从句
变否定，NOT 前。 哼哈将，时逻关。 七仙女，记心间。 （一） 变否定 （二） 哼哈将 1.动词不定式 主动关系 被动关系 一般式 To do To be done 完成式 To have done To have been done 进行式 To be doing (To be being done) 完成进行式 To have being doing (To have been being done) ▲ 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 ▲ 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night. ▲ 进行式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进行 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. ▲ 完成进行式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，一直持续到谓语动词动作，到谓 语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚结束，还有可能继续延续下去。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years. 时间关系 逻辑关系 B B B B B B B B
高一英语语法专项训练练习及答案
专题一名词、介词和数词 1．The_________is just around the corner and you won’t miss it． A．bicycle’s shop B．bicycle shop C．bicycles shop D．bicycles’shop 2．Rose was wild with joy________the result of the examination． A．to B．at C．by D．as 3．________people in the world are sending information by E-mail every-day． A．Several million B．Many millions C．Several millions D．Many million 4．This is not a match．We’re playing chess just for________． A．habit B．hobby C．fun D．game 5．No matter what you do，you should put your________into it． A．mind B．heart C．brain D．thought 6．There are usually at least two________of looking at every question． A．means B．directions C．views D．ways 7．My chest________when I make a deep breath，doctor． A．harms B．wounds C．hurts D．injures 8．The home improvements have taken what little there is________my spare time． A．from B．in C．of D．at 9．Luckily，the bullet narrowly missed the captain________an inch． A．by B．at C．to D．from 10．To regain their________after an exhausting game，the players lay in the grass． A．force B．energy C．power D．health 11．According to the recent research，heavy coffee drinking and heart attack is not necessarily________and effect． A．reason B．impact C．fact D．cause 12．Every new________has the possibility of making or losing money． A．event B．venture C．adventure D．expedition 13．The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism________the wildlife in the area． A．in B．off C．at D．with 14．The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took________pictures of them． A．many of B．masses of C．the number of D．a large amount of 15．“I don’t think it's my________that the TV blew up．I just turned it on，that’s a11．”said the boy． A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty 16．One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ________in the number of natural disasters． A．result B．account C．reason D．increase 17. Life is tough in the city．In order to lose their________，some people drink alcohol． A．temper B．mood C．consciousness D．pressures 18．I don’t mind picking up your things from the store．________，the walk will do! me good． A．Sooner or later B．Still C．In time D．Besides 19．The accident is reported to have occurred _______the first Sunday in February． A．at B．on C．in D．to 20．________two exams to worry about，I have to work really hard this weekend． A．With B．Besides C．As for D．Because of 21．He got to the station early，________missing his train．． A．in case of B．instead of C．for fear of D．in search of 22． I feel that one of my main duties________a teacher is to help the students to be．
高中英语冠词练习题及答案
高中英语语法强化训练(冠词) ( ) report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the .would be higher than the number of English speaker by_____ year 2090. A.A, the B. A, / C. The ,/ D. The, a ( ) you go by ______train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure you get _____fast one. A. /, / B./, a C. the, a D./,/ ( ) 3. It is often said that ____teachers have _______very easy life. A /,/ B. /,a C. the,/ D. the, a ( ) can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left _____city ,I only remember it was ______ Monday.。 A.the , the B. a ,the C. a, a D. the, a ( ) you grow up in ______large family ,you are more likely to develop _____ability to get on well with ______others . A. /,an the B. a, the ,/ C. the ,an ,the D. a, the ,the ( ) ,Taylor has ___8-year-old daughter who has _____gift for painting –she has won two national prizes.
高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义(9)被动语态知识点整理总结(含练习与解析)
2021届高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义（9） 被动语态知识点整理总结 被动语态是中高考经常考的语法之一，也是日常口语和写作中必不可少的句子形式，今天笔者就带大家一起来学习它。 01 被动语态的概念 所谓被动语态是相当于主动语态而言的。如果主语是动作的执行者，那么我们就称其为主动语态，反之，如果主语是动作的承受者或动作的对象，那我们就称其为被动语态。如： 主: Many people speak Chinese. 被: Chinese is spoken by many people. 02 被动语态的结构 被动语态由"be＋及物动词的过去分词"构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来。下面通过speak来说明常见时态的被动语态：一般现在时 am/is/are＋spoken 一般过去时 was/were＋spoken
一般将来时 will/shall be＋spoken 现在进行时 am/is/are being＋spoken 过去进行时 was/were being＋spoken 现在完成时 have/has been＋spoken 过去完成时 had been + spoken 03 被动语态的执行者 被动语态的执行者一般以by+人/物来引出。如果没有执行者或没必要说出执行者，则可以省略这部分。如： Some computers were stolen last night. 无法确定执行者，因此无by结构。 The glass was broken by Mike.
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