教案 4.动词及动词短语
教学过程：
一、概念与分类
1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2）根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。
3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）4）根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well. She wants to learn English well.
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。
5）根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
The young ought to take care of the old.
6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。
二、系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。
三、系表结构
系表结构有两部分构成：连系动词和表语。连系动词也称系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语共同构成复合谓语。连系动词与其后的表语合起来叫作系表结构。系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
一) 表语
下列成分都可以做表语：名词，形容词，副词，动词不定式，动名词，过去分词，现在分词，表语从句．
使用举例(注意：连系动词不能够单独作谓语，他们必须和表语一起工作构成谓语): 1) 名词:
False：I am.
Right：I am a student.
2) 形容词：
False：He became.
Right：He became strong.
3) 副词：
False：She remained.
Right：She remained there.
4) 现在分词：
False：The story seemed.
Right：The story seemed interesting.
5) 过去分词：
False：The window seemed.
Right：The window seemed broken.
6) 动名词：
False：His job is teach English.
Right：His job is teaching English.
7) 动词不定式：
False：Her plan is become the winner in the game.
Right：Her plan is to become the winner in the game.
6）和7）的区别：
6）中动名词表示某人经常干某事：她从星期一到星期五天天教英语；
7）中动词不定式表示某人将要干某事：她的计划是将要成为比赛的胜者。
8) 表语从句：
False：The question is.
Right:：The question is whether he will come here in time tomorrow.
Right:：The question is what he is going to do next.
Right:：The question is how he has managed to solve the problem by himself.
二)连系动词
一种分类方法是：连系动词常分为三类：be 动词，感观动词，趋势动词。
1) Be 动词：am, is, are, was, were
2) 感观动词：sound, look, keep,taste, feel, smell
3) 趋势动词：appear, become, grow, get, turn, seem, remain,go
注意：有一些动词既可以做连系动词又可以作及物动词和不及物动词。
He is growing very fast. ---不及物动词
I am growing apples in my 及物动词
The sea is growing 连系动词
He is tasting the 及物动词
The food tastes 连系动词
四、助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He doesn't like English.他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)
2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing.他在唱歌。
He has got married.他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England.他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life你喜欢大学生活吗
Did you study English before you came here你来这儿之前学过英语吗
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don't like him.我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that.他的确知道那件事。
3）最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
一）助动词be的用法
1）be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2)be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom..窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。
3）be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week..他下周要去纽约。
说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。
c.征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him我该怎样答复他
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
二）助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
三）助动词do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET你想通过大学英语测试吗
2）do + not 构成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。
3)构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don't go there.不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。
说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there.我确实去那儿了。
5）用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。
说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代动词，例如：
---- Do you like Beijing--你喜欢北京吗
---- Yes, I do.--是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he 他知道如何开车，对吧
四）助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。
现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
五）助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
比较："What shall I do next week"I asked.
2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：He said he would come.他说他要来。
五、情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度，如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词有词义，但不完全，是所谓的“辅助性”动词，在句中不能单独充当谓语。
一）情态动词的意义和用法
A. may和might
1．表示请求、许可，常译为“可以”。
在口语中可用can, could代替may，但在正式场合用may。表示允许时，也可用might代替，might不表示过去时，而是表示口气比较婉转。
You may take this seat if you like. 如果你喜欢可以坐这个位置。
MayCan Could Might I have a talk with you 我可以和你谈谈吗
--- MayMight I come into the room to see my mother 我可以进房间看我母亲吗
--- No, you mustn't. She needs to have a good rest. 不，你不能进。她需要好好休息。
提示：May I ... 问句常见的肯定回答和否定回答。
肯定回答
Yes, please./Certainly./Yes, of course./Sure./Go ahead, please.
否定回答
No, you can't. （最常见）
No, you mustn't. （具有强烈禁止的意思）
Please don't. /You'd better not./I don't think you can./I'm sorry it's not allowed.
2．表示推测，可译为“可能，也许”。
Your math teacher maymight be in his office.
The light isn't on. It maymight be broken. 那盏灯没有亮，它可能坏了。
There may might be some ink left in the bottle. 瓶子里也许还剩点儿墨水。
3．用在目的状语从句中，构成谓语。
He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time.
4．有时可以用于祈使句表示祝愿。
May you succeed. 祝你成功
May you be happy. 祝你快乐。
May that day come soon. 希望这一天早日到来。
B. can和could
1．表示能力，可译为“能，会”。
I can swim. 我会游泳。
Emily can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young.
2．表示允许、许可，常用在口语中。could比can语气上要客气。
--- Could I use your dictionary 我可以用一下你的字典吗
---Yes, go ahead. 可以，用吧。（或Yes, you can. 但不能说Yes, you could.）
Could Can you tell me how to get to the zoo 劳驾，你能告诉我怎么去动物园吗
3．表示推测，可用于肯定句（can罕见）、否定句和疑问句，但更常见于疑问句或否定句。在此种用法中can和could没有时态的区别，只是表示可能性的大小，can表示推测的可能性比could 大。
Can he be ill at home 他会是生病在家吗
Can the story be true 这个故事会是真的吗
4．表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
How can you be so careless 你怎么这么粗心
Where can could they have gone 他们会去了哪里
5．Could可以用在虚拟条件句中。
If I could fly, I should be very happy. 如果我能飞，我会很高兴。
If you had followed my advice, you could have finished it.
６．can与be able to的区别
①can表示“能力”时，和be able to相当，许多场合都可以互相替换。但当叙述过去经过一番努力才能完成的事情或前面有特殊说明，表示你有能力时，只能用be able to。
【正】Can you speak any foreign languages 你会说外语吗
【正】Are you able to speak any foreign languages 你会说外语吗
【误】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape.
②be able to 比can有更多形式。
No one could answer the question. 没人能回答这个问题。（这里could可用was able to 代替）When he grows up, he will be able to support his family. 他长大后就能养家了。
③could经常和动词see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand等连用。
When we went into the house, we could smell something burning.
She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said.
④在谈论说话时发生的动作，用can，不用be able to。
【误】Look! I'm able to swim.
【正】Look! I can swim. 看，我会游泳了！
C．must和have to
1．must表示有做某一动作的必要或义务，强调主观看法，可译为“必须，应该”。Everyone must obey the rule. 人人都必须遵守制度。
We must do everything step by step. 我们必须逐步做每件事。
Teachers must be patient enough with their students. 老师必须对学生有足够的耐心。
2．have to 表示因客观需要促使主语不得不做某事。
You can't turn right here. You have to turn left. 你不能在这里右拐，你必须左拐。
My eyesight is very poor. I have to wear glasses for reading.
提示：在口语中，我们可以使用have got to来代替have to.
I've got to work on Sunday. 我不得不星期天工作。
When has Ann got to go 安必须什么时候走
must 与have to在表示“必须”这个意思时意义相近，但在用法上有所区别。
①must含有说话者的强烈决意（表示主观的看法），have to 则表示外力环境或习惯使然（即表示客观的必要，作“不得不”解）。
I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。（发自内心的决定）
I have to study hard. 我不得不努力学习。（外界因素逼迫）
②must只有一种形式，而have to可有多种时态。
They had to put off the sports meet due to the bad weather.
These last two days he has had to take a rest at home.
③must的否定式和have to的否定式的意思完全不同。
You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anyone.
You don't have to tell me the secret. 你不必告诉我这个秘密。
4．must用于表示推测，它的肯定程度比may, might, could大得多，一般只用于肯定句。
①must do (这里的do通常是状态动词或系动词) ，表示对现在状态的推测。
He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy.
Carol must get very bored with her job. She does the same thing every day.
②must be doing表示对现在动作或状态的推测。
Put on more clothes. You must be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
③must have done表示对过去的动作或状态的推测。
The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 地面是湿的，昨晚肯定下雨了。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我没听见电话铃响，我一定是睡着了。
5．must可用来表示根据逻辑推理必然要发生的事，可译为“必然会，总是会”。
We all must die. 我们都会死。
Truth must be out. 真相必然会大白的。
6．must有时可用来表示“偏偏”的意思。
Why must it rain today 为什么偏偏在今天下雨
When I was taking a nap, a student must knock at the door.
D．will和would
和would可用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求和建议等。would比will委婉客气。
Will you have some tea 你喝点茶，好吗
Will you share your happiness with us 你可以把你的欢乐与我们共享吗
必背：Will\Would you ... 表示请求和建议的答复。
肯定回答
Yes, please. 是的，请。Certainly. 当然可以。Sure. 当然了。All right. 好啊！
否定回答
I'm sorry. I can't. 对不起，不行。No, thank you. 不，不行。No, I won't. 不，不行。
2．will和would可表示意志、愿望和决心，用于各种人称陈述句。
I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
I will never tell you the secret. 我永远不会告诉你这个秘密。
3．will和would可表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。will表示现在的习惯动作，would表示过去的习惯动作。
He will surf the Internet every night. 他每天晚上都在上网。
The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
4．will可表示固执坚持，这时will不可使用'll的简略形式。用于非人称主语时，表示物体的固有性质和倾向。
I will take the job, and no one can stop me. 我就要这个工作，没有人可阻止我。
He won't do what he's told. 他就是不愿按所吩咐的去做。
5．will表示将来时间时，不可用于条件状语从句，但will表示意愿或决心时，可用于条件状语从句。
If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。
If you will give up smoking, your health will improve.
6．will和would可表示推论或猜测。
The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago. He will be asleep now.
It would be about ten when he left home. 他大约在十点钟离开的家。
E．shall和should
1．shall
①表示征询意见或请求指示，用于一、三人称疑问句。
Shall I carry it for you 我来帮你搬它，好吗
Shall we sing a song 我们唱一支歌，好吗
②表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、三人称陈述句中。You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令）
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 我告诉你，总有一天他会后悔的。（警告）
You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing. 如果你一直玩，你就会在考试中落后。2．should
①表示义务，意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。
Children should obey their parents. 儿童应该服从他们的父母。
One shouldn't be selfish. 人千万别自私。
②常与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪。
How should I know 我怎么会知道呢
Why should I fear 我为什么会害怕
③表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测，可译为“可能、照说应该”。
It should be fine tomorrow. 明天可能天是晴天。
He should be taking a bath now. 他可能在洗澡。
④表示对现在或以前的动作的责怪、批评（应做的事却没做）。
The boys shouldn't be playing football. They should be at school.
You shouldn't have entered the teachers' office without permission.
F．ought to
1．表示义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务而该做），口气比should稍重。
We ought to defend our country. 我们应当保卫我们的国家。（每一个公民应尽的义务）
You ought to respect your parents. 你应当尊敬你的父母。
Oughtn't we to do everything possible to stop pollution 难道我们不应当尽可能地制止污染吗2．表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”。
Prices ought to come down soon. 价格可能会很快下跌。
Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
3．ought to和should一样，表示对现在或以前应做的事却没做的责怪、批评。
You ought to be washing your clothes. Why are you playing Ping-Pong
You ought to have handed in the exercise last week.
4．ought to 与should的比较。
ought to 和should的含义较近，但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”，是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。
You are her mother. You ought to look after her.
We should encourage him for we are his classmates.
G．used to
1．used to表示过去的习惯或过去某时期的状况，但现在已不存在。
He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee.
I know where there used to be a river here. 我知道这儿以前哪里有条河。（现在没有河了）2．would 和used to的用法区别。
①used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，强调“现已无此习惯了”，而would 只表示过去的情况，与现在无关。
When he was young, he would smoke a lot.
He used to live in the country, but now he lives in the city. 他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。
②used to可表示过去的习惯动作或状态，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
Kate used to be very thin. 以前凯特非常瘦。
There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.
③used to可泛指过去的习惯动作或状态，而would表示过去的习惯动作时，往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。
【误】We would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
【正】We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields. 我们过去常在田野里玩捉迷藏。【正】Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
H．dare
dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作行为动词，指勇气和胆量上的可能，可译为“敢”。1．情态动词dare
①dare作为情态动词时主要用于疑问句和否定句，一般不用于肯定句中。
He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day. 下雨天他不敢开得太快。
He dared not do it last year. 去年他不敢做这事。（dare的过去时为dared）
②可以用于表示怀疑的名词性从句中。
I wonder how he dare say such things. 我真奇怪他怎么竟敢说出这样的话。
We don't know whether he dare climb the mountain. 我们不知道他是否敢爬那座山。
③可以用于条件状语从句中。
If the enemy dare enter the village, we'll fight against them to the end.
If you dare cheat in your exam, I will give you some punishment.
2．行为动词dare
①dare可以作为行为动词，多用于肯定句中，但也可用在疑问句和否定句中
He will dare any danger. 他敢面对任何危险。
He dared me to jump over the stream. 他激我跳过小溪。
②和其他行为动词一样，dare在句子中要随着主语的人称和数发生变化。
He doesn't dare to walk at night. 他不敢走夜路。（作行为动词）
He daren't walk at night. 他不敢走夜路。（作情态动词）
必背：
英语口语中dare的几个常用结构：
●I dare say... 我想, 大概, 可能, 或许……
I dare say things will improve. 我想情况会好转的。
●How dare you ... 你怎么敢……
How dare you ask me such a question 你怎么敢问我这样的问题
●I dare you ... 我谅你也不敢……
I dare you to tell your parents!我谅你也不敢告诉你父母！
I．need
1．情态动词need
need 和dare一样，作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句，一般不用于肯定句中（在肯定句中常被must, have to, ought to, should等情态动词取代）。作为情态动词，它的词形只有need一种形式。
You needn't return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.
Need I hand in my homework now 我现在就要交家庭作业吗
2．行为动词need
need和dare一样，也可以作行为动词，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中。行为动词need 有人称和数的变化。
Plant needs water. 植物需要水。
My shirt needs a button. 我的衬衫需要一枚钮扣。
My car needs repairing. 我的车该修理了。
提示：Need作为情态动态时，不要用于肯定句中。
【误】She need do her homework by herself. (need作为情态动词时，不用于肯定句中)
【正】She needs to do her homework by herself. 她该独立完成家庭作业。
二）情态动词+动词完成式
“情态动词+have done”是情态动词的一个十分重要的结构，这种结构有两个主要的用法。
表示对过去发生的动作或状态的推测或估计
May\ might have done 表示“大概已经”通常用于肯定句和否定句。
might有时可用于疑问句。
can \ could have done 表示“可能已经”通常用于疑问句和否定句。
could有时可用于肯定句。
must have done 表示“一定已经”只用于肯定句，具有较大的可能性
should have done 表示“该”,可能性较小表示对过去发生的动作的遗憾或责备
might have done 表示“本可以通常用于肯定句
could have done 表示“本可以通常用于肯定句。
should have done 表示“应该可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。
ought to have done 表示“应该”同should have done。
needn't have done 表示“本没有必要”只用于否定句。
A．may /might /have done
1．表示对过去事实不大肯定的推测，常译为“可能已经”。
They might have taken a later train.
He seems to know the city quite well. He may have been there before.
2．表示“本来应该或可以做但没有做某事”，含有轻微的责备口吻或遗憾。
You might have given him more help, though you were busy.
The proposal might have been refused. 这个建议本该拒绝的。
B．can\could have done
1．表示对过去事实的推测，常用于否定句和疑问句。
He can't\ couldn't have watched TV yesterday for he knew they would have an exam.
I don't know why she didn't call me yesterday. Can (Could) she have forgotten my telephone number
2．could可表示对过去能做而未做的事感到惋惜、遗憾，可译成“本来是可以……的”。Why didn't Sophie apply for the job She could have got it.
Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York, You could have stayed with Barbara.
C．must have done
1．表示对过去事实有把握的推测，具有较大的可能性。只用于肯定句中，否定句和疑问句用can\could have done。
His watch must have stopped. 他的表肯定停了。
--- I rang your flat yesterday. A man answered but I didn't recognize the voice.
2．用于虚拟语气中时，表示与过去事实相反。
You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier.
He must have won the game if he had been careful enough.
D．needn't have done
用于对过去的责备，表示“没有必要做某事，可是做了”。
The airport is close to us. You needn't have hurried there early.
He is still young. You needn't have sent him such an expensive present.
注意：
如表示“过去不必做也没有做”之意，需用didn't need to do。
It is not cold today. I didn't need to take the thick sweaters out.
E．should\ought to have done
1．表示对过去动作的责备或批评。
You should have gone over your lessons. (In fact you didn't go over your lessons.)
You shouldn't have watched TV last night. (In fact you watched TV last night.)
2．表示期待或推测。
If the flight was on time, you should\ ought to have arrived in Shanghai early this morning. The building should \ ought to have been completed by the end of the week.
F．would have done
表示与过去事实相反的假设或结果。
I would have been happy to see him, but I didn't have time.
If your father had still been alive, he would have felt very proud of you.
初中英语常用动词短语
31组动词固定搭配 act act as 担任...职务起….作用 act out 表演（对话、故事等） act for 代理（某人职务）；代为（处理某事） act up 捣乱；出毛病 break break away from 脱离，逃离 break down破坏，粉碎；瓦解；出故障，抛锚 break in 闯进，打断；使顺服；插嘴（不及物） break into 闯入；强行进入（及物，后加进入的地点）；突然开始break out （战争，疾病，火灾等）爆发，发生；准备使用；起锚break off 打断，中断（break the law 违反法律 break the record 破记录 break one’s promise 失言 break through 冲破 break up 开垦，破碎；解散，分开，分解 bring bring about 引起，实现，导致 bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法；使苏醒；顺便把某人带来串门bring back 送还；使想起，使恢复 bring down 击落；打死，打伤；使倒下；降低 bring forth 产生，引起，结果 bring in收获；获利；介绍，引进；聘请；逮捕 bring off 从船上救出；成功地做 bring on促使生长；帮助提高 bring out 取出，拿出；显示出，使出来；出版 bring over 说服，使改变(思想等) bring through 使度过(困难，危机等) bring together 使和解 bring up 提出，提起；抚养，培养；呕吐
Call call at (a place) 访问某地 call in 叫某人进来，邀请 call back 回电话 call for 请求，为……喊出，（接）找某人 call on (upon) 号召，拜访 call out大声叫 call up 打电话给……；召唤，召集，回忆起catch be caught doing 被发现做某事 be caught in the rain 淋雨 catch a bus/train 赶汽车/火车 catch a cold 伤风，感冒 catch one’s word 听懂某人的话 catch sight of 发现，瞥见 catch up with 赶上，追及，追上 carry Carry out 贯彻，落实（计划，命令……）Carry off夺走 =carry away Carry on 继续，坚持下去 Carry through 完成，渡过难关 come come about 产生，发生 come across “偶遇” come along 一道来，陪伴；进步，进展；出现come at 达到，求得，得到；扑向，袭击come back 回来；恢复，复原 come down 倒下；降落；跌落；病倒 come from 来自，起源于，从~~产生，生于come in 进来，进入；流行起来；获名次
最新初中英语动词短语归纳97022讲课教案
学习资料 精品文档初中英语动词短语整理 1. break break down破坏，出毛病，拆开 break off暂停，中断 break in破门而入，打断 break into破门而入，突然…起来 break out爆发 break away from打破陈规；奋力挣脱；放弃习惯 break through 出现，突破 break up打碎，拆散，分裂、分解 2. call call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。 call away 叫走，叫开…;转移(注意力等)。 call back唤回; 回电话; call for需要，要求 call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来，喊着叫人取来某物 call in 叫进，请进; 找来，请来;来访；收回 call off取消; 叫走，转移开 call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人 call sb sth 为某人叫某物 call (up)on sb to do sth 叫(请)某人做某事 call up给…打电话; 想起，回忆起; 召集，应召入伍 call out大喊，高叫;叫出去 3. come come down下跌，落，降，传下来come in进来 come out出版，结果是 come on来临/ 快点 come along一道来，赶快 come over走过来 come up发芽，走近 come back回来 come from来自，源自 4. cut cut down砍倒，削减 cut up连根拔除，切碎 5. die die of死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情 感原因） die from死于（外界原因） die out绝种 6. fall fall behind落后 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall into 落入；陷入 fall off 从。。。掉下 fall out与。。。争吵 7. go go along沿着。。。。走 go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查 go up（价格）上涨，建造起来 go against违反 go away离开 go by时间过去 go down降低，（日、月）西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go out外出，熄灭 go off发出响声 8. get get down下来，记下，使沮丧 get on进展，进步，穿上，上车 get off脱下,下车 get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假 get over克服，从疾病中恢复 get along with进展，相处 get up起床 get into (trouble) 陷入困境中 get back取回，收回 get out 出去 get to 到达。。。 9. give give away赠送，泄露，出卖 give out发出，疲劳，分发， give in (to sb.) 屈服 give up放弃，让（座位） 10. hand hand in交上，提交 hand out分发 11.hold hold on to…继续，坚持 hold up举起，使停顿 hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 12. keep keep up with跟上 keep out 不使。。。进入 keep from克制，阻止 keep away from避开，不接近， keep on继续，坚持下来 keep down 使。。。处于低水平 13.knock knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上 14. look look up查找，向上看 look through翻阅，浏览 look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找 look out(for)当心
高考英语专题复习 动词短语和超纲词学案
高考英语专题复习动词短语和超纲词学案 1、addadd to 增加，添加add、、、to、、、把……添加到……上add up 加起来add up to 加起来总共；总计达…… 2、agreeagree with 同意，赞成，与……一致agree to 同意(计划/决定/安排)agree on 在……上意见一致 3、breakbreak away (from) 挣脱……逃走，脱离，与……断绝关系break down 毁掉，分解，(机器等)出故障，(车辆等)抛锚，(身体)出毛病，垮掉，(计划等)失败，中断break in 打断，插话，闯入，强行进入break into 闯入，突然开始break(sth、) off (使某物)折断，中断break out (战争、火灾)突然发生，爆发break through 取得突破，冲破break up 分解，分 裂，拆散，关系破裂 4、bringbring about 引起，导致，使发生bring、、、back to life 使……生动/活泼，使……苏醒bring down 使……降低，减少，使……倒下，使……落下bring in 引进(技术)，赚钱，带来(收入)，吸收bring up 抚养，培养，哺育 5、burstburst into sth、突然……起来burst out doing sth、突然……起来 6、callcall at(sp、) 访问、拜访(某地)call on(sb、)
拜访、访问(某人)、号召call for 要求，需要，去接(某人)call in 请来，召集，打电话来call off 取消call up 给……打电话，使想起 7、 carrycarry on 继续移动，继续做……carry out 履 行，实施，执行carry off 赢得，获得，成功地对付，不费劲地处理 8ZZZecome about发生，产生come across偶然遇见，偶然发现come out露出，出来，出现，出版，发(芽)，(花)开come to 达到，共计，苏醒come up 被提出，走近，升起，长出来come up with提出，想出(主意)，找出(答案) 9、cutcut away 切除，剪去cut down 砍倒，砍下，削减 cut out 删除，剪下来cut off 切断(线路)，中断(供应)cut up 切碎，剪碎，剁碎 10、getget around＝get about四处走动，活动get away from逃脱，逃离get down写下，记下get down to (doing) sth、开始(做)某事get on/along with进展，与……相处 get over克服，恢复get across被理解，把……讲清楚get through接通(电话)，完成(工作)，通过(考试) 11、givegive away 赠送，给予，泄露，分发give in 投降，让步，屈服give off 释放，发出，放出(烟、光、热等)give out 用完，耗尽，分发，发放give up 放弃
初中英语常见动词短语归纳讲解学习
初中英语常见动词短语归纳 A)动词+ 介词 agree with同意......的意见(想法);符合 base on以......(为)根据 listen to听...... get to到达...... fall off (从......)掉下 help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事) knock at /on敲(门、窗) laugh at嘲笑 learn ... from ...向......学习 live on继续存在;靠......生活 look after照顾,照看 look at看;观看 look for寻找 look like看起来像 pay for (sth.)付钱;支付 point at指示;指向 point to指向...... prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢
quarrel with (和某人)吵架 regard ... as ...把......当作......;当作 stop ... from阻止......做...... talk about说话;谈话;谈论 talk with与......交谈 think about考虑 think of认为;想起 B)动词+ 副词 ask for请求;询问 carry on坚持下去;继续下去 cut down砍倒 clean up清除;收拾干净 come down下来;落 come along来;随同 come in进来 come on来吧;跟着来;赶快 come out出来;出现;(花)开;发(芽) come over过来;顺便来访 drop off放下(某物);下车 eat up吃光;吃完 fall behind落在......后面;输给别人 fall down跌倒;从......落下
动词和动词短语(教学案)-2019年高考英语热点题型和提分秘籍+Word版含解析
动词和动词短语的含义之多会令考生感到无所适从，高考常涉及对熟词新义的考查，对考生提出了新的要求，也体现了课本与高考的差距。因此在学习过程中，我们一定要做到： 1．对词汇短语的学习不应局限于课本所出现的含义，要注意一词多义以及从本义向引申义的扩展。 2．平时要留心积累。处处留心皆学问，要善于从熟悉的单词或短语中发现“风景”。 3．要备有一本实用的词典，最好是英汉双解的，并做到“勤查广记”，争取做到“磨出一手老茧，翻烂一本词典”。 4．注意词的各种含义间的渗透和连贯。 该部分常考的命题形式： (1)动词词义的辨析 (2)动词短语的用法及区别，常考的形式有： ①同一动词＋不同介词/副词 ②不同动词＋同一介词/副词 ③兼而有之 (3)单个动词与短语动词放在一起的具体运用 (4)动词或动词短语后的结构，以及由动词构成的习语和惯用法 热点题型一几组常见动词的辨析 例1、【2018·江苏】22. Kids shouldn’t have access to violent films because they might _______ the things they see. A. indicate B. investigate C. imitate D. innovate 【答案】C
【变式探究】[2017·江苏卷] A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help ________your year ahead. A．shape B．switch C．stretch D．sharpen 【提分秘籍】 1．表示转变的系动词 是指表示主语从一种状态到另一种状态，但侧重于转变后的结果的系动词。这类系动词有：become，get，grow，turn，go，fall，come，prove等。使用时要注意： (1)become，get，grow，turn，go都可作“变”解，但有细微的差别：become，get通常表示变化后的最终结果，可指向好的方面转变，也可指向坏的方面转变；get比较口语化，become还可接名词(可与冠词连用)； grow强调逐渐变化的过程；turn后接单数名词，并不可与冠词连用；go多指向坏的方面转变，可能是永久性的或难以扭转的。如： ①It becomes clear that people who snore always fall asleep first. 事实已清楚，打呼噜的人总是先睡着。 ②Potatoes are going bad in the soil because of such bad weather. 由于坏天气，马铃薯烂在地里了。 ③He has turned traitor to his motherland. 他成了祖国的叛徒。 ④As its population grows larger，the world seems to grow smaller. 随着人口的增多，世界似乎在逐渐变小。 (2)注意这类系动词的固定搭配： go：go bad(变坏，烂掉)；go wrong(出毛病)；go hungry(挨饿)；go mad(发疯)；go hard(变硬)；go red/white/blue(变红/白/青) fall：fall ill(病倒)；fall asleep(睡着)；fall silent(沉默下来)；fall due(到期)；fall short of(不够；达不到)
最新含put的动词短语备课讲稿
含put的词组短语 1.put about ①散布；传播： Someone’s been putting about that you plan to resign.(辞职) 2.put sth above/before sth 把…看得比…重要 3.put aside ①忽视；不理睬： They decided to put aside their differences.(分歧) ②储存；保留 He's put aside a tidy sum for his retirement. 他存了一笔相当可观的钱以备退休之用。 I put aside half an hour every day to write my diary. 4.put sth/sb at 估计；计算 I would put his age at about seventy. 我估计他大概有70岁。 5.put away ①将…收起；把…放回原处 Put your toys away in the cupboard when you've finished playing. 把你的玩具玩完后放进柜子里去。 ②积蓄；攒钱 You may just want to put something away for a rainy day. 你也许想储存点东西以防万一。 She has a few thousand dollars put away for her retirement. 她为退休生活积攒了几千块钱。 ③猛吃；猛喝 I don't know how he manages to put it all away! 我真不知道他怎么吃得这么多! 6.put back ①将…放回 Please put the book back on the shelf when you've finished with it. 用完书后请放回到书架上。 ②推迟 The meeting has been put back to next week. 会议延期到下周举行。 ③拖延；延缓 Bad weather put back the building of the road. 恶劣的天气阻碍了修路。 ④把(钟、表或钟表的针)向后拨；拨慢： That clock is fast;I'd better put it back ten minutes. 那钟快了，我最好把它往后拨10分钟。
短语类型导学案练习及答案
《短语类型》导学案（一） ————并列短语、偏正短语 学习目标： 1、了解现代汉语短语结构类型及其判断的方法。 2、能正确判断短语结构类型。 一、概念 短语，也叫词组，是由词语与词语组合而成的、能够独立运用语言单位。短语主语谓语宾语补语〈〉 二、短语类型 短语按照结构来考察，可以分为主谓短语、偏正短语、并列短语、动宾短语、后补短语 ㈠、并列短语 1、结构特点：有两个或两个以上的名词、动词或形容词组合而成，词与词之 间是并列关系，中间常用顿号或“和、及、又、与、并”等连词。 2、类型 ?名＋名红花绿叶大海蓝天（名词短语） ?动＋动说说笑笑唱歌跳舞（动词短语） ?形＋形坚强勇敢美丽漂亮（形容词短语） ?代＋代我和他这样那样（名词短语） ?数量＋数量四面八方千秋万代三斤五两（名词短语） 3、语法特征：并列短语一般前后可以互换位置。例如：古老神奇我你他 注意：但有些并列短语是不能前后颠倒位置的，因为它有一定次序。 ?时间顺序：春、夏、秋、冬 ?大小顺序：省、市、县 ?年龄顺序：老、中、青 ?逻辑顺序：继承和发展接近文学和爱好文学 ?语言习惯：男女老少金银铜铁油盐酱醋 并列短语一般要求词性相同，但个别也有不同。例如：姐姐和我（名词＋代词） ㈡、偏正短语 1、结构特点：由名词、动词或形容词与它们前头起修饰作用的词组合而成，其中名词、动词或形容词是中心语，名词前头的修饰成分是定语，动词、形容词前头的修饰成分是状语 形容词+名词, 如：美丽的花朵伟大的人民浩瀚的大海 数量词+名词，如：一杯水一位顾客三斤水果 名词+名词，如：学校的图书馆祖国大地烟台的苹果 代词+名词，如：大家的心情我的老师自己的心情 形容词+动词，如：慢慢地走激动地演讲迅速地回答 副词+动词，如：完全相信十分思念突然发现 副词+形容词，如：非常美丽更加坚决相当迅速
初中常用动词短语大全
初中常用动词短语大全 1)be back/in/out 回来/在家/外出 2)be at home/work 在家/上班 3)be good at 善于，擅长于 4)be careful of 当心，注意，仔细 5)be covered with 被……复盖 6)be ready for 为……作好准备 7)be surprised (at) 对……感到惊讶 8)be interested in 对……感到有趣 9)be born 出生 10)be on 在进行，在上演，（灯）亮着 11)be able to do sth. 能够做…… 12)be afraid of (to do sth. that…) 害怕……(不敢做……，恐怕……) 13)be angry with sb. 生(某人)的气 14)be pleased (with) 对……感到高兴(满意) 15)be famous for 以……而著名 16)be strict in (with) (对工作、对人)严格要求 17)be from 来自……，什么地方人 18)be hungry/thirsty/tired 饿了/渴了/累了 19)be worried 担忧 20)be (well) worth doing (非常)值得做…… 21)be covered with 被……所覆盖…… 22)be in (great) need of (很)需要 23)be in trouble 处于困境中24)be glad to do sth. 很高兴做…… 25)be late for ……迟到 26)be made of (from) 由……制成 27)be satisfied with 对……感到满意 28)be free 空闲的，有空 29)be (ill) in bed 卧病在床 30)be busy doing (with) 忙于做……(忙于……) 由come、do、get、give、go、have、help、keep、make、looke、put、set、send、take、turn、play等动词构成的词组 31)come back 回来 32)come down 下来 33)come in 进入，进来 34)come on 快，走吧，跟我来 35)come out出来 36)come out of 从……出来 37)come up 上来 38)come from 来自…… 39)do one's lessons/homework 做功课/回家作业40)do more speaking/reading 多做口头练习/朗读 41)do one's best 尽力
初中英语语法动词一教案
第8单元动词(一) （一）动词的种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词，按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词，连系动词， 助动词和情态动词。 1．行为动词 行为动词可分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作 谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。 『例』 Thestudentsarelisteningtotheteachercarefully.(vi) 2．连系动词 连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连 系动词有be,get,turn,become,look,feel,grow,seem,sound,taste,smell等。 『例』 3．助动词 助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定， 疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有be,do,have,shall,will等。『例』 Thechildrenareplayingyo- 4．情态动词 情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语， 表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有can (could),may(might),must,need,oughtto,dare等。 『例』CanIhelpyou? -Mustwegonow? –No,youneedn’t. a.can与beableto的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的“能”；beableto用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而“能”。 b.must与have/hasto的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/hasto表示客观需要，意为“不得不”，它可用于各种时态。 c．need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。 （二）动词不定式 动词不定式todo没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语，又可以在句子中作宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、主语、表语等。但 它毕竟是动词，因此，具有动词的许多特点，如它可以有自己的宾语或状语构成不定式 短语。 1．作主语： 『例』 但实际上不定式作主语常用it来作形式主语，而将不定式移至谓语动词后作真正的主语。
动词及其动词短语教案资料
动词及其动词短语
supply, provide, offer 的区别： 1．表示“向某人提供某物” supply / provide sb. with sth. supply / provide sth. for sb. supply sth. to sb. offer sb. sth. 2. 表示“主动提出做某事” offer to do sth. 3. 表示“倘使”、“假如” provided / providing that = on condition that =only if 4. 表示“满足需要”supply / meet a need. supply的常用短语 in short supply 缺乏，不足
medical/military supply医疗/军用品supplies of…许多 lack的常用短语 be lacking in sth. 在……不足make up for the lack of 弥补……的不足 for/by/from/through lack of… 由于…不足,缺乏 have no lack of不缺 damage的常用短语 do damage/harm to 对……有害cause damage to 对……造成损害ask for damage要求赔偿
die of 与die from 的区别 die of 表示“死于……病”或冻死、气死，或死于过度悲伤。die of cancer/grief/hunger/anger/cold die from表示死于外伤、事故、劳累过度。如： die from polluted air/overwork/sword thrust die常用短语 die for one’s country为国捐躯 die down熄灭、平息 die off绝种、枯死 die away消逝、静下来 die a heroic death英勇牺牲 threaten常用短语 threaten sb. with sth.用……威胁某人 threaten to do…威胁做…… under the threat of…在……的威胁下 speed常用短语
高中英语选修七unit5重点词汇 短语讲解学案 及练习含解析
教学过程 一、复习预习 教师引导学生复习上节内容，并引入本节课程内容 二、知识讲解 本节课主要知识点解析，中高考考点、易错点分析 考点/易错点1 重点词汇 1. kind : “this/that kind/sort/type of + 单数或复数名词”做主语时，其谓语动词一般用单数形式，而在比较正式的用语中，复数名词可放在前面，即：单/复数名词+of+this/kind, 这时谓语动词由名词的数来决定，因为此时名词已成为中心词。 This kind of questions is very difficult to answer. = Questions of this kind are very difficult to answer. That kind of shoes is fashionable.= Shoes of that kind are fashionable. 表示数量的短语： a great deal of/ an amount of “大量的”，后加不可数名词 ｛a good /great many｝a number of “大量的”只修饰可数名词 a lot of/ plenty of/ a quantity of 许多/ the rest “剩余的”‖即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词。 Quantities of food were supplied to the area of being flooded. A large quantity of beer has been sold. 2. by （1）在近处（位置）He would stand by the window for a few hours. (2) （示移动方向）沿，经，由，从旁边经过I passed by me without noticing me. I go the house every day. (3)不迟于,在…以前 Will you finish the task by tomorrow? By this time tomorrow he will be here. (4) （表示方法、手段）由，靠，通过They intended to leave by the first train. (5) 相差（数目或程度）His horse won by a noise. …以仅有的一点优势… I was late by ten minutes.
初中常用动词短语全集
初中常用动词短语全集集团企业公司编码：（LL3698-KKI1269-TM2483-LUI12689-ITT289-
look短语 look for寻找；look after照顾；look over查看；look forward to渴望，向往，to为介词，后接名词、代词、动名词作宾语；look at看着；look up抬头看，在…查找；look up to尊敬；look down upon瞧不起；look like看起来像；look as if/though看起来好像；look through透过……看 ,翻阅，浏览；look into调查；look out当心；look out of往…外看look about [around]环顾四周look back 回顾，回想look on旁观, 看作，当作(与a s连用) put短语 put off推迟，put on穿上；上演；put away把…暂时收起来，储存……备用；put up举起，建造，张贴；put out扑灭；put down写下；放下；put aside把…搁在一边；put back放回put…into把…放入 put one’s heart into全神贯注 turn短语 turn down把音量开小一点;拒绝；turn up把音量开大一点;出现； turn over翻开;翻转；turn to朝向;变成;求助于；turn…into…把…变成…；turn into变成；turn out结果证明是；turn away把脸转过去turn to sb转向某人 turn out结果是turn on 打开(电灯等) turn off 关(电灯等) turn against背叛turn back折回，往回走 turn around旋转，转过身来call短语 call at拜访，后接地点；call on拜访，后接被拜访的对象；号召；call back回电话；call in 叫来；call up打电话，使回忆起；call for叫某人同往某处，要求；call off取消 be短语 be friendly/kind to对…友好；be fed up with对…厌烦；be different from与…不同；be afraid of害怕；be popular with受…欢迎；be fond of喜欢，爱好；be interested in对…感兴趣；be surprised at 对…惊讶；be satisfied/content/pleased with对…满意；be proud of对…感到自豪；be strict with对某人严格；be strict in 对某事严格；be good to对…有好处；be good at擅长于…；be good with…善于应付……的；对……有办法； be sure of/about对…有把握；be divided into被分成；be made up of由…构成；be angry with对某人生气；be busy with忙于；be full of/filled with装满了；be late for…迟到；be covered with覆盖
冀教版英语中考动词短语教案
动词短语教学设计 Step1. Free talk Talk about the weather, the date and the day in pairs. Then lead the review of verb phrases. Step2. Revision Show the styles of the verb phrases and how many times they have appeared during the past high school entrance exam. Show the first style , help the students fill in the blanks and read them loudly. They should make sentences with some key phrases. Do some exercises and check in class. 1 .Grandfather lives with us. We all _______ him.(2017,29) A. look at B. look for C. look after D. look like
2. Steven, we should _____ the bus at the next stop.(2014,36) A. get up B. get off C. get to D. get in 3. Sally, _____ your sunglasses. The sun is so bright.(2009,40) A. put on B. put up C. put away D. put down 4. Would you please ___ my baby brother while I'm cooking?(2011,35) A. take out of B. take care of C. take part in D. take away from 5. Mike ____ his computer and checked his e-mail.(2010,35) A. turned on B .turned off C. turned up D. turned down 6. I'm sure your dream will______. A. come true B. come out C. come up D. come down 7. It's time for class, but the bell didn't ____. A. go on B. go off C. go through D. go by Step3. The second style Show some information and let the students finish the task. They should put the Chinese into English and choose correct phrases. 1. My parents don't allow me to read e-books. They_____ my eyes. A. talk about B. heat about C. learn about D. worry about 2. When I came in, my friends were______ holding a party. A. bringing about B. hanging about C. walking about D. talking about 3._____ the sentence on the blackboard and read it. A. Smile at B. Arrive at C. Shout at D. Look at
阅读理解、动词短语精练学案11
When did you last visit a shopping mall? In many places, the answer would be "last weekend．" Some people go even more often．Why? Malls offer goods and services all in one place: food, clothing, things for their houses, entertainment, even medical services．So, are they one of the highlights of modern civilization? Environmental activists would say no and would go even further, arguing that consumer behavior is causing a huge environmental disaster．They cause consumers' ignorance of the side effect of their shopping—urban sprawl （扩大）． Social scientists agree that patterns of development have changed the landscape a lot．Before 1950, most people lived in towns or cities and either walked to work or took public transportation．Only very wealthy people had automobiles．Farmers lived in rural areas or far-away villages and came into town only when they needed things they couldn't produce themselves．If you stared at the landscape you would see towns surrounded by the countryside． Now automobiles become affordable and people are quick to make use of them．Ambitious workers could live in suburbs, just outside cities, which have started to grow rapidly．As long as there is lots of cheap land there, no one pays much attention to the usage of that land．Malls, fast food restaurants, cinemas, and such spread out in large, flat buildings．These one-storey buildings and their parking lot take up too much space．Many farmers think they are better off selling their land than
初中常用动词短语
look短语 look for寻找；look after照顾；look over查看；look forward to渴望，向往，to为介词，后接名词、代词、动名词作宾语；look at看着；look up抬头看，在…查找；look up to尊敬；look down upon瞧不起；look like看起来像；look as if/though看起来好像；look through 透过……看 ,翻阅，浏览；look into调查；look out当心；look out of 往…外看look about [around]环顾四周look back 回顾，回想look on 旁观, 看作，当作(与 as 连用) put短语 put off推迟，put on穿上；上演；put away把…暂时收起来，储存……备用；put up举起，建造，张贴；put out扑灭；put down写下；放；put back放回put…into把…放入put one’s heart into全神贯注 turn短语 turn down把音量开小一点;拒绝；turn up把音量开大一点; 出现； turn round/around回头；turn over翻开;翻转；turn to朝向;变成;求助于；turn…into…把…变成…；turn into变成；turn out结果证明是；turn away把脸转过去turn to sb转向某人 turn out结果是turn on 打开(电灯等) turn off 关(电灯等) turn over （使）翻过来 turn against背叛turn back折回，往回走 turn around旋转，转过身来 call短语 call at拜访，后接地点；call on拜访，后接被拜访的对象；号召；call back回电话；call in 叫来；call up打电话，使回忆起；call for叫某人同往某处，要求；call off取消
《动词短语与短语动词的区别》
英语短语动词和动词短语的区别 短语动词与动词短语是英语学习中的一个重点也是一个难点，如何区别短语动词与动词短语，很多英语初学者一片茫然。就英语双词动词或多词动词而言，大致上可分为短语动词与动词短语两种基本形式。在形式上，前者多由动词加副词构成，后者由动词加介词构成。在意义上，这两种动词具有共同特点，即它们所表示的意义不是动词和副词或介词各自词义的简单结合，而往往相当于一个实意动词，但短语动词与动词短语归根到底不是同一个概念，在用法上，二者还是有着本质的区别，这一点从以下五个方面得到体现。 1.能否接宾语动词短语相当于一个及物动词，其后要接宾语意义才完整；而短语动词并不全都接宾语。如：We should pay much attention to the environment protection.该句中如果去掉介词宾语the environment protection，句子就变成了We should pay much attention to，从意义上讲是一个病句。 而短语动词用在及物句中可以接宾语，用在不及物句中则不能接宾语。如：It took me a while to adapt to the new job. 是一个及物句，因为动词短语adapt to后面接了the new job。但The fire went out at 10 o’clock.是一个不及物句，因为该句是一个完整的句子，动词短语put out 后无需宾语。 下面再举两个含有动词短语的例子供大家参考： (1) I waited for him all day. (2) What does this sigh stand for? 典例分析When he realized the police had spotted him, the man _______ the exit as quickly as possible. A) made off B) made for C) made out D) made up 答案B。从the exit来判断，是要表达向出口方向移动，那么make for（走向）最为合适。make off逃走，但不能直接接the exit，make out假装、认出，make up补充、虚构。 参考译文：当他意识到警察认出他时，他以最快的速度向出口走去。 2.宾语的位置 动词短语接宾语时，无论宾语是代词还是名词，都只能放在介词之后。如：He takes after his mother /her in everything but his nose. 但我们不能说He takes his mother after，也不能说He takes her after.再如： The schoolgirl looked quickly at the price list.我们不能说The schoolgirl looked quickly the price list at. 而及物的短语动词则不同，接代词作宾语时，宾语要放在动词和副词之间；接名词作宾语时，宾语可以放在动词和副词之间，也可以放在动词与副词之后。如：Another wave came, sweeping down a lot of trees and sweeping her down too. 该句中，a lot of trees 是一个名词词组，可以放在短语动词sweep 与副词down之间，也可以放在动词sweep与副词down之后，但her是一个宾格代词，必须放在动词sweep与副词down之间。