各种图表的英文表达,拯救你的essay和presentation
各种图表的英文表达，拯救你的essay和presentation
以下为常用实例，其中不少种类有多个名称，使用不同的近义词
Bar chart或bar graph：条形图。可横可竖。通常对比不同类别，条形之间通常有距离，可改变组合。如博物馆显示不同展区观众数量。
竖着时也叫column bar chart，即柱形图。
条形可分组对比，叫grouped bar chart。
条形可堆叠显示，叫stacked bar chart。
Gantt chart：甘特图、横道图。进度计划常用。
PERT chart、program evaluation review technique或project evaluation review technique：性能评价图。项目管理常用。
Histogram：直方图。通常对比不同范围连续数据，条形靠在一起，不能改变顺序。如，博物馆显示10分钟、20分钟、30分钟区间内观众百分比分布。
Line chart或line graph：折线图【不要翻译为曲线图，line在英文里通常是直线或线段，而不是曲线】。
英文summary写作范例
Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them
essay写作规范
基本写作规范（不允许犯的错误) Very Important!!! 写作文记得要有题目！！没有题目一律扣2元！！！ 1. 我们写的论文都是正式的论文，不管是小作业也好还是什么的，必须避免文章中出现第一人称或者第二人称。不能出现缩写，例如it's, can't这种，必须改成it is 和cannot（can和not之间是没有空格的）。要使用正式的词语，尽量用however ，therefore，不能用so和but。不允许直接引用，不能用and开头作为句子，文章中不要出现疑问句！ 2. 复制粘贴的抄袭是不允许的，这是很严重的行为，客户会因为这个被退学 的，所以必须转述（paraphrase）好自己搜索到的材料，不要一句话中连续三个单词和原句子中的一模一样，抄袭率要低于10%才可以 3.凡是检测到抄袭率不合格，本人又无法修改的情况下，或多次修改还无法达 到要求的情况下，按抄袭率等比例扣除部分稿费，比如抄袭率15%，就要扣掉15%的稿费。如抄袭率太严重，比如超过50%，稿费全无。所以请把握好paraphrase的技巧。 4.请认真学习文献格式，文献列表出现123456789….这些序号的人一看就知 道没有认真学习文献格式。不要用123456789来列文献。仔细认真观察的人会知道我们的文献是按首字母顺序排列的，不需要标序号的！ 5.常用文献哈佛格式：文献列表中，每一个文献在文中必须要有对应的
intext.意思就是你文中哪句话是出自该文献的，是以哪个文献为依据的，就在那句话后面写上（作者姓，年份），然后该句子的句号必须放在括号最后面.注意括号里面只能放作者的姓，其他作者的名字缩写什么乱七八糟的都不可以放进去！如果超过三个以上的作者，括号里就这么写，如（Peter et al, 2015). 如果是两个作者，就是（Peter & Amy, 2015). 如果只有一个作者就是（Peter,2015). 哈佛文献列表。注意开始一定是作者姓，名字首字母缩写.(年份).请大家一定要注意这个细节！ 其余文献格式具体再问我。 6.关于标点符号的使用！好多同学都不知道标点符号后面需要空一格才能写 下一个单词！请注意这个细节！标点符号后面需要空一格才能写下一个单词！括号也需要和前面的单词空一格。比如ABCD (Peter, 2015).如果是ABCD(Peter, 2015) 这样是错误的，ABCD要和后面的括号之间空一格！ 用&连接前后两个单词时，前后也需各自空一格！ 7.写作尽量用简单句，不要觉得句子越复杂就显得自己水平越高。这种想法 是错误的，尽量用简单句。 8.文献年份不要用2000年以前的旧文献 以后交稿的写手请注意了：
如何用英语描述图表
. 1、图形种类及概述法： 泛指一份数据图表： a data graph(曲线图)/chart/diagram/illustration/table 饼图：pie chart 直方图或柱形图：bar chart/histogram 趋势曲线图：line chart/curve diagram 表格图：table 流程图或过程图：flow chart/sequence diagram … 程序图：processing/procedures diagram 2、常用的描述用法 The table/chart diagram/graph shows （that） According to the table/chart diagram/graph As （is） shown in the table/chart diagram/graph As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures，
figures/statistics shows （that）…… It can be seen from the figures/statistics ^ We can see from the figures/statistics It is clear from the figures/statistics It is apparent from the figures/statistics table/chart/diagram/graph figures （that）…… table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates 3、图表中的数据（Data）具体表达法 数据（Data）在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time 在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time ^ 持续变化的data在不同情况下： 增加：increase/raise/rise/go up …… 减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall …… 波动：fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave ……
summary 范文
Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:
Essay写作提示
ESSAY WRITING What makes a good essay? Make sure that you have defined your topic. Are you quite sure that you understand what you should be writing about? Sometimes questions are ambiguous (not clear). So make sure you understand the topic, otherwise do not write!! Do you understand what all the words in your assignment mean? Look them up. It is a good idea to write the question of the assignment in your own words to check that you really understand it. Give yourself plenty of time. There is nothing worse than having to rush your research and then not having time to write it up properly. You should not try to write the essay all in one go. Give yourself time between drafts to think about what you have written. If you can’t think of anything to write, t hen just write any old thing. It’s called free writing. Just put all ideas that come to mind about the subject down on paper. Don’t bother about editing what you are writing. Just write. When you read it over later you will probably find that you have some interesting ideas to follow up. If you are writing an assignment or project it isn’t always a good idea to start with the introduction. Work out the main body of your argument and your conclusion. That makes it much easier to go back and write an introduction that links with the concluding paragraphs. Make sure that your essay is logical. Put your point of view forward clearly and tell the reader how you are going to argue your case. Make sure that you link your paragraphs and do not jump from one idea to another. There are several ways to link paragraphs. One is to use “link” words that show a connection with the previous paragraph. Here are some useful linking words
各类图表英文描述
1.Map（地图、天体图、布局图、专用图、图谱）Battle map 作战地图 Highway map 公路图 Genetic map 基因图谱 2.Figure（图形、平面图） Geometric(al) figure 几何图形 Dimension figure 尺寸图 Plane figure 平面图 3.Pattern（图案、图型、图样） Checkboard pattern 棋盘型图案 Recording pattern 录像图型 Circular pattern 圆形图样 4.Sketch（草图、略图、简图） Eye sketch 目测草图 Topographic sketch 地形略图 Dimensional sketch 尺寸简图 5.Scheme/shematic（图解、示意图、流程图、电路图）Flow scheme 流程图 Induction scheme 感应电路图 6.Draft（草图） Chisel draft 雕刻前在石头上画出边缘轮廓草图 7.Curve（曲线图表） Algebraic curve 代数曲线 Comfort curve 湿度舒适曲线 8.Graph（曲线图表） Funtional graph 函数图（亦称plot） Bar graph 条形图（也称chart） 9.View（视图） Plane view 平面视图 10.Geometry（几何图） Plane geometry 平面几何 Solid geometry 立体几何图 11.Chart（航海图、图表） Aeronautical chart 领航图 Demographic data chart 人口统计图表 Pie chart 饼图 Bar chart 柱图 12.Drawing（工程图、插图） Drawing 建筑图 Explanatory drawing 说明（插）图 https://www.360docs.net/doc/d314005539.html,yout（布局图、规划图） 1、图形种类及概述法： 泛指一份数据图表：
雅思图表描述必备表达
Graph Description 图表描述: 表示程度的副词： 1. 程度较大： considerably，dramatically，greatly，markedly，obviously，quickly，rapidly，sharply，significantly，suddenly 2. 程度较小：slightly，gradually，slowly，steadily 时间的嵌入 in，from……to……，between…….and……，during……and…… at the start of ……，by the end of ……，at the end of …… throughout …… 上升 1. 对于上升趋势的描述： 可以使用的动词或动词词组：to increase，to go up，to rise，to grow，to shoot，to pick up 可以使用的名词：an increase，a growth，a jump，an upward trend 2. 对于上升到某个位置的描述： 动词＋reaching + 具数据。 to peak at ＋具体数据 to climb to + 具体数据 3. 对于上升的程度的描述： 动词＋by ＋具体数据 动词＋副词。 下降 1. 对于下降趋势的描述： 可以使用的动词或动词词组：to fall，to decrease，to go down，to decline，to drop 可以使用的名词：a decrease，a fall，a decline，a drop 2. 对于下降到某个位置的描述： 动词＋to＋具体数据 动词＋reaching the bottom of +具体数据 动词＋reaching + 具体数据。 3. 对于下降程度的描述： 动词＋by ＋具体数据 用1. a. 中的动词＋副词。 对于平稳的趋势的描述： 可以使用的动词或动词词组： to hardly change，to keep steady，to level off，to stay the same 上升和下降趋势的组合描述（嵌入了时间和程度之后）： 1. 先上升后下降的句型： ...... increased slowly during…… and ……， but fell sharply in ……. A steady fall in …… during …… and ……，followed the sharp increase in ……. 2. 先下降后上升的句型： …… fell before …… began to make a recovery …… …… continue the recovery, climbing to …… …… dropped during …… but increased again in …… …… fell and then pick up during …… …… collapsed before rising to ……at the end of …… 3. 起伏波动的句型：…… fluctuated sharply all through …… 4. 波动不大的句型：…… hardly changed through the period between ……and…… 对于百分比进行描述所使用的句型： …… accounts for ……% of the total …… takes up ……% in the whole chart
一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写
一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第一册写作Sample essay(全册)
新视野大学英语1（第三版） Sample paragraph 目录 ★Unit 1: Fresh start (2) Sample paragraph 1 (2) Sample paragraph 2 (3) ★Unit 2: Loving parents, loving children (4) Sample paragraph 3 (4) Sample paragraph 4 (5) ★Unit 3: Digital campus (6) Sample paragraph 5 (6) Sample paragraph 6 (7) ★Unit 4: Heroes of our time (8) Sample paragraph 7 (8) Sample paragraph 8 (9) ★Unit 5: Winning is not everything (10) Sample paragraph 9 (10) Sample paragraph 10 (11) ★Unit 6: Earn as you learn? (12) Sample paragraph 11 (12) Sample paragraph 12 (13) ★Unit 7: Hoping for the better (14) Sample paragraph 13 (14) Sample paragraph 14 (15) ★Unit 8: Friendship across gender and border (16) Sample paragraph 15 (16) Sample paragraph 16 (17)
英文图表表达句型
图表表达句型（1） 1. At a slower rate... 以较低的速度…… 2. It reflects the great differences that exist between...在……之间反应了巨大的差异 3. These figures were overwhelmingly greater than the corresponding figure of... 这些数据远远大于XXX的相关数据 4. It can be seen from the chart that significantly...-er (比较级)...than... 由图可以看出，XXX明显更…… 5. In all locations, A outnumbered B... 在所有方面，A都比B…… 6. These two pie charts (饼状图) show the differences between two groups of... 这两个饼状图显示了两组XXX之间的不同之处 7. The first point to note is the huge increase (in the number of)... 首先要注意的就是（数据方面的）巨幅增加 8. A is more than... times (bigger) than B . ?A比B多（大）XXX倍。 9. The biggest loss was to A, which decreased from... to... of the whole. 损失最大的是A，整体上，它从XXX降至XXX 10. The biggest gains (in graduate numbers) were made by A which, as a group, have increased by over...A获得了最大的效益，整体上，它增长了… 11. To sum up, ... 总之，…… 12. This bar chart displays the numbers of... 该柱状图显示了XXX的数据 13. The chart reflects several trends. 该图显示了如下几种趋势…… 14. But... we see a different trend emerging. 但是……我们发现了另一种趋势慢慢浮现 15. When we compare..., we see... 当比较……我们会发现…… 16. This suggests increased educational opportunities for women in higher education. 这一点表明女性接受高等教育的机会得到增加。 17. According to the graph, ... 根据曲线图…… 18. The proportion of... 所占比例……
英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19
英文essay的写作细节
英文essay的写作细节（很有用的秘籍！！避免没必要的失分，准备雅思/托福人也非看不可）来源：曹武龙的日志 这不是我写的，可是是那么有用，我必须帮你分享们。好好学习啊！ 我们的assignment通常分为两种形式，一是essay，一是report。二者在形式上有所差别，但大体相同。一篇assignment上面会对写成essay还是report格式作出明确要求。在阅读题目时，请尽量仔细。 相同点： 1、字体：Times New Roman，字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。请有写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调会出现一些意想不到的情况。 2、段与段之间隔行。每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。 下面还有一些相同点，我在两种文体分开讨论时，再涉及。 区别： Essay: Essay的写作相对report要简单一些。通常只包括三个部分，Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion. Introduction 包括topic的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题。一般占总字数的10%左右。Main Body是主体部分，占总字数80%左右。如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的 构思来写。但要求有逻辑性。Conclusion也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。 Essay 可以不写题目，不要把小标题加粗。 Reference的写作是两种形式都要涉及的，我放在最后来详细说。 Report: 它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。 第一：标题页：包括标题和executive summary. 在Executive summary中是对文章的摘要。这个大家都知道怎么写我就不多说了。这两个东西一般是单独占一页 第二：主体部分。Report的主体部分，前三个和essay差不多，只是在conclusion后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。 如果题目中没有单独要求，一般就按照这几部分来写，但有的题目会作出规定。请按题目要求写哪几部分来写。 下面来说reference Reference 是老师最看重的，所以请一定注意。 1、不管前面的主体部分最后一页剩多少空格，reference都要另起一页写 2、每条reference之间要空一行。如果一条reference一排写不完，那么下面的几排提行时要和第一排三格。基本格式请参照我发过来的referencing 里面的要求。 3、References 的排列要按字母顺序排列。可以用网址的reference放在最后。 4、引用分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用就是用了文章或书中的原话。请在出现的作者后面以（年代，页码）的形式标注。没有出现作者就在引用的句子后面用（作者名，年代，页码）的形式标注。间接引用就是参照发文章或书中的观点，引用方法与直接引用形式一样，