自考英语二串讲笔记
?UNIT 1
?重点单词和短语
?objective 客观的
?accomplish 完成
?predict 预测
?accompany 陪伴
?attain 获得取得
?scheme 计划策划，诡计，搞阴谋
?skilled 有技能的
?argue 争论
?define 定义，使明确
?interview 面试，采访，接见
?prospect 前景，预期
?course of action
?n the way(by the way, in no way, in a way)
?make a guess at
?contribute to
?and the like (and so on)
?seek to do sth.
?in part
?point of view
?vary from…to …
?apply for (to)
?have no idea
?bring about
?take the trouble to do
?put oneself in one’s place
?to one’s advantage at a disadvantage ask for in hand turn down (up, on, off, out, over, back)
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1.A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. ?解析：courses of action意思是行动方案、做事步骤；made是过去分词；from among 为二重介词
?例：We’ll inform you as soon as tickets become _____. (06-4)
? A. valuable B. capable C. acceptable D. available
(D)
? 2. … some suggest that the management process is decision making.
?解析：suggest表示认为、提出、暗示意思，后面不用虚拟语气，表示建议意思，后面用虚拟语气。
?例：It is suggested that the meeting (should) be held (hold)at some other time.
? 3. … deci sion making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them.
?解析：as well as意思是既…又…
? 4. In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all.
?解析：助动词do在肯定句中用在动词之前表示强调，意思是确实。
? 5. … but do not let it worry you too much.
?解析：动词let, make, have, hear, see, observe等词之后的宾语补足语为省略to 的不定式结构。
? 6. There is little likelihood that …
?对比：There is a/ every/no likelihood that/of
?例：The two sisters are ___ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament.(06-4)
? A. like B. likely C. alike D. lively (C) ?
?重点单词和短语
?exert collapse shrink basis launch convince operate revolve glitter unlikely (be likely to) whereas concerned (be concerned about) plateau ?in theory apply to depend on research into swallow up make use of together with in every respect in other words consist of a great many under the circumstances make a difference above all as a rule
?seek to do sth. in part point of view vary from…to …
?例：I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ___ kind. (06-4)
? A. above all B. in all C. at all D. after all
(A)
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable…
?例：爱因斯坦声称物质和能量是可以相互转化的，因此没有绝对的时间和空间。(05-4-68) ? 2. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
?例1：It is on Friday ___ we will hold the meeting.
? A. that B. when C. in that time D. what (A) ?例2: As a painter, Ted was very ___ about the colors he used. (03-10)
? A. specific B. special C. peculiar D. particular (D)
? 3. The earth is one of mine planets which move in orbit round the sun.
?对比：The earth is the only one of the nine planets which has life on it.
? 4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.
?解析：数词+times + as +形容词+as是表示倍数的表达法。
?例：It is important to note that a reading of 4 indicates an earthquake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3. (unit 6 text B)
? 5. The more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas, and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.
?解析：the+比较级，the+比较级结构，意思是越…越…，第一个从句中谓语动词不用倒装，第二个从句谓语动词可以用倒装，也可以用正装语气。
?例：___ we are, ___ we become.
? A. the oldest; the wiser B. older; wiser
? C. the older, the more wise D. the older; the wiser (D)
?
?重点单词和短语
?deteriorate debate (on/upon) request ensure oppose(be opposed to) burden sensitive privilege appoint bias accessible ?recruit
?be affected with carry out in addition to in this case open up care for take into account have …at heart be sensitive to opt out of for short amount to
?on (the) average compete with blame sb. for sth. by nature when it comes to ?be related to be worth doing
?
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. It is very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens.
?例：It is important ___ there in time.
? A. for you to get B. to you to get C. your getting D. of you getting
(A)
? 2. And it may be worth remembering that …
?解析：be worth意思是值得，后面接名词、代词以及主动形式的动名词。
? 3. Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia.
?解析：Though是一个起连结性作用的副词，意思相当于however, but.
? 4. “Well, it’s not as if I’m planning to murder a crowd of p eople with a machine gun.”
?解析：As if 引出的从句，谓语动词根据实际情况选择用虚拟语气形式还是一般陈述语气。
?例：It seems as if it were spring now. 使用虚拟语气
?
?重点单词和短语
?domestic exploit campaign execute convict incidence deserve ?despite deport minimum maintenance guilt immigrant weed deny degrade inhumane civil liberty disaffection argument circus
?
?bring over watch over in unison call up pay back up to a great deal of
?be supposed to convict … of feel like protect …from
?risk doing sth.
?deal with according to be deserving of threaten to do sth. agree to do sth. ?distinguish from react to clean up
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or “escaping” virtually impossible.
?解析：making…是分词短语，表示结果，impossible做宾补。removed是过去分词作宾补，表示有完成和被动的含义。
? 2. It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery. ?解析：they say是插入语，本句是一个强调句式，which可以改成that,句子会更正式。? 3. Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black, which is why the chain gangs call up images of slavery in centuries gone by.
?解析：数字+out of every+数字，意思是每…个中就有…个；which引导非限定性的定语从句修饰前面整个句子;gone by是分词短语修饰centuries表示已经完成。
? 4. What they will do is make prisoners more angry, more hostile…
?解析：what引导的主语从句中带有实义动词do,表语不定式可以带to,也可以省略to. ?
?重点单词和短语
?folk transformation distinct sentiment originate spontaneous synthesis
?readily amplifier electronics studio penetrating thereby participate ?multimedia live inspire invariably improvise constructive creative ?preliminary painstaking conception temper mold diversified conventional harmony evident
?take over take on take up take over take place build out of in existence
?in a sense at a stretch serve as in advance for the sake of be born
?in fashion begin with it goes without saying that
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this.
?解析：第一个as 是副词，第二个as 是连词，well是副词修饰put,注意区别as well as; ?例: Those stories, as well as this boring one, have been told almost hundreds of times.
? 2. Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.
?解析：make是谓语动词，sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce是宾语，possible是宾补前置了，英语中有时为了句子结构的平衡，可对句子结构进行调整。? 3. It is difficult to summarize the composing methods of so diversified a group.
?解析：so/too+形容词+a/an +名词以及such+a/an+形容词+名词是固定搭配，例如：He was not so big a fool as he looked.
? 4. The creative act with Palestrina is not thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of well-established pattern.
?解析：not …so much as …意思是与其说…不如说…，不像…那么…
?重点单词和短语
?efficiency appliance specific shade prevalent increasingly switch ?defective spray personnel completion assemble cast reduction critical
?intensify warning precede speculate partial reliability forecast decay
?subside analyze shift
?expose sth./sb. to to a degree convert …to/into prevent…from
?in between
?be responsible for in question differ from work on in that
?plenty of
?be capable of too …to be on the alert set up associate with
?be involved in
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure.
?解析：exert oneself to do sth.意思是努力做某事；find+宾语+补语（adj, -ing, -ed, 不定式，介词短语）。
? 2. Hence, it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are…
?解析：It can be argued that…是以it作形式主语的被动语态结构，类似的还有：It is said that, It is believed that, It is reported that, It is thought that; with whom …是介词+关系代词的限定性定语从句，修饰people. Come into contact with与…接触
? 3.It is not how much time you allocate for study that counts but how much you learn when you do study.
?解析：这是一个强调句式，被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语、状语以及从句，可用that,which,who 引导。
? 4.This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to date on your class assignments and projects.
?解析：keep +宾语+adj.意思是使…保持某种状态；up to date意思是最新的，切合目前情况的。
?
?重点单词和短语
?internal external overcome destination reset neutral feasible proceeding
?alarm promote interact fade duration moderate distraction exceptional ?remedy productivity appreciate mislead typical
?effect on blame sth. on sb.= blame sb. for sth. as fresh as paint now that
?leave alone out of step in time a short cut come across due to attend to ?fall apart be true of lack of at hand at once play a role in be faced with ?account for to date= so far = up to now
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of State.
?解析：confused是are you confused?的省略句；当以So开头表示与前边情况类似的句子时，要用倒装语序。例如：My brother can speak French, so can my sister.
? 2. It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.
?解析：it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式结构，until 与not 连用，翻译为直到…才，例如：Don’t open the door until the train stops.
? 3. There is evidence , of course, that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are cons iderable differences in …
?解析：两个that引导的同位语从句，说明evidence;
?重点单词和短语
?dependency upwards liability revision lengthen alter proportion appreciation acknowledge neglect esteem handle appropriate withdraw ?worthless
?approximate to be classified as rather than in one’s thirties in terms of ?take advantage of cope with no other …than look down on view as ?exchange …for
?例：It would be better to make a decision now, ___ leave it until next week. (06-4)
? A. other than B. rather than C. less than D. more than B
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. …because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.
?解析：be+of+名词,表示具有与该名词同源的形容词的性质。例: The girl is of beauty.= The girl is beautiful. A number of = numbers of表示一些、若干，谓语动词用复数the number of表示…的数目，谓语动词用单数。
? 2. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.
?解析：the idea后的that 引导同位语从句，同位语从句部分是一个it is …that …结构的强调句型，强调部分是原因状语从句；rather than意思是“而不是”。
? 3. Children need help understanding that their self-esteem and the self-esteem of those they interact with have a direct effect on each other.
?解析：that引导的宾语从句，包含一个省略that的定语从句，they interact with修饰those;
have an effect on/upon …对…有影响。
?重点单词和短语
?strategy representative democratic nominee certainty decline congress
?loyalty provision election stir pursue dominate competitor opposition
?nominate collectively automatically contest assault
?stand no chance of identify…as impact on either…or … draw away from ?focus on lose sth. to sb. in number break up in the running in /out of power ?in favor of come into power carry on a number of as a consequence of
?as a result of break down
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. Although presidential elections occur every 4 years.
?解析：occur意思是发生，occur to 被想起，例如：An idea has occurred to me.
? 2. In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
?解析：course of action 意思是行动方案；
? 3. The advantage of the second party over the third is so great that it is the only party that is likely to be able to overturn the party in power.
?解析：have an advantage over … 优于；so …that 如此…以至于引导结果状语从句，that 引导的状语从句中，包含一个that引导的定语从句。
? 4. Usually the small parties collectively poll less than 5 per cent of the vote cast in national election.
?解析：cast是过去分词。
?重点单词和短语
?disorder irrelevant misleading simulate replace undergo negative remark ?relief deprive prevail delightful literal nevertheless touching contented ?imperative devotion refine
?do research into aim for take…for gra nted feel bitter at sacrifice to be central to
?do experiment on be irrelevant to bring out goings and comings at ease plea for
?not(never) for a moment catch/seize hold of
?例：你所说的与我们正在讨论的毫不相干。（06-4）
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animal testing, not less.
?解析：for意思是in favor of; support; case 案例、病例、实例
?例：Doctors believe that bad nerves are the cause of sleeplessness in ninety-nine ___ out of a hundred.
? A. examples B. events C. instances D. cases (D)
? 2. When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, or disease of the brain for example, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.
?解析：when it comes to是一个固定句型，意思是当谈到…的时候；substitute for意思是代替、替换，for 后面是被替换的对象；例如：Honey can substitute for sugar.
? 3. Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube…
?解析：that 引导的是定语从句，修饰techniques; available 意思是可以应用、使用。
?重点单词和短语
?symptom intellectual detail enhance initial confront sensitivity surrounding character modest miserable administration respectively volunteer identity primarily psychology undertake gamble
?be contrary to put off be confronted with draw on dream of at sea impress on
?in reality let go of gaze on be aware of in one’s mind’s eye go over free from
?put aside=set aside be beneficial to add up to at one’s best influence on in turn ?in general make a difference
?例：1. With all this done, I have been freed (free) from all troubles and responsibilities. (05-4) ? 2. Although she is very busy, Mum ___ some time every day to read to us.
? A. sets off B. sets for C. sets aside D. sets up C
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. Not only are they less able to deal with the pressure of day-to-day existence, but also…?解析：not only放在句首，后面的谓语动词采取倒装形式。
? 2. In another experiment at Yale University, Dr. Jerome found that daydreaming resulted in improved self-control and enhanced creative thinking ability.
?解析：improved, enhanced都是过去分词做定语，修饰后面的名词词组；result in 意思是导致、结果是。
? 3. “you can relate this to wakening psychology, where being alone leads to more unhappiness.”
?解析：where翻译成在刚睡醒的状态下，引导定语从句修饰wakening psychology.
?重点单词和短语
?compel voluntary coincide with eliminate subtle outrage tighten excessive competition encounter series assembly disapproval response
?at a guess go in for expect to do so far as sb. knows attitude towards take it easy
?on and off put an end to expect sth. of sb. in return have an edge on/over
?so long as apply oneself to at present on occasion sit down on in vain
?with a view to
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.
?解析：be it…or…意思就是whether it is …or …,就是一个让步状语从句，省略引导词, be 提前；参见教材166页，注释3。
? 2. Since the bosses cannot do without profit, workers have an edge.
?解析：do without没有也行；have an edge有优势。
? 3. Most people not directly engaged in daily work express disapproval when they hear of people working on and off.
?解析：engaged in是过去分词短语，修饰people.
?重点单词和短语
?device capture belonging convince suspect profound wrath restriction ?illegal ban suicide indication eruption extent queue flee pledge rejection
?inflict
?to no avail comment on convince sb. to do sth. deny sth. to sb. commit suicide ?cut off
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. That’s where her path crossed that of Michael LaSane, who, police say, wanted just such a car to celebrate his 17th birthday.
?解析：where引导的是表语从句，cross one’s path意思是与某人相遇；that代指path. ? 2. He will not make a ___ on LaSane’s side of the conversation. (03-10)
? A. statement B. reference C. comment D. note ?
? 3. And it is this that inflicts the true terrible wound on South African society.
?解析：这是一个强调句式，inflict sth. on sb. 使某人遭受打击、惩罚。
? 4. The tensions are real, the threat of a violent eruption constant.
?解析：the threat of a violent eruption后面省略了谓语动词is。
?重点单词和短语
?sensible persist profusion logic evaluate ultimate obscure concrete conquer prolong proof possess expansion secondary promotion diploma
?award sociology establishment journalism diversity economics
?pull down mistake for come to terms with end in reflect on come about ?enable to do respect for make over speculate on on the contrary as for/to ?demand for go to law against go along with
?重点、难点句子详解
? 1. Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.
?解析：if从句后面省略了they are.
? 2. It could obscure man’s awareness of the need to come to terms with himself.
?解析：come to terms with习惯于、满足于
? 3. And it requires something far scarcer than money…
?解析：far修饰比较级，much, a lot, a little, even, still后面都可以修饰比较级。
?
?I. Vocabulary and Structure
?题型概述：
?10题，10分，考察词汇、语法的灵活使用。
?考查的知识点：
?大纲所要求的词汇、语法，重点考查其在实际句子中的灵活应用。
?出题来源：
?以课本课文为主，尤其是下半年考题。
?复习重点：
?背诵生词词组，复习语法，熟悉课文，同时做课后练习。
?答题方法：
?从三个方面考虑答题：语义线、语法线、结构线，三线合一选择出最佳答案。
?答题时间：
?15分钟
?II. Cloze
?题型概述：
?完形填空是测试语言知识的有效手段，试题为一篇200-250词长度的文章，其中留出10个空格，要求考生从短文后面所附的选择项中选出最佳答案填入空格中，使短文意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
?考查的知识点：
?本题考查的重点为语法,一些常用词和惯用词的搭配使用、固定用法。以及阅读理解能力。
?出题来源：
?选自教材以外。
?复习重点：
?1）明确考查的目标；2）把握文章大意；
?3）注意句子的语法结构；4）认真对比备选答案
?答题方法：
?1）瞻前顾后，注意文章的连贯,理解透彻掌握大意、观点；2）圈点标注；3）分析句子结构；4）对比答案
?答题时间：
?15-20分钟
?III. Reading comprehension
?题型概述：
?英语二的阅读理解部分属于综合能力考查题目，要求考生掌握基本阅读技能，能正确理解语言难度略低于课文内容，生词不超过3%的一般题材的文章，共3篇，15题，30分。
?考查的知识点：
?词汇、语法，考查逻辑分析能力、记忆信息的能力，语言的使用能力，洞察力、领悟力。
?出题来源：
?体裁以议论、说明为主；题材主要是文化、教育、习俗、历史，甚至家庭的一些东西以及科普知识，绝对不会考一些特别专业的天文地理知识。
?复习重点：
?1）读懂长句；2）读懂细节并短时记忆；3）理解把握住作者的观点、文章大意；
?答题方法：
?1）圈点到位；2）把握问题题干中的信号词；3）反复对比答案，择优而选?答题时间：
?40-50分钟，也可以稍微多一点
?IV. Word spelling
?题型概述：
?本题型是直接考查考生对大纲所要求的生词的掌握情况，要求根据汉语意思和词性以及首字母提示和规定的字母数量来写出所需要的单词。20小题，每题0.5分。
?考查的知识点：
?大纲以及课文所要求的生词。
?出题来源：
?大纲中，以及课文中出现的单词，有时也包括上册书中的。
?复习重点：
?背诵单词。
?答题方法：
?看汉语意思及词性，然后试填，遗留下来的最后再填，最后检查一遍。
?答题时间：
?10分钟
?V. Word form
?题型概述：
?本题型10题10分，这个题型考查考生的综合语言应用能力。效度很高。
?考查的知识点：
?尤其是考察动词时态、语态，非谓语动词，虚拟语气，形容词副词比较级，单词各种变形。
?出题来源：
?少量来自课本课后习题。
?复习重点：
?重点语法的复习，平时多练习。
?答题方法：
?你要先判断是考动词、形容词、虚拟语气还是词形变化。然后做出相应形式变化。?答题时间：
?10-15分钟
?VI. Translation from Chinese into English/from English into Chinese
?题型概述：
?本题型是直接考查考生的英汉互译能力。汉译英是5个句子，每题3分，共15分。
英译汉是一篇150字左右的英文文章翻译成汉语，15分。
?考查的知识点：
?词汇、语法，翻译能力。
?出题来源：
?汉译英出自教材，5个句子基本出自课后翻译练习及其变形。
?英译汉出自课外材料，一篇文章，长度为150字左右。
?复习重点：
?汉译英的复习要吃透课本，做好课后翻译练习，注意word study的用法和例句，平时多训练。
?英译汉的复习要仔细理解下册书中关于翻译的方法讲解，重在领会翻译的精神和要求。
?
自考英语二复习资料汇总总结
重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的 由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者 请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school __organized_____ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _organizational_ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _organization_________. 4). He is the ____organizer______ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示； 由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化 由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简
Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is simple_____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while __simplified__ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, becau se it is __simply_____ a question of procedure. 4). The _simplification_____ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的； 由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不
4月自考英语二试题及答案知识讲解
2014年4月自考英语二00015试题及答案 第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there’s nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortabl e clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you d on’t need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But d on’t be fool ed into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscl es. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you d on’t get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more cl early. How d o you get engaged in the sport if you d on’t know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simpl e Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you’ll see peopl e cheering for all the runners. Running isn’t always about how fast you are running or how far you’re going. It’s about getting out there and d oing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you’re looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It’s hard to find a safe environment for running.
【精品】自考行政法与行政诉讼法一串讲笔记
自考行政法与行政诉讼法（一）串讲笔记 第一编绪论 第1章行政法的基本概念 第一节行政 一、行政的涵义 1。行政的概念 (名词解释）行政在行政法上的意义,通常指国家行政机关执行国家法律、政策，管理国家内政、外交的活动。 2。行政的分类考察 1 / 241
(1）公行政与国家行政. （名词解释）狭义的行政仅包括公行政，指公共组织，主要指国家行政机关为实现公共目的、任务而行使的执行、管理职能. （单选）国家行政属于公行政，但公行政并不等于国家行政. (2）静态行政和动态行政。 （单选）静态行政的涵义是被赋予相应职能的组织单位和个人，指行政机关、行政机构、行政人员；动态行政的涵义是相应组织职能的运作，指行政活动、行政行为。 (3）形式行政和实质行政。 （单选）行政执法属于实质行政。形式行政是根据主体的性质界定的行政，即只有国家行政机关进行的活动为行政;实质行政是根据主体活动的性质界定的行政，即不论主体为何公权力机关，只要其活动具有执行、管理的性质，即为行政. 2 / 241
二、行政与行政国 （单选)行政法作为一个独立的法律部门,是伴随着“行政国”的产生而产生的。 三、行政与法治国 （单选）“行政国”产生是行政法产生和发展的基本原因,而行政法产生和发展是法治国形成的基本条件。 第二节行政法 一、行政法的涵义 （名词解释)（05-4)（02—4)行政法是指调整行政关系，规范和控制行政权的法律规范系统。 (多选）(05—4）(02-4）行政法的内容是由行政法的调整对象决定的。行政法的调整对 3 / 241
象是行政管理关系；行政法制监督关系;行政救济关系；内部行政关系。 （多选）（06—4)（03-4）属于行政管理关系的有劳动局实施行政处罚与被处罚人之间形成的关系、劳动局登记检查企业用工情况与企业之间形成的关系。 （单选)海关系统的内部关系，属于垂直领导关系。 二、行政法与行政权 （多选)行政权从其权力内容考察，包括国防权、外交权、治安权、经济管理权、社会文化管理权等. 三、行政法的形式 4 / 241
最新专升本英语语法重点汇总
专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very imp ortant. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English well. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important.
自考公共英语(一)课文翻译(unit22)
自考公共英语（一）课文翻译（unit22） -自考串讲笔记 Unit 22 Text A 当今人们对健身的态度 最近一位学生对我们说，抽出时间来增进身体健康完全是在浪费学习时间。他要我们相信，对他来说，健身运动一点也不比学打桥牌更有用。上大学和为将来的职业做准备才是他的当务之急。 这个学生把身体健康看成是一种目的，而不是我们所认为的手段。人们对于个人参加体育锻炼所持意见很多，赞成的或反对的都有，他的观点只是其中的一种。 很多人，包括不同年龄的大学生，用在健身活动上的时间很少。当然这里有些人可能受到身体条件的限制，运动起来非常困难，而另一些人从事的活动很费时间，只有完成之后才有机会去休闲娱乐。然而，那些能更多参加健身活动而实际上却参加得很少的大多数人又如何呢下面的哪句话更符合你说的 “我知道这很重要，但我只是现在没有时间。” “我已经很健康，而且按我的计划，保持下去没有困难。” “我应该参加得比现在多，但我没有健身器材，别人也不太支持我。”
“锻炼使我感觉糟透了，即使淋浴之后，我去上下一节课时还是浑身是汗，闻起来大概有些更衣室的味道。” 你与那些没有做出承诺的人不同，也许已承诺投入一项健身计划，但你这项活动的范围可能是比较狭隘的。如果下列某一议论和你一致，那么也许你还没有看到保持高水平的身体健康所具有的更广泛的价值。 “宿舍中每个人都在晚上跑步，所以我也跑。” “锻炼时间每消耗3500卡热量，我就可以减少一磅指肪。圣诞节之前我只需要再减十磅。” “这个周末天气凉爽宜人。星期六看起来是创造个人纪录的好日子。” “有些人可能会说我怕死。见鬼，我只是想长寿。” 如果你看到这些议论中有一条正好代表了你的态度，那么你衡量健身价值的理由不是有点近视吗我们建议你重新审视自己对健身的态度和健身对你生活其它方面的积极影响。你应该问问自己，“如果我真的处于身体最佳状态，我会取得什么成就”因为身体强健的程度很容易观察和测出，你可以很快开始看到你有能力成为的那个正在脱颖而出的人。几乎每天你都能看到进步和成就，不过请记住，人各不同，有些人会比别人进步得快。归根结底，我们认为虽然健身不能保证你活得更长，但却有助于你享受你的人生。 Unit 22
自考本科英语二复习资料
自考“英语（二）”复习资料 第一单元 1.常考单词： goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组： in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子： 1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词： escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子： 1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词： weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组： to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子： 1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词： demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite de serving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子： 1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词： Musician，rhythmic，distinct， consciousness，originate，readily， instrument，electronic，thereby， passive，participant 2. 常考词组： to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子： 1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern， was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4）With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词： efficiency increasingly inst all personnel expose reduc tion completion specific s witch critical intensity s cale defective 2. 常考词组： in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子： 1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although
4月自考英语二试题及答案知识讲解
<<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 试题及答案000154月自考英语二2014年第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscles. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you'll see people cheering for all the runners. Running isn't always about how fast you are running or how far you're going. It's about getting out there and doing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you're looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It's hard to find a safe environment for running. 》》》》精品资料》<<<<<< <<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 A.True B. False C. Not Given 4.Running is good to people's body and mind. A.True B. False C. Not Given 5.A long-distance run is good in many ways. A.True B. False C. Not Given 6.You can find running programs online. A.True B. False C. Not Given 7.Running programs set goals for you.
自考英语重点语法
自考英语重点语法 动名词在句子中的作用 动名词是一种非限定动词，其构成同现在分词一样，即在动词原形后加-ing，在形式上同现在分词没有任何区别。动名词的用法并不算很复杂，但出现的频率却非常高，是考试常考语法项目，因此应该格外引起学生的注意。动名词在句子中不受主语的人称和数的制约，但不能做谓语。 1.作主语 动名词及其短语可以用来作主语，跟一般名词或代词在句子中作主语一样，有自己的谓语/表语、宾语等等，组成完整的句子。 如：Smoking does a lot of harm to one's health. （吸烟对人体非常有害。） Reading different kinds of books can enlarge your range of knowledge. （阅读各类书籍能扩大你的知识面。） 但是，动名词作主语有两种特殊句型，那就是由"it"作形式主语和"there"作先行主语的两种句型。这两种特殊句型正是学生常常忽略的地方。因此，必须给予足够的重视。 （1）“it”作形式主语的句型。这种句型常常表现在下列结构中： It is no good... It is not much good... It is no use... It is hardly any use... It is useless... It is not any use... It is little use... It is hardly worth... It is worth... It is worthwhile... It is a waste of time... It is difficult... It is a waste of time arguing with him. （跟他辩论是在浪费时间。） It was no use talking without taking any action. （只说不做是没有用的。） （2）“there”作先行主语的句型。这种句型通常用在否定句中，其基本形式是there is/was+动名词。 There is no denying the fact. （事实不容否认。） There is no joking over this matter. （这种事开不得玩笑。） There is no telling what she will be after she grows up. （说不准她长大后会干什么。）动名词在句子中的作用 2.动名词作表语 动名词作表语形式上同进行时态一样，由be+动词-ing形式构成，但它所表达的是主语“是什么”，而不是主语“正在干什么”。 The only thing that Smith likes to do after his dinner is watching TV. （史密斯饭后唯一喜欢做的事就是看电视。） The most important thing is finding the most suitable person for this job. （最重要的事情是找到这个工作最适合的人选。） Seeing is believing. （眼见为实。） 我们知道，不定式也同样可以作句子的主语和表语，所表达的意义也非常接近，但两者也有一定的区别：一般说来，动名词多表示一般行为和状态，而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。 动名词在句子中的作用 3.动名词作同位语 同位语是用来说明所修饰的名词，是对该名词的进一步解释，起一个补充说明作用。动名词作同位语也起同样的作用。 His hard habit, smoking one cigarette after each meal, remains unchanged for fifty years. （他饭后一支烟这个恶习五十年没有改变。） That's my pride, speaking five languages.
自考英语二重点语法知识讲解
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
自考《英语二》内容串讲备考资料
英语二内容串讲 阅读三重境界 ＊彻底糊涂：细节 ＊彻底明白：细节+主旨 ＊似懂非懂：翻译 阅读四项能力 词能、句能、篇能、考能 词能第一 一、五个猜词绝招 1.利用上下文确定词义 例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy. 例2：Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society. 例3：A first year college or university student is commonly a 'freshman', and 'sophomore', 'junior' and 'senior' designate the second—third—and fourth—year student. 例4：The tired soldiers trudged through knee deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep. 2.利用构词法确定词义 例1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy. 例2：They overestimate the interviewee's ability and asked too many difficult questions. 例3：The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught. 3.利用语法知识确定词义 例1：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person. 例2：A solar eclipse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely. 例3：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering. 例4：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient's heartbeat and breathing. 4.根据同义、反义关系确定词义 表示反义的信号词：in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to…… 例1：My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen. 例2：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying. 例3：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloof—not friendly, of distance from others. 5. 利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义 例1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen. 例2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater. 二、词的构成：常见的前缀和后缀
自考英语语法笔记1_第一章_绪论
第一章绪论the structure of English sentence 1.0 introduction -- The grammar unites hierarchy Higher 1.2 Words 1.2.1 Words Class
1.2.2 word formation 构词法 a. Affixation 词缀法List具体见书9-10页 英语分前缀后缀和中缀，前缀加在词根之前，改变词义不改变词类。后缀加在词根之后，改变词类不改变 b. Composition 复合法 两个或者两个以上的独立词构成一个复合词。 E.g.: manservant, snowfall, deadline, spotlight, world-famous, before-tax, whenever, whereas… c. Convention 转化法 某个单词未经添加此罪就由一个词类转化为另一个词类。 Verbs to nouns: love, answer, doubt. Adj. to verbs: daily(=daily newspaper), final(=final exam) d. Blending 拼缀法 把两个词经行裁剪，掐头去尾，然后把这两个不完整的部分拼成一个词，在某些情况下只裁剪两个词中的一个词，把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词。 P+P Motel (Motor + Hotel) Smog (Smoke + Fog) Brunch (Breakfast + Lunch) W+P newscast (News + Broadcast) Workfare (Work + Welfare) P+W Medicaid (Medical + Aid) Medicare (Medical + Care) e. Back-formation 逆生法 英语中有很多-or,-er结尾的名词是由动词派生而来，但也不乏通过去掉这些名词词尾派生出来的动词。 e.g. Housekeep –Housekeeper Babysit – Babysitter