英语语言学—试卷
语言学概论试卷（一）
I.Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words and expressions. (10%, one
point for each blank)
1.The __________ study of a language is concerned with a “state” of a language at a particular
point of time.
2.__________ knowledge is a native sp eaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of
his language.
3.When the vocal cords are nearly touching each other but not completely closed, the
air-stream passing through the glottis has to cause vibration. The sounds made in this way are called ______________.
4.The lowering of the soft palate brings about the production of ________ consonants.
5.We can define a phoneme as a minimal ________ unit in the sound system of a language.
6.__________, one of the suprasegmental features in English, refers to the phonetic boundary
features that may mark grammatical units such as word and clause.
7.___________ are the realizations of a specific morpheme.
8.The linguistic forms that have substitutional relations belong to the same
__________________.
9.The linguists who intend to find out how a sentence is generated by rules follow the theory of
______________.
10. A deep structure corresponds most closely to the ________________ of words.
II.Choose the right answer that fits each blank in the sentences from the four choices given. (25%, one point for each)
1.The sound [v] is a(n) ________.
A.oral voiced alveolar affricate C. oral voiced labiodental fricative
B.oral voiceless dental liquid D. nasal voiced postalveolar fricative
2.Dentals are different from velars in terms of ________.
A.the position of the soft velum
B.the presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration
C.the place of articulation
D.the manner of articulation
3.Which of the following is a minimal pair? ________.
A.beat and bought C. /mi:t/ and /ti:m/
B./li:v/ and /fi:l/ D. /sit/ and /su:p/
4.The sound [j] can be described as ________ in terms of feature specifications.
A.[+continuant], [-vocalic], [+consonantal], [-anterior]
B.[-consonantal], [+vocalic], [+continuant], [+coronal]
C.[-consonantal], [-vocalic], [-anterior], [-nasal]
D.[-consonantal], [-vocalic], [-voiced], [+coronal]
5.The environment of the sound [m] in the word [‘medisin] can be described as ________.
A.[‘ - edisin] C. [# - edisin]
B.[# - e] D. [- e]
6.The sound ______ is an oral voiceless palatal plosive.
A.[p] C. [k]
B.[c] D. [t]
7.Which of the following is not a minimal pair? ________.
A./?sk/ and /ɑ:sk/ C. bate and bat
B./sit/ and /s?t/ D. fit and knit
8.The word difficult from difficulty involves the word formation process of ________.
A.blending C. clipping
https://www.360docs.net/doc/db17028770.html,pounding D. back-formation
9.By saying language is ________, we mean that there is no logical reason why a certain
linguistic form should represent a certain linguistic meaning and there is no reason why a certain linguistic meaning should be represented by a certain linguistic form either.
A.creative C. symbolic
B.arbitrary D. changeable
10.The purpose of __________ linguistics is to establish a model that describes the rules of one
particular language.
A.applied C. general
B.structural D. descriptive
11.The sound [i] can be described as a(n) ________ vowel.
A.oral central high unrounded lax
B.nasal front mid rounded tense
C.oral front high unrounded lax
D.oral back low rounded tense
12.Which of the following words involves the process of blending? ________.
A.agreement from agree + ment
B.heliport from helicopter + airport
C.blackboard from black + board
D.VOA from V oice of America
13.According to Chomsky, ________ is “the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his language”.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/db17028770.html,petence C. parole
https://www.360docs.net/doc/db17028770.html,ngue D. performance
14.________ phonetics studies how a speech sound is produces by the vocal organs.
A.visual C. acoustic
B.auditory D. articulatory
15.________ refer to the sounds produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate.
A.velars C. alveopalatals
B.palatals D. glottals
16.In terms of feature specifications, bilabials, labiodentals, dentals and alveolars are all marked
with ________.
A.[+coronal] C. [+anterior]
B.[-aspirated] D. [-nasal]
17.If two or more sounds ____________, they are in contrastive distribution.
A.can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does
not cause a change of meaning
B.can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another causes
a change of meaning
C.can never occur in the same environment
D.can always appear in the same environment
18.________ features are used to describe phonemes.
A.Distinctive C. Phonetic
B.Semantic D. Phonological
19.Different from intonation languages, tone languages are languages that use pitch to contrast
meaning at ________ level.
A.sentence C. phrase
B.word D. phrase or sentence
20.________ morphemes refer to the morphemes that can stand alone as individual words.
A.Affixational C. Bound
B.Root D. Free
21.Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech. The process
involved is called ________.
A.affixation C. conversion
https://www.360docs.net/doc/db17028770.html,pounding D. blending
22.The ________ relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and
linguistic forms outside the sentence.
A.sequential C. hierarchical
B.syntagmatic D. substitutional
23.The constituent which is always present on the right side of the arrow in a phrase structure
rule is called a(n) ________ constituent.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/db17028770.html,pulsory C. immediate
B.ultimate D. optional
24.Transformational rules perform all the following three kinds of operations except ________.
A.rearranging the sentence elements
B.adding a new element to the phrase marker
C.deleting an element from the phrase marker
D.creating new semantic roles for the sentence elements
25.In a deep structure phrase marker of a sentence, if a phrase only contains one word, it is
always labeled first with a _________ category.
A.lexical C. non-lexical
B.phrase D. functional
III.Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true or
F for false in the blank offered after each statement. (15%, one point for each)
1.The sound [w] is an oral voiced bilabial glide. ________
2.General linguistics deals with the whole human language. ________
3.Change is not natural for living languages and such a change is a sign of corruption and
decay. ________
4.All the English words are not symbolic. ________
5.When two articulators are brought together to form a complete closure which is followed by
a sudden release, the sounds are called affricates. ________
6.The sound [?] can be specified as [-high], [+low], [+front], [-back], [-rounded] and [-tense].
________
7.The sounds that are in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme. ________
8.Chinese is a tone language. ________
9.By prefixation, we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of adding a suffix.
It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation. ________
10.Inflectional affixes never cause a change in grammatical class. ________
11.In a dynamical study, we make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of
sentences and the relationships among them. ________
12. A phrase always contains more than one word. It cannot be a single word. ________
13. A surface structure gives the form of a sentence as it is used in communication. ________
14.The verbs in verb phrases are called main verbs; the other verbs are helping verbs. _______
15.T-Passive must be applied before T-Yes/No question. ________
IV.Answer the following questions. (20%)
1.How does a linguist construct a rule? (7%)
2.How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set? (6%)
3.Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.
(7%)
V.Practical work. (30%)
1.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:
(6%)
1) a voiceless dental fricative ____
2)an oral high back lax vowel ____
3) a voiced alveo-palatal affricate ____
4) a nasal low back rounded vowel ____
5)an alveolar nasal ____
6)an oral front high tense vowel ____
2.Change the following phonemic transcriptions into phonetic transcriptions: (8%)
1)/’b tl/ _________________________________
2)/pi:k/ _________________________________
3)/milk/ _________________________________
4)/iv/ _________________________________
5)/’n utbuk/ _________________________________
6)/eit/ _________________________________
7)/skin/ _________________________________
8)/m?n/ _________________________________
3.Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each
morpheme and the next: (4%)
Example: blackboard = black + board
1)television = ____________
2)children = ____________
3)deer (in plural form) = ____________
4)manage = ____________
4.Draw the deep structure phrase markers of the following sentences: (12%)
1)The car was being repaired.
2)Was the article written by Helen?
3)The student might have been praised by the teacher.
4)What has been done to the car?
语言学概论试卷（一）答案
I.（每空1分，共10分）
1.synchronic 6. Juncture
2.Phonological 7. Allomorphs
3.voiced sounds 8. syntactic category
4.nasal 9. Transformational-Generative Grammar
5.distinctive 10. meaningful grouping
本项为填空题，若有拼写错误、大小写错误，都不得分。
第1题答案亦可为：descriptive
第9题答案亦可为：TG Grammar
II.（每题1分，共25分）
1-5: CCACB
6-10: BADBD
11-15: CBADA
16-20: CBABD
21-25: CDADB
III.（每题1分，共15分）
1-5: TTFTF
6-10: TFTFT
11-15: FFTTT
IV.（共20分）
1.To construct a rule, the linguist starts with collecting data. （1.5分）Based on the data
collected, he may construct a very simple rule as a tentative version. （1.5分）Then he
examines the tentative rule against further data. If the additional data do not agree
with it, he has to modify it. （1.5分）He deeps on testing the rule and, accordingly,
revising the rule until the rule can account for all the relevant data collected. （1.5分）
Very likely, the data gathered are not complete. Thus, the rule formed is open to
further modifications. （1分）
2.To decide a minimal pair, we should check whether two forms meet the following three
conditions:
1)they are different in meaning; （2分）
2)they differ only in one sound segment; （2分）
3)the different sounds occur in the same position in the strings. （2分）
When a group of words meet all the three conditions, they are called a minimal set.
3.Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into roots and affixes. （0.5分）
Structurally speaking, they are divided into free morphemes and bound morphemes.
（0.5分）All free morphemes are roots, （1.5分）but not all roots are free
morphemes. （1.5分）All affixes are bound morphemes, （1.5分）but not all bound
morphemes are affixes. （1.5分）
V.（共30分）
1.（共6分）
1)[θ] 4) [ ]
2)[u] 5) [n]
3)[ ] 6) [i:]
2.（共8分）
1)[‘b ? ]5) [‘n ut﹁buk] or [‘n ut﹁buk﹁]
2)[p i:c] or [p i:c﹁] 6) [ei θ]
3)[mi k] or [mi k﹁] 7) [scin]
4)[ iv] 8) [m?n]
3.（共4分）
1)television = tele + vis + ion
2)children = child + r + en
3)deer (in plural form) = deer + /?/
4)manage = manage
4.（共12分）
1)S
NP AUX VP
N Tense Prog V NP
Det N
Someone Past be-ING repair the car
2)S
NP AUX VP
N Tense V NP
Det N
Helen Past write the article
3)S
NP AUX VP
Det N Tense Modal Perf V NP
Det N
The teacher Past may have-EN praise the student 4)S
NP AUX VP
N Tense Perf V Object PP
P NP
Det N
Someone Present have-EN do Δto the car
语言学概论试卷（二）
I.Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words and expressions. (10%, one
point for each blank)
1.__________ linguistics studies the whole human language and aims at developing a theory
that describes the rules of human language in general.
2.According to Ferdinand de Saussure, linguistics should investigate the abstract system of a
language, which is called ________.
3.In terms of the presence or absence of vocal-cord vibration, the English consonants can be
grouped into two kinds: _____________ and _______________.
4.__________ refers to the space between the vocal cords.
5.The ____________ of a sound consists of all the possible environments in which the sound
concerned may occur.
6.__________ transcriptions include all the linguistically relevant features of sounds.
7.Technically, a morpheme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the __________ system
of a language.
8.In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence, the constituents connected by the two lines
which are branching from the same point are called the __________ of the form above that point.
9.In the course of generating the deep structure of a sentence, the phrase structure rules are
applied __________ in the sense that every time only one rule is applied.
II.Choose the right answer that fits each blank in the sentences from the four choices given. (25%, one point for each)
1.The sound [z] is a(n) __________.
A.oral voiceless alveolar glide C. oral voiced alveopalatal affricate
B.nasal voiced postalveolar plosive D. oral voiced alveolar fricative
2.Which of the following is a minimal pair? ________.
A.thin and win C. sheep and sleep
B./s?d/ and /f?t/ D. /ten/ and /net/
3.The sound [r] can be described as __________ in terms of feature specifications.
A.[+consonantal], [+vocalic], [+continuant], [+coronal]
B.[-vocalic], [+consonantal], [+voiced], [-aspirated]
C.[-consonantal], [+vocalic], [-anterior], [-nasal]
D.[+consonantal], [+vocalic], [+anterior], [-aspirated]
4.The environment of the sound [k] in the word [‘mi:kli] can be described as ________.
A.[‘mi: - li] C. [i: - l]
B.[mi: - l] D. [i: - li]
5.Which of the following words involves the process of acronymy? ________.
A.SARS from severe acute respiratory syndrome
B.edit from editor
C.prof from professor
D.telecast from television + broadcast
6.The sound ________ is an oral voiceless postalveolar affricate.
A.[tr] C. [s]
B.[h] D. [t]
7.The liquids are different from glides in terms of ________.
A.the position of the soft velum
B.the presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration
C.the place of articulation
D.the manner of articulation
8.Which of the following is not a minimal pair? ________.
A./mi:t/ and /met/ C. /d?ns/ and /dɑ:ns/
B./fi:l/ and /fel/ D. /beit/ and /bit/
9.The word “affixation” involves the word-formation process of ________.
A.conversion C. clipping
B.affixation D. compounding
10.________ is the science that is concerned with the sound system of a language.
A.Morphology C. Phonology
B.Semantics D. Phonetics
11.Which of the following sounds can be described as a nasal high back rounded tense vowel?
________.
A.[u:] C. [ɑ:]
B.[u] D. [ ]
12.Changes of language in the ________ system are the most obvious.
A.sound C. syntactic
B.lexical D. grammatical
13.The initial work for any linguistic description is ________.
A.drawing conclusions C. testing the hypothesis
B.forming a hypothesis D. collecting data
14.________ are the sounds which are produced by bringing the tip of the tongue to the rear part
of the alveolar ridge.
A.Alveolars C. Alveo-palatals
B.Post-alveolars D. Palatals
15.________ are vowels which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another.
A.Diphthongs C. Simple vowels
B.Triphthongs D. Monophthongs
16.In terms of ________, vowels are grouped into tense vowels and lax vowels.
A.velum state C. tension of the muscles at pharynx
B.tongue position D. lip rounding
17.Phones are the realizations of ________.
A.phonemes in general C. morphemes in general
B. a specific phoneme D. a particular morpheme
18.The ________ features are components of a phoneme that can contrast words and are not
predictable.
A.semantic C. redundant
B.distinctive D. unpredictable
19. A phonological rule should present the following kinds of information except ______.
A.the class of sounds affected by the rule
B.the phonetic changes that are to occur
C.the phonetic and the phonemic transcriptions
D.the phonemic environment in which the phonetic changes will take place
20.The two minimal meaningful sound sequences /haus/ and /hauz/ can be regarded as two
______ of the same morpheme ｛haus｝.
A.morphs C. phones
B.allomorphs D. allophones
21. A zero morph is a morph that has _______________.
A.form but no meaning
B.neither form nor meaning
C.grammatical function but no lexical meaning
D.meaning but no form
22.The following words contain inflectional affixes except ________.
A.taller C. assignment
B.Mary’s D. students
23.Statically, we make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of sentences and
the relationships among them. Such a kind of study of sentences follows the theory of ________.
A.Structural linguistics C. general linguistics
B.TG Grammar D. descriptive linguistics
24.According to Chomsky’s TG Grammar, in the deep structure of a sentence, verbs always take
the ________.
A.present form C. inflectional affixes
B.base form D. past form
25.In deriving a surface structure from its deep structure, we need to apply a series of
transformational rules. If we want to obtain well-formed sentences, we have to apply ________.
A.T-Passive C. T-Imperative
B.T-Negation D. T-Affix
III.Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true or
F for false in the blank offered after each statement. (15%, one point for each)
1.The sound [p] is an oral voiceless alveolar plosive. ________
2.The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary. ________
3. A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a language at a particular point
of time. ________
4.Only the standard variety is the pure form of a language. ________
5.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker’s mouth to
the listener’s ears. ________
6.Post-alveolars are different from alveolars in terms of place of articulation. ________
7.If the initial sound is an affricate, the next sound must be a vowel. ________
8.The phonemes /p b t d k / do not form a natural class. ________
9. A morpheme is a minimal meaningful unit in the lexical system of a language. ________
10.Derivational affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations. ________
11.The static study of sentences follows the theory of Structural Linguistics. ________
12.If a phrase contains only one word, it is labeled with a lexical category. ________
13.According to TG Grammar, to generate sentences, we start with surface structures and then
transform them into deep structures. ________
14. A deep structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of words. ________
15.In the rule T-Affix, the term ‘affix’ refers to the affixes of main verbs. ________
IV. Answer the following questions. (20%)
1.List the differences between surface structure and deep structure of a sentence. (8%)
2.What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in terms of both
function and position? （8%）
3.How does competence differ from performance? (4%)
V.Practical work. (30%)
1.What common feature specifications do sounds in each group share? (4%)
1)[f] [m] [r]
The common feature specifications of the sounds [f], [m] and [r] are:
___________________________________________________________.
2)[i:] [e] [ɑ:]
The common feature specifications of the sounds [i:], [e] and [ɑ:] are:
___________________________________________________________.
2.Judge according to the data whether the two sounds [l] and [ l ] are different phonemes
or allophones of the same phoneme: (9%)
[l] [ ]
[li:d] [felt]
[let] [milk]
[sli:p] [wel]
[split] [fi:l]
[lai] [wil]
3.Analyze the following words by IC analysis: (5%)
1)replacements
2)decentralized
3)untruly
4)disapproval
5)irreplaceable
4.Draw the deep structure phrase markers for the following sentences: (12%)
1)Is the teacher working in the office?
2)Where could the key have been put?
3)Shave yourself.
4)The watch has not been repaired.
语言学概论试卷（二）答案
I.（每空1分，共10分）
1．General 6. Phonetic
2．langue 7. grammatical
3．voiceless consonants, voiced consonants 8. immediate constituents
4．Glottis 9. sequentially
5．distribution
本项为填空题，若有拼写错误、大小写错误，都不得分。
第8题答案亦可为：ICs
II.（每题1分，共25分）
1-5: DAACA
6-10: ADCBC
11-15: DBDBA
16-20: CABCB
21-25: DCABD
III.（每题1分，共15分）
1-5: FTFFT
6-10: TTTFF
11-15: TFFTF
IV.（共20分）
1. A surface structure corresponds most closely to the linear arrangement of words as they
are pronounced; （1分）a deep structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful
grouping of words. （1分） A surface structure is relatively concrete, （1分）but
a deep structure is abstract. （1分）A surface structure gives the form of a sentence as
it is used in communication, （1分）but a deep structure gives the meaning of a
sentence. （1分）A surface structure is pronounceable, （1分）but a deep structure
is not pronounceable. （1分）
2.The major difference between inflectional affixes and derivational ones are summarized
in terms of two aspects: function and position.
1)Functionally speaking, the former serve to indicate grammatical relations, such as
number, gender, tense, aspect, case and degree. （1分）When they are attached
to other morphemes, they never produce new words （1分）and never cause a
change in grammatical class. （1分）In contrast, derivational affixes are used to
create new words. （1分）Many of them can change the grammatical class of a
word and the others do not. （1分）
2)In terms of position, inflectional affixes in English are always suffixes （1分）but
derivational ones can be either prefixes or suffixes. （1分）When these two
types of affixes both appear in the same word, the inflectional one is always after
the derivational one. （1分）
https://www.360docs.net/doc/db17028770.html,petence and performance are two terms given by Chomsky. The difference
between them can be summarized as follows:
Competence is “the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his language”, (1分) while performance is “the actual use of language in concrete situations”. （1分）
Competence is abstract and not directly observed, （1分）while performance is
concrete and directly observable. （1分）
V.（共30分）
1.(共4分)
1)The common feature specifications of the sounds [f], [m] and [r] are: [+consonantal]
and [-aspirated].
2)The common feature specifications of the sounds [i:], [e] and [ɑ:] are: [-rounded]
and [+tense].
本项每小题2分，两个特征都写对，得2分，否则，不得分。
2.（共9分）
Step 1: Question: Are the sounds [l] and [ ] in contrastive distribution? （1分）Answer: No, because there is no minimal pair. （1分）
Step 2: Question: Are they always in free variation? （1分）
Answer: No. （1分）
Step 3: Question: Are they in complementary distribution? （1分）
Answer: Yes, because they never occur in the same environment. The clear
sound [l] only occurs before vowels while the dark sound [k] occurs in other
environments. （1分）
Step 4: Question: Are they phonetically similar? （1分）
Answer: Yes, because both of them are oral voiced alveolar liquids. （1分）Conclusion: The two sounds are two allophones of the same phoneme /l/. （1分）
3.（共5分）
1)replacements 4) disapproval
replacement s disapprove al
replace ment dis approve
re place
2)decentralized 5) irreplaceable
decentralize d ir replaceable
de centralize replace able
central ize re place
centr al
3)untruly
untrue ly
un true
4.（共12分）
1）S
NP AUX VP
Det N Tense Prog V PP
P NP
Det N
The teacher Present be-ING work in the office 2）S
NP AUX VP
N Tense Modal Perf V NP Adverb of place
Det N
Someone Past can have-EN put the key Δ3）S
NP AUX VP
N Tense V NP
N
You Present shave you
4）S
NP AUX VP
N Tense Perf V NP
Det N
Someone Present have-EN repair the watch
语言学概论试卷（三）
I.Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words and expressions. (10%, one
point for each blank)
1.The two parts that make up a symbol are a concrete ______ and the ______ that it conveys.
2.The relationship between the speech sounds and their meaning is ______.
3.In terms of the velum state, vowels are divided into ______ vowels and ______ vowels.
4.If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, then they are said to be in
______.
5.In terms of function, affixes can be classified into ______ affixes and ______ affixes.
6.There are three syntactic relations. The ______ relation shows us the inner layering of
sentences.
7.In a phrase structure rule, the constituent which may be present or absent on the right side of
the arrow is called a(n) ______ constituent.
II.Choose the right answer that fits each blank in the sentences from the four choices given. Write the letter marking the answer in the brackets. (25%, one point for each)
8. A native speaker usually possesses four types of knowledge about his own language.
______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not. ( )
A. Semantic
B. Syntactic
C. Morphological
D. Phonological
9.Phonetics has three sub-branches. ______ phonetics is concerned with how a sound is
perceived by the vocal organs. ( )
A. Articulatory
B. Acoustic
C. Auditory
D. Visual
https://www.360docs.net/doc/db17028770.html,bio-dentals are sounds ______. ( )
A.formed by bringing the tip of the tongue to the rear part of the alveolar ridge
B.produced by both lips
C.produced by the contact between the upper teeth and the lower lip
D.articulated by raising the tip or the blade of the tongue to the alveolar ridge
11.Allophones are defined as ______. ( )
A.the realizations of a particular morpheme
B.the realizations of phonemes in general
C.minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language
D.the realizations of a specific phoneme
12.If ______, then they are said to be in free variation. ( )
A.two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the
other does not cause a change of meaning
B.two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the
other causes a change of meaning
C.two sounds can never occur in the same environment
D.two sounds can occur in contrastive environments
13.Free morphemes are ______. ( )
A.never found alone as words, but are always joined with other morphemes
B.lexically dependent on roots and do not convey the fundamental meanings of words
C.the most important parts of words that carry the principal meanings
D.those that can stand by themselves as individual words
14.If two sounds are ________, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme. ( )
A.in contrastive distribution
B.always in free variation
C.phonetically similar
D.in complementary distribution
15.Conversion refers to the process in which ______. ( )
A.new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech
B. a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base
C.two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single
word
D.we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of adding a suffix
16.The paradigmatic relation ________. ( )
A.refers to the sequential characteristic of speech
B.is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outside
the sentence
C.refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence
D.shows us the inner layering of sentences
17.In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence, ______ are called the immediate
constituents of the form above that point. ( )
A.the forms which are always present on the right side of a phrase structure rule
B.the forms at the word-level
C.the forms at the word-level and the phrase-level
D.the forms connected by the two lines that are branching from the same point
18.The sound ______ is a voiceless dental fricative. ( )
A. [z]
B. []
C. []
D. [s]
19.According to Chomsky’s TG Grammar, the dynamic study of senten ces ______. ( )
A.deals with two levels of structure: both surface structure and deep structure
B.is only concerned with one level of structure, i.e. deep structure
C.deals with neither surface structure nor deep structure
D.is only concerned with one level of structure, i.e. surface structure
20. A surface structure is different from a deep structure in that ______. ( )
A. a deep structure is pronounceable but a surface structure is not
B. a surface structure is relatively abstract but a deep structure is concrete
C. a surface structure gives the form of a sentence but a deep structure gives the meaning of
a sentence
D. a deep structure corresponds most closely to the linear arrangement of words as they are
pronounced while a surface structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of words
21.The sound [f] is ________. ( )
A. a voiceless labio-dental fricative
B. a voiced dental fricative
C. a voiced alveolar fricative
D. a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative
22.Plosives are different from liquids in terms of ______. ( )
A.the position of the velum
B.the place of articulation
C.the presence or absence of vocal-cord vibration
D.the manner of articulation
23.The tense vowels are different from the lax vowels in terms of ________. ( )
A. the shape of the lips
B. the tension of the muscles of pharynx
C. the state of the soft palate
D. the tongue position
24.The sound [u] is ______ vowel. ( )
A. a nasal front low unrounded tense
B. a nasal mid back unrounded lax
C. an oral high back rounded lax
D. an oral high back rounded tense
25.Changes of language in the system of ______ are the most obvious. ( )
A. sounds
B. grammar
C. vocabulary
D. syntax
26.Phonology ______. ( )
A.is the study of speech sounds of all human languages
B.is the science that deals with the sound system of a language
C.examines word formation and the internal structure of words
D.is the study of the meaning of words and sentences
https://www.360docs.net/doc/db17028770.html,nguage is creative because ________. ( )
A.every language contains an infinite number of sentences, which, however, are generated
by a small set of rules and a finite set of words
B.we cannot give a sound reason why such a form is pronounced in this way rather than in
that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form
C.every language has two levels: grammatically-meaningful and sound-meaningless
D.every language changes over a period of time
28.Plosives are sounds ______. ( )
A.that are produced by bringing two articulators very close without a complete closure so
that the air-stream moves between them with audible friction
B.produced with some obstruction of the air-stream in the mouth but not enough to cause
friction
C.produced when two articulators are brought together to form a complete closure, which is
followed by a slow release with audible friction
D.produced when two articulators are brought together to form a complete closure, which is
followed by a sudden release
29.______ is not a front vowel. ( )
A. [i]
B. [u:]
C. []
D. []
30.All the following are minimal pairs except ______. ( )
A. beat and bought
B. /pit/ and /bit/
C. /sk/ and /sk/
D. /s t/ and /sit/
31.The word “beautiful” involves the word-formation process of ______. ( )
A. affixation
B. conversion
C. compounding
D. blending
32. A phrase marker can reveal all the following syntactic relations simultaneously except
______. ( )
A.the linear ordering of words
B.the syntactic category of each constituent
C.the hierarchical arrangement of constituents
D.the complementary relationship between linguistic elements
III.Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true or
F for false in the blank offered after each statement. (15%, one point for each)
33.Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language. ______
34.In theory, the length of sentences is limited. ______
35.There are two kinds of models: a physical model and a literal model. ______
36.All consonants are produced with vocal-cord vibration. ______
37.Triphthongs are produced by a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third one
rapidly and continuously. ______
38.All vowels can occur initially except /u/ and /u/. ______
39. A phoneme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the sound system of a language.
______
40.Not all affixes are bound morphemes. ______
41.If both inflectional and derivational affixes occur in the same word, derivational affixes
always appear before inflectional affixes. ______
42.Statically, we make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of sentences and
the relationships among them. ______
43.The hierarchical relation shows us the inner layering of sentences. ______
44.Surface structures are derived from their deep structures by TG rules. ______
45. A surface structure is relatively concrete. ______
46.Some transformational rules are obligatory and many are optional. The obligatory T-rules
have to be applied if we want to obtain well-formed sentences. ______
47.T-Passive must be applied after T-Negation. ______
IV.Answer the following questions. (20%)
48.Explain the differences between langue and parole and the relationship between them. （6%）
https://www.360docs.net/doc/db17028770.html,e examples to illustrate the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optional
constituent. (6%)
50.Define the four terms: phonemes, allophones, morphemes and allomorphs. (8%)
V.Practical work. (30%)
51.Describe the consonants in the following table in terms of four dimensions. One
example is given. (8%)
[
]
52.List the features that can differentiate the following pairs of phonemes: (8%)
/h/ __________________________________________________________
1)
/l/ __________________________________________________________
/e/ __________________________________________________________
2)
/u:/ __________________________________________________________
53.Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each
morpheme and the next: (6%)
Example: bookshelf = book + shelf
1)grandfather = ______________
2)children = ________________
3)sputnik = ________________
4)decentralized = _____________
5)undesirable = ______________
6)threatened = ______________
54.Draw the deep structure phrase markers for the following two sentences: (8%)
1) The paper was not written by Tom.
2) When will the meeting start?
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英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1
1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.