外文翻译--汽车悬架是如何工作的

附录：

英文原材料

How Car Suspensions Work

Without an intervening structure, all of wheel's vertical energy is transferred to the frame, which moves in the same direction. In such a situation, the wheels can lose contact with the road completely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the wheels can slam back into the road surface. What you need is a system that will absorb the energy of the vertically accelerated wheel, allowing the frame and body to ride undisturbed while the wheels follow bumps in the road.

The study of the forces at work on a moving car is called vehicle dynamics, and you need to understand some of these concepts in order to appreciate why a suspension is necessary in the first place. Most automobile engineers consider the dynamics of a moving car from two perspectives:

spring to the axle. For many years, American car manufacturers preferred this design because of its simplicity.

The same basic design can be achieved with coil springs replacing the leaves. In this case, the spring and shock absorber can be mounted as a single unit or as separate components. When they're separate, the springs can be much smaller, which reduces the amount of space the suspension takes up.

Independent Rear Suspensions

If both the front and back suspensions are independent, then all of the wheels are mounted and sprung individually, resulting in what car advertisements tout as

"four-wheel independent suspension." Any suspension that can be used on the front of the car can be used on the rear, and versions of the front independent systems described in the previous section can be found on the rear axles. Of course, in the rear of the car, the steering rack -- the assembly that includes the pinion gear wheel and enables the wheels to turn from side to side -- is absent. This means that rear independent suspensions can be simplified versions of front ones, although the basic principles remain the same.

Next, we'll look at the suspensions of specialty cars.

When the car wheel encounters a bump in the road and causes the spring to coil and uncoil, the energy of the spring is transferred to the shock absorber through the upper mount, down through the piston rod and into the piston. Orifices perforate the piston and allow fluid to leak through as the piston moves up and down in the pressure tube. Because the orifices are relatively tiny, only a small amount of fluid, under great pressure, passes through. This slows down the piston, which in turn slows down the spring.

Shock absorbers work in two cycles -- the compression cycle and the extension cycle. The compression cycle occurs as the piston moves downward, compressing the hydraulic fluid in the chamber below the piston. The extension cycle occurs as the piston moves toward the top of the pressure tube, compressing the fluid in the chamber above the piston. A typical car or light truck will have more resistance during its extension cycle than its compression cycle. With that in mind, the

compression cycle controls the motion of the vehicle's unsprung weight, while extension controls the heavier, sprung weight.

All modern shock absorbers are velocity-sensitive -- the faster the suspension moves, the more resistance the shock absorber provides. This enables shocks to adjust to road conditions and to control all of the unwanted motions that can occur in a moving vehicle, including bounce, sway, brake dive and acceleration squat.

翻译

汽车悬架是如何工作的

如果车身与车轮之间没有中间结构的话，汽车在行驶时所有车轮的垂直震动都将被传递到车身，并且都沿着相同的方向传递。在这种情况下，车轮可能会与道路完全分离。然后，在地心引力的作用下，车轮又回到路面。我们所需要的是一种系统，能吸收车轮垂直加速能量，使车架和车身在颠簸道路上行驶时，能不受干扰。

研究车在移动时受力情况的学科叫做车辆动力学，您需要了解一些概念,以明白为什么悬架摆在首位是必要的。大部分汽车工程师考虑动态行驶汽车从两个角度进行：

行驶—汽车在不平坦的道路上行驶的能力。

操控性—具有安全加速，刹车和转弯的能力。

这两个特点，可以进一步被体现在以下三种情况中—减震能力、抓地力、转弯性能。下面的表格描述了这些原则，以及工程师如何尝试解决每一个方面的问

题。

一辆车的悬架，其各组成部分，以及提供所有的解决方案的描述。

让我们看看，一个典型的悬架的工作状况，从大的底盘环境到组成悬架的每个零件。

汽车悬架，其实是底盘的一部分，位于汽车下方，其中包括了很多重要的系统。独立后悬架

悬架类型: 后悬架

如果是一个后桥与后轮直接相连的汽车，那么它的悬架系统一般来说都比较简单—基于钢板弹簧或者是螺旋弹簧之上。在赛车的悬架设计中，钢板弹簧直接与车轴相连。钢板弹簧的末端与车架相连，减震器与钢板弹簧相连。多年来，美国汽车制造商的首选这种设计就是因为它简单。

基本设计相同的情况下，才能实现螺旋弹簧取代钢板。在这种情况下，弹簧和减振器可以安装成一个单一的单位或作为单独的组件。当他们分开，弹簧体积可以制造的小得多，从而降低了悬架占用的空间。

非独立后悬架

HOW CAR SUSPENSIONS WORK——汽车悬架是如何工作的

Twin-tube Shock Absorber——双筒减振器

EXTENSIO

N CYCLE——伸

张周期

COMPRESS

ION CYCLE——

压缩周期

Upper Mo

u n t——上挂载

（吊环）

Piston Rod

——活塞杆

Oil——油

液

Reserve C

ylinder——储油

缸

Pressure T

ube——工作缸Base Valve——底阀

Lower Mount——下挂载（吊环）

当车轮在道路遇到颠簸导致弹簧压紧和收缩，弹簧上的能量通过上挂载转移到减振器，向下通过活塞杆和活塞进入。并当活塞向上和向下运动的时候允许液压油流过工作缸。因为油孔的开口相对较小，只有少量的液体在强大压力作用下通过。这使活塞减慢，这反过来又放缓的弹簧。

减振器的工作有两个周期-压缩周期和伸张周期。压缩周期出现，活塞向下的动作，压缩液压油进入活塞的油道。伸张周期出现，活塞顶部的压力管，压缩液体进入活塞以上的油道。一个典型的汽车或轻型卡车其伸张周期比其压缩周期将会有更多的阻力存在。要明白一点，压缩周期控制了汽车的非簧载重量的运动，而伸张周期控制了较重的簧载质量的运动。

所有现代的减震器对速度都是敏感的—即悬架运动的越快，减振器产生越大的阻力。这使减震器能适应道路的颠簸和控制汽车在行驶中所有的不利的振动，包括振动，摇摆，制动俯冲和加速后仰。