that与what从句用法浅谈

that与what从句用法浅谈(一)


that 与what从句是中学课本的一项重要语法内容，也是学生易出错的地方。现将其用法归纳如下：
一、引导主语从句
that与what都可引导主语从句，that在从句中不作句子成分，但不能省略。what 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。如：
What he said at the meeting was very important．
他在会上所说的非常重要。 （what在主语从句中作宾语）
What surprised us is that he did it alone．
使我们吃惊的是他一个人做了那项工作。（what在主语从句中作主语）
That he did it alone surprised us．
他独自完成了那项工作使我们感到吃惊。（that用来引导主语从句，在句中不作成分）
二、引导宾语从句
that与what都可引导宾语从句，that在从句中不作句子成分， 一般情况下可以省略 但当有两个以上的宾语从句时，只能省掉第一个 that。 what 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。如：
They stopped to see what was happening．
他们停下来看发生了什么事情。（what在宾语从句中作主语）
The teacher got angry because of what the boy had done．
那个男孩子做的事情让老师很生气。（what在宾语从句中作宾语）
All the people believed that it was right to rescue the temple．
所有的人都认为拯救古庙是正确的。（that在宾语从句中不作句子成分且可省略）
We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when we discover what this something is we must work hard at it until we succeed．
我们必须相信，我们每一个人都能把某件事情办好；而且，当我们发现这事情是什么的时候，我们就必须努力干下去，
直到成功为止。（第一个that可省略，第二个that不能省略）
三、引导表语从句
that与what都可引导表语从句，that在从句中不作句子成分，且不能省略；what 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。如：
Mary is no longer what she used to be．
玛丽不再是从前那样了。（what在表语从句中作表语）
The question is what we should do to prevent him from going．
问题是我们怎样做才能阻止他去。（what在表语从句中作动词do的宾语）
The reason why he didn’t come today is that his mother is ill．
他今天没来的原因是他母亲病了。（that只起连接作用）
四、引导同位语从句
that与what都可引导同位语从句，修饰表示抽象概念的名词，对所修饰的名词的具体内容进行详细阐述。
这类名词有：fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion, proposal等。
that在从句中不作句子成分，但不能省略。what 在从句中可作主语、宾

语、表语等，不能省略。如：
I have no idea what we should do next．
我不知道我们下一步该做什么。（what在同位语从句中作宾语）
He made a promise that he would study hard．
他许诺要努力学习。
that只起连接作用　
The boy expressed his hope that he would be a pilot when he grows up．
那个男孩儿表达了他长大后想当一名飞行员的愿望。（that只起连接作用）
五、引导定语从句
that可引导定语从句且在定语从句中作主语或宾语，that既可指人也可指物。that在从句中作宾语时可省略。如：
This is one of the buildings that were built last year．
这是去年建的楼房之一。（that在定语从句中作主语，指物，不能省略。）
The doctor that you met in the street yesterday came here 20 years ago．
你昨天在街上遇到的那位医生二十年前就来到这里了。that 在从句中作宾语，指人并可省略。
注：what不能引导定语从句。如不能说：
1．He did all what he could to save the patient．
2．All what he needs is more time．
应将句中的what改为that，或去掉what， 还可以将以上两句中的all去掉，但两句的结构发生了根本的改变：
句1中的what引导宾语从句，句2中的what引导主语从句。
六、引导状语从句
so．．．that such．．．that so that结构引导状语从句。what不能引导状语从句，但whatever， no matter what可引导让步状语从句。如：
He made such rapid progress in English that before long he could write articles for an American newspaper．
他的英语进步很快，不久就能为美国的一家报社写文章了。
Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t burn them．
请把幼苗放在阴凉处以免太阳晒枯它们。
Don’t believe him no matter what he says．
无论他说什么，都不要相信他。

that与what从句用法浅谈(二)


七、高考英语试题例：
1、______ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
2、In some countries ______ is called "equality" does not really
mean equal rights for all people.
A. which B. what C. that D. one
3、Chen Jiagen was born in a family in ______is now the special economic zone of China.
A. what B. where C. that D. which
4、Water will continue to be _______ it is today ------- next in importance to oxygen.
A. how B. which　C. as D. what
(根据全句的意思“水在将来还是现在的状况--其重要性仅次于氧气。”判断，空格处缺少一个表语从句引导词，并且这个引导的意思是“……的状况”。) (正确答案是:1.A B 2 3.B 4. D )
很显然，这几题是为了考查学生是否掌握了what

和that的实际含义及引导名词性从句时的用法差异而设定。那what 和that在引导名词性从句时究竟有怎样的差别呢？
（一）、当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句（不可引导同位语从句）；它本身在句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
1、 what表示“所以……的（事）”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that…”、“all that…”、“that which…”、“everything that…”等。例如：
（1） Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do.(what引导宾语从句，并作do的宾语。)
（2） What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。)
（3） What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。)
（4） What is most important in life isn’t money. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。)
（5） But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure. (what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。)
（6） What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。)
2、 what 表示“所……的（人）”的意思，相当于“the person that…”等。例如：
（1） He is not what he used to be. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)
（2） She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)

（二）、当that用作连接词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，that 在从句中既不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不可省略（宾语从句除外）。若从句置于句子后面，代词it作形式主语。例如：
（1） It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引导主语从句)。
（2） It is a fact that Chinese is accepted as an international language. (that引导主语从句)
（3） Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people?( that引导宾语从句)
（4） Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it themselves.( that引导宾语从句)
（5） We heard the news that our team had won.. (that引导同位语从句)
（6） Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引导表语从句)
（7） But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引导表语从句)