金融学保险产品中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文翻译
原文：
Regression Analysis on Invisible Demand of Insurance
Products
Abstract:In the context of in-depth study on invisible demand, this paper describes different results of domestic and foreign scholars in invisible demand in views of the relevant researches. From three perspectives this paper qualitatively analyzes the difference between insurance products and tangible products, highlighting the intangible nature of insurance products. Through the correlation analysis and regression analysis on insurance products and income, consumption, we found that rising income leads to the constant consumption of insurance products, namely a certain income reaches to avoid risks stronger. So it is an important task to develop new insurance products to meet the continuous needs of the people based on invisible demand.
Keywords: insurance products; invisible demand; regression analysis; correlation analysis
1 Introduction
Many insurance companies realize that customer often fail to express their demands clearly. The invisible demand research of Chinese scholars were scattered in different areas of research and documentation, and the paper gradually has formed a relatively area of study and research context in current. Wang Baoxin (2003) believed that there is a large number of the invisible demand for the customer except the profiling demand. Especially the invisible demand of the custom is more potential, so it has ability to pay and impulsivity shopping belongs to invisible demand or semi-invisible demand. Luo Yongtai (2006) put forward the product based on the depth of the development, which will help enterprises take full advantage of consumer invisible resources demand.
The variation and evolution of the invisible demand research of foreign scholars is understanding earlier, Keith Goffin Fred Lemke (2005) believed that sometimes customers do not comprehend what their demands, that is, consumers or users only have not directly cognizant for their demands. Because these requirements are the awareness level, users can not clearly express these demands. Adrian Slywotzky, Richard Wise, Karl Weber (2005) proposed the origin of innovation was grasping the invisible demand of customer. Enterprises must understand the existing product and service related field which customers spend more time and money, and “demand innovation” create s new profits.
From the above Literatures, we can see that there are many scholars to research on the invisible demand based on not quantitative analysis of combined data but the theoretical analysis mostly. Therefore, this article aims to use combination methods of qualitative and quantitative to of study invisible demand for insurance products.
2 The Difference Comparison on Insurance Products and Tangible Products
2.1 Greater flexibility in product quality
Tangible products can be mass-produced by the labor. The different production materials, different production process, different production technologies level can lead to differences in product quality. After all, there is a measure standard for tangible products. The same kinds of product can also be used to compared and identified. Whether the insurance product is a good or not can be difficult to measure by its service quality.
2.2 The ambiguity of former products consumption
People buy products before we can do a certain understanding such as debugging, touch, some manufacturers also sell a number of days to make the promise of a trial, so that the consumer product has a clearer understanding in order to help to make the final purchase decision, so that consumers have a clearer understanding for products which help people to make purchase decisions. Although people have an understanding for the insurance products before buying, the consumer can not touch it but see its appearance. Therefore, there may be lots of ambiguity before making decisions.
2.3 The synchronization process of production and consumption
Tangible products have the production, storage, transportation, sales and so on. This process has the production behavior for manufacturers, transport, storage behavior and the sale behavior for businesses, thus expanding the product contact surface and the sphere of influence. Insurance products a service process which are offered by the seller to the buyer, the production process is the consumption process. The synchronization of the two limits the sphere insurance products. The scale and geographical scope of the insurance products have limitations in the competition.
In the purchase of tangible products, the ownership has transferred. After the purchase, consumers can transfer the product to others and if consumers are not satisfied with the event and can also be changed back. The transfer of ownership rights does not occur in the purchase of insurance products in and the transfer rights will no longer go out. It will be difficult to change if the consumer is not satisfied with the products.
3 The Quantitative Analysis of Invisible Demand of Insurance Products
With the level of personal incomes rising, people’s consumption is also rising. In the past, people only focused on the food issue and clothing well-being, and now constant pursuit the spiritual demand, then which led the development of related services. The insurance industry is a kind of essential demand and the demand is also constant to increase. It is different from ordinary products, after the payment you buy a stable psychological and a kind of risk.
3.1 Data selection
We mainly research the invisible demand of insurance products in this paper. Because the invisible demand is difficult to measure in practice and profiling demand is shift from invisible demand, we selected profiling demand to replace invisible demand. In this paper, we select the retail price index (RETAIL), per capita disposable income (INCOME) as the consumption and income level of people and select premium income (BAOFEI) as the insurance consumption for consumers. These three indicators are based 1978 = 100
as the base period index. According to the National Bureau of Statistics website, we get the data interval time which is 1985, 1990, from 1993 to 2007. The data are as follows:
3.2 Correlation analysis
Using EViews3.1 software according to the data in Table 1, we process the correlation analysis for the level of premiums respectively, consumption and income (INCOME). The results are as follows:
From Table 2 we find that the relevant degree of the premium income and per capita disposable income is 0.9864, while the related level of the consumption level and per capita disposable income is 0.5858; this shows that with the income levels rising, people tend to keep consumption of insurance products, while consumption of other products do not increase greatly. This is mainly because the income higher, the risk awareness stronger and the insurance products consume more.
3.3 Regression analysis
Premium income as the interpreted variable, personal income levels, the retail price index as explanatory variables for regression, the regression results are as follows:
Table3. The regression model of premium level
Dependent Variable: BAOFEI
Method: Least Squares
Date: 06/17/09 Time: 10:48
Sample(adjusted): 1991 2007
Included observations: 17 after adjusting endpoints
Variable Coefficie Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
INCOME 108.8407 2.223533 48.94943 0.0000
RETAIL -44.73793 5.418658 -8.256276 0.0000
R-squared 0.995402 Mean dependent var 17196.8
4
Adjusted R-squared 0.994745 S.D. dependent var 16734.4
4
S.E. of regression 1213.076 Akaike info criterion 17.1984
9
Sum squared resid 20601735 Schwarz criterion 17.3455
3
Log likelihood -143.1872 F-statistic 1515.42
8
Durbin-Watson stat 1.423726 Prob(F-statistic) 0.00000
Table4. Autocorrelation test
F-statistic 3.995125 Probability 0.056793
Obs*R-squared 6.795025 Probability 0.078456
Table5. White test
F-statistic 0.202972 Probability 0.931873
Obs*R-squared 1.077287 Probability 0.897859
According to the P value from Table 3, we can see that the estimated values of coefficients of explanatory variables are significantly non-zero (95% confidence level). By the adjusting goodness-of-fit 2
R is 0.99 which shows that premium indicators have been to explain the extent of 99%. The result is relatively excellent. From Table 4 and Table 5, P value is shown in the conditions of 95 percents confidence level, the model has not heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. So we draw with the regression relationship of premium, income and the consumption level. The formula is as follows:
-
108-
=RETAIL
.
BAOFEI
INCOME
.
11957
34
74
.
44
84
（1）
From the formula (1) we can see that the level of personal income increases one unit, the premium level increases 108.84 units, which fully reflects when people reach a certain income level, people dislike risk. The more risk-averse insured, he hopes to pay higher insurance premiums. We purchase the insurance to avoid unnecessary risks and increase the security sense.
The relation is negative between the consumption level and insurance products. The consumer price index increases one unit, the premium level decreases 44.74 units, which shows that in some cases revenue, increasing consumption of insurance is bound to reduce consumption of other products. The above model studied the consumption of insurance products needs through profiling demand, but profiling demand is conversed by invisible demand, which means profiling consume greater, the invisible demand of insurance products consume greater.
It should be noted that our model is built on the small samples. Because of limited data, the model does not fully reflect the reality. The invisible demand of insurance products is difficult to directly quantify, so the model needs further improvement.
4 The Depth Development of Insurance Products Based on the Invisible Demand
4.1 The innovation mechanism of making invisible demand into the product
In the process of invisible demand transforming to profile demand, we can use the function of product to subdivide different demands for customs and develop a series of product features. The ultimate goal of insurance product development is to meet the demand of customer. It is clear that multi-functional products meet the diverse demands is beneficial for both producer and consumer. We must consider a variety of invisible demand elements, select features to meet different individual demand, and translate them into new products. When the product innovation meets customer demand for the time being, with the popularity of such products and enhancements of product functionality of customer awareness, customers have recreated a new invisible requirement, which prompts a new round of insurance product development of production enterprises.
4.2 The new product development based on the demand selection
Most of invisible demand has not been exploited for service, so carrying out this property will make customers surprised extremely. But new products exploitation is also difficulty and there are potential risks of new products exploitation. Therefore, the insurance companies must also take fully into the risk of selection of insurance product development. In the new product development process, we do not only pay attention to customer changing demands, but also to the characteristics of rival products, and adjust the development strategy at any time on the above characteristics.
References
[1]Wang Baoxin, Consumer demand identify and marketing strategic choice [J], Market Weekly, 2003, 12,
P32-33(Ch).
[2]Luo Yongtai, The definition of invisible demand and the demand analysis [J], Nankai Business Review, 2006, 3,
P6(Ch).
[3]Sun Ping, Initial Theory of Intangible products market [J], China Industrial Economy, 1999, 12(Ch).
[4]Pu Guohua, The advent of the knowledge should pay attention to the invisible products statistics [J], Statistical
Research, 1999, 1(Ch).
[5]Zhang Xiaotong. Basis of econometric [M]. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2005.
译文：
回归分析在无形的保险产品的需求
摘要:在无形的需求的背景下,深入研究,阐述了不同的结果国内和外国学者的隐形需求相关研究的观点。本文从三个角度定性分析了不同保险产品和有形产品,显示出无形的保险产品的性质。通过相关分析和回归分析对保险产品和收入,消费,我们发现收入导致保险产品的不断消耗,即某一收入达到避免风险更强。所以它是一项重要的任务来开发新的保险产品,以满足人民不断需要基于无形的需求。
关键词:保险产品,无形的需求;回归分析;相关分析
1引言
很多保险公司意识到,客户常常无法清楚地表达他们的要求。无形的需求研究的中国学者都分散在不同的研究领域和文档,并逐渐形成了一个相对的研究领域和研究在当前上下文。王宝新(2003)认为,有大量客户的无形需求除了分析需求。特别是无形的需求自定义更多的潜力,所以它有支付能力和冲动性购物属于无形的需求或无形需求。罗永泰(2006)提出了基于产品的深度开发,这将帮助企业充分利用消费者的无形的资源需求。
看不见的需求的变异和演化研究外国学者的理解之前,基思戈氏弗雷德Lemke(2005)认为,有时客户不理解他们的要求,也就是说,消费者或用户唯一没有直接认识到他们的要求。因为这些要求是意识层面,用户可以没有明确地表达这些需求。阿德里安·斯莱沃斯基,Richard明智,卡尔·韦伯(2005)提出创新是把握的起源看不见的客户的需求。企业必须明白现有产品和服务相关领域客户花更多的时间和金钱,而“需求创新”带来了新的利润。
从上面的文献中,我们可以看到,有许多学者研究无形的需求而不是定量分析的基础上结合数据但主要理论分析。因此,本文旨在使用结合定性和定量的研究方法看不见对保险产品的需求。
2 对保险产品和有形产品的区别比较
2.1 产品质量的更大的灵活性
劳动有形产品可以批量生产。不同的生产材料,不同的必须过程,不同的生产技术水平会导致产品质量的差异。毕竟,有一个衡量标准为有形产品。相同种类的产品也可以用来比较和识别。是否保险产品是一个很好的很难衡量服务质量。
2.2 前产品消费的歧义
人们购买产品之前我们可以做某种不理解调试等接触,一些制造业也出售一些天庭审的承诺,以便消费者产品有更清晰的理解,以帮助做出最终购买决定,这样消费者有更清晰的了解产品,帮助人们做出购买决定。尽管人们了解保险产品在购买之前,消费者不能碰它,但看到它的外观。因此,做决定之前可能会有大量的歧义。
2.3同步过程的生产和消费
有形产品的生产、储存、运输、销售等。这个过程对制造商生产行为,运输、储存和销售行为对企业的行为,因而扩大产品接触表面和势力范围。保险产品服务过程由卖方提供给买方的生产过程是消费的过程。同步的两个极限范围保险产品。保险产品的规模和地理范围有限制竞争。
在有形产品的购买,所有权转移。购买后,消费者可以将产品转移到他人,如果消费者不满意的事件,也可以改变。所有权的转移并不发生在保险产品的购买和转让权利将不再出去。它将很难改变,如果消费者不满意的产品。
3看不见的保险产品的需求的定量分析
随着个人收入水平上升,人们的消费也在不断上升。在过去,人们只有在食品问题上fo-cused和服装幸福,现在不断追求精神上的需求,然后导致相关服务的发展。保险行业是一种必要的需求和需求也不断增加。它不同于普通的产品,付款之后,你买一个稳定的心理和一种风险。
3.1数据选择
我们主要研究有关产品的无形的需求。因为看不见的de-mand是在实践中难以衡量和分析需求从无形的需求,我们选择pro-filing需求取代无形的需求。在本文中,我们选择零售价格指数(零售),人均可支配收入(收入),人们的消费和收入水平并选择保费收入(BAOFEI)保险消费者的消费。这三个指标是基于1978 = 100作为基期指数。据国家统计局Statis-tics网站,我们得到的数据间隔时间是1985年,1990年,从1993年到2007年。数据如下:
表1从1985年到2007年的数据指标
从表2中我们发现,相关程度的保费收入和人均可支配收入是0.9864,而相关的消费水平和人均可支配收入是0.5858,这表明随着收入水平上升,保险产品的人们倾向于保持消费,而消费的其他产品,不大大增加。这主要是因为收入高,风险意识强,保险产品消费更多。
3.3回归分析
保费收入作为解释变量、个人收入水平、零售价格指数作为解释变量回归,回归结果如下:
表三溢价水平的回归模型
Dependent Variable: BAOFEI
Method: Least Squares
Date: 06/17/09 Time: 10:48
Sample(adjusted): 1991 2007
Included observations: 17 after adjusting endpoints
Variable Coefficien
Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
t
INCOME 108.8407 2.223533 48.94943 0.0000
RETAIL -44.73793 5.418658 -8.256276 0.0000
C -11957.34 1484.072 -8.057115 0.0000
R-squared 0.995402 Mean dependent var 17196.8
4
Adjusted R-squared 0.994745 S.D. dependent var 16734.4
4
S.E. of regression 1213.076 Akaike info criterion 17.1984
9
Sum squared resid 20601735 Schwarz criterion 17.3455
3
Log likelihood -143.1872 F-statistic 1515.42
8
Durbin-Watson stat 1.423726 Prob(F-statistic) 0.00000
Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test:
F-statistic 3.995125 Probability 0.056793
White Heteroskedasticity Test:
F-statistic 0.202972 Probability 0.931873
（1）从公式(1)我们可以看到,个人收入水平的增加一个单位,溢价水平增加108.84个单位,这充分反映出当人们达到一定的收入水平,人们不喜欢风险。规避风险的保险越多,他希望有关单据支付更高的保险费。我们购买保险,以避免不必要的风险,提高安全意识。
消费水平之间的关系是负和保险产品。消费者价格指数增加一个单位,溢价水平降低44.74个单位,这表明,在某些情况下收入,保险消费的增加必然会减少其它产品的消费。上述模型研究了保险产品的消费需要通过分析需求,但需求分析是交谈通过无形的需求,这意味着分析消耗更大,保险产品消费的无形的需求更大。
应该指出的是,我们的模型是建立在小样本。由于有限的数据,模型并不完全反映现实。保险产品的无形的需求难以直接量化,因此,模型需要进一步改进。
4 保险产品的深度开发基于无形的需求
4.1使无形的需求到产品的创新机制
配方的过程中无形的需求转换概要文件的需求,我们可以使用产品细分不同的功能要求海关和开发一系列的产品特性。保险产品开发的最终目标是满足客户的需求。很明显,多功能产品满足不同要求生产者和消费者都是有益的。我们必须考虑各种无形的需求元素,选择特性来满足不同个体的需求,并将其转化为新产品。当产品科技创新满足客
户的需求,随着这类产品的普及和增强产品功能的客户意识,客户已经重新创建一个新的无形的需求,促使新一轮的保险产品开发生产企业.
4.2新产品开发基于选择的需求
最无形的需求还没有被利用的服务,所以这个属性会让顾客感到惊讶非常。但新产品开发也是困难和有潜在风险的新产品开发。因此,保险公司必须考虑完全选择保险产品开发的风险。在新产品开发过程中,我们不仅注重客户不断变化的需求,而且竞争对手产品的特点,随时调整发展战略的特点。
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计算机专业毕业设计说明书外文翻译(中英对照)
Talking about security loopholes Richard S. Kraus reference to the core network security business objective is to protect the sustainability of the system and data security, This two of the main threats come from the worm outbreaks, hacking attacks, denial of service attacks, Trojan horse. Worms, hacker attacks problems and loopholes closely linked to, if there is major security loopholes have emerged, the entire Internet will be faced with a major challenge. While traditional Trojan and little security loopholes, but recently many Trojan are clever use of the IE loophole let you browse the website at unknowingly were on the move. Security loopholes in the definition of a lot, I have here is a popular saying: can be used to stem the "thought" can not do, and are safety-related deficiencies. This shortcoming can be a matter of design, code realization of the problem. Different perspective of security loo phole s In the classification of a specific procedure is safe from the many loopholes in classification. 1. Classification from the user groups: ● Public loopholes in the software category. If the loopholes in Windows, IE loophole, and so on. ● specialized software loophole. If Oracle loopholes, Apach e,
金融学专业外文翻译---对简便银行的简单见解
中文3696字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 出处：Infosys Strategic Vision 原文： Insights from Banking Simple By Ashok Vemuri Introduction “A simpler way of banking.We treat with you respect. No extraneous features. No hidden fees.” For the unini tiated, this is the mantra of BankSimple, a Brooklyn-based startup which has positioned itself as a consumer-friendly alternative to traditional banks. BankSimple pushes a message of user experience—sophisticated personal finance analytics, a single “do-it-all” card, superior customer service, and no overdraft fees.Though branchless and primarily online-based, BankSimple is also planning to provide some traditional customer service touches, including phone support and mail-in deposits. Interestingly, BankSimple will also likely not be a bank—at least not in the technical, FDIC sense of the word. Rather, BankSimple’s strategy is to be a front-end focused on the customer experience. The back-end core “bank” component will be FDIC-insured partner banks. Unfettered by years of IT investments and entrenched applications, BankSimple’s team has the freedom to build an innovative, user-friendly online interface, customer service program, and the associated mobile and social bells and whistles that more and more consumers are demanding. One way to look at it is as a wrapper insulating the consumer from the accounting, compliance, and technology challenges that many banks face. Like personal finance sites https://www.360docs.net/doc/f09799731.html, and Wesabe before it, BankSimple is looking to tap into a perceived gap between what major banks provide and what consumers want. A recent survey by ForeSee Results and Forbes found that consumers view online banking as more satisfying than banking done offline. Though good news for the industry as a whole, the survey also found that the five largest banks in the country scored the lowest in the study. Cheaper and more customer friendly, digital banking is the future—but many consumers are finding it is better done with credit unions, community banks, and (down-the-road) startups like BankSimple. As you read, significant investments are being made by banks to improve their online, mobile, and IVR customer-friendliness. Major banks are embracing these channels, and customer satisfaction will likely improve over time. Even so, startups like Bank- Simple should be viewed as a learning opportunity. Their ideas are disruptive and often highlight pain points that need to be addressed. BankSimple’s first two stated philosophies are a good place to start: “A simpler way of banking” and “We treat you with respect.”
中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术
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零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗 外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：建筑工程学院 专业：建筑环境与设备工程 姓名： ***** 学号： ******** 外文出处： Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
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计算机专业外文文献翻译6
外文文献翻译（译成中文2000字左右）： As research laboratories become more automated,new problems are arising for laboratory managers.Rarely does a laboratory purchase all of its automation from a single equipment vendor. As a result,managers are forced to spend money training their users on numerous different software packages while purchasing support contracts for each. This suggests a problem of scalability. In the ideal world,managers could use the same software package to control systems of any size; from single instruments such as pipettors or readers to large robotic systems with up to hundreds of instruments. If such a software package existed, managers would only have to train users on one platform and would be able to source software support from a single vendor. If automation software is written to be scalable, it must also be flexible. Having a platform that can control systems of any size is far less valuable if the end user cannot control every device type they need to use. Similarly, if the software cannot connect to the customer’s Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database,it is of limited usefulness. The ideal automation software platform must therefore have an open architecture to provide such connectivity. Two strong reasons to automate a laboratory are increased throughput and improved robustness. It does not make sense to purchase high-speed automation if the controlling software does not maximize throughput of the system. The ideal automation software, therefore, would make use of redundant devices in the system to increase throughput. For example, let us assume that a plate-reading step is the slowest task in a given method. It would make that if the system operator connected another identical reader into the system, the controller software should be able to use both readers, cutting the total throughput time of the reading step in half. While resource pooling provides a clear throughput advantage, it can also be used to make the system more robust. For example, if one of the two readers were to experience some sort of error, the controlling software should be smart enough to route all samples to the working reader without taking the entire system offline. Now that one embodiment of an ideal automation control platform has been described let us see how the use of C++ helps achieving this ideal possible. DISCUSSION C++: An Object-Oriented Language Developed in 1983 by BjarneStroustrup of Bell Labs,C++ helped propel the concept of object-oriented programming into the mainstream.The term ‘‘object-oriented programming language’’ is a familiar phrase that has been in use for decades. But what does it mean? And why is it relevant for automation software? Essentially, a language that is object-oriented provides three important programming mechanisms:
金融学专业外文翻译(中英对照、翻译专业修改好了的)
论文题目：关于巴塞尔II：新巴塞尔资本协议的影响 学院名称：财经学院专业班级：金融0814班学生姓名：王庆贺 外文题目：Dealing with Basel II: the impact of the New Basel Capital Accord 出处：Balance Sheet,2003,Vol.11(No.4) 作者：Thomas Garside and Jens Bech 译文： 关于巴塞尔II：新巴塞尔资本协议的影响 托马斯·加赛德和杰尼斯·伯克 摘要：国际监管机构在2003年完成新资本协议，银行决定在2006年底执行这个协议。巴塞尔协议是对全球银行业改革的监管。在本文中，我们回顾新巴塞尔资本协议内容以及一些我们所期望对欧洲银行业发生的重要影响。正如在第一届巴塞尔协议修正案（Basel I）中，我们得出结论，新巴塞尔协议不仅对持有资本额的数量做了规定，还对银行业的战略格局进行展望。 关键词：银行，流动性，监管，风险管理 新巴塞尔资本协议的新规则 巴塞尔委员会虽然只是公布了三分之一，但这很可能是协商的最后新资本协议（Basel II）文件。这项建议如获通过，将会深刻地改变银行的偿付能力的方式，监管机构监管银行风险管理实施过程和银行必须对市场参与者公布的风险信息量，经过讨论会，巴塞尔委员会预计将在2003年底发布的新资本协议的最后草案。 目前的巴塞尔资本协议（Basel I）对达到加强国际金融体系的稳定的既定目标已经有了显著成效，通过在不同国家持续应用本协议的同时，增加了资本水平，创造了一个更公平的竞争领域。总的来说，目前的全球一级资本的平均水平从1993年的约6%升至8%，此外，巴塞尔资本协议已经应用于100多个国家，远远超过最初的预期。 尽管实现其最初目标的成效很明显，很显然，对于巴塞尔我有一些意想不到的不
机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献车床.doc
Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up
市场营销_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_顾客满意策略与顾客满意
顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 原文来源：《Marketing Customer Satisfaction 》自20世纪八十年代末以来, 顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额, 获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝随着时代的变迁, 社会物质财富的极大充裕, 顾客中的主体———消费者的需求也先后跨越了物质缺乏的时代、追求数量的时代、追求品质的时代, 到了20世纪八十年代末进入了情感消费时代。在我国, 随着经济的高速发展,我们也已迅速跨越了物质缺乏时代、追求数量的时代乃至追求品质的时代, 到今天也逐步迈进情感消费时代。在情感消费时代, 各企业的同类产品早已达到同时、同质、同能、同价, 消费者追求的已不再是质量、功能和价格, 而是舒适、便利、安全、安心、速度、跃动、环保、清洁、愉快、有趣等,消费者日益关注的是产品能否为自己的生活带来活力、充实、舒适、美感和精神文化品位, 以及超越消费者期望值的售前、售中、售后服务和咨询。也就是说, 今天人们所追求的是具有“心的满足感和充实感”的商品, 是高附加值的商品和服务,追求价值观和意识多元化、个性化和无形的满足感的时代已经来临。 与消费者价值追求变化相适应的企业间的竞争, 也由产品竞争、价格竞争、技术竞争、广告竞争、品牌竞争发展到现今的形象竞争、信誉竞争、文化竞争和服务竞争, 即顾客满意竞争。这种竞争是企业在广角度、宽领域的时空范围内展开的高层次、体现综合实力的竞争。它包括组织创新力、技术创新力、管理创新力、产业预见力、产品研发力、员工向心力、服务顾客力、顾客亲和力、同行认同力、社会贡献力、公关传播沟通力、企业文化推动力、环境适应力等等。这些综合形象力和如何合成综合持久的竞争力, 这就是CSft略所要解决的问题。CS寸代,企业不再以“自己为中心”,而是以“顾客为中心”；“顾客为尊”、“顾客满意”不再是流于形式的口号, 而是以实实在在的行动为基础的企业经营的一门新哲学。企业不再以质量达标, 自己满意为经营理念, 而是以顾客满意, 赢得顾客高忠诚度为经营理念。企业经营策略的焦点不再以争取或保持市场占有率为主, 而是以争取顾客满意为经营理念。因此, 营销策略的重心不再放在竞争对手身上而是放在顾客身上, 放在顾客现实的、潜在的需求上。当企业提供的产品和服务达到了顾客事先的期望值, 顾客就基本满意；如果远远超越顾客的期望值, 且远远高于其他同行, 顾客才真正满意；如果企业能不断地或长久地令顾客满意, 顾客就会忠诚。忠诚的顾客不仅会经常性地重复购买, 还会购买企业其它相关的产品或服务；忠诚的顾客不仅会积极向别人推荐他所买的产品, 而且对企业竞争者的促销活动具有免疫能力一个不满意的顾客会将不满意告诉16-20个人, 而每一个被告知者会再传播给12-15个人。这样, 一个不满意者会影响到二、三百人。在互联网普及的今天, 其影响则更大。据美国汽车业的调查, 一个满意者会引发8笔潜在的生意, 其中至少有一笔会成交。而另一项调查表明, 企业每增加5%的忠诚顾客, 利润就会增长25%-95%。一个企业的80%的利润来自20%的忠诚顾客；而获取一个新顾客的成本是维持一个老顾客成本的6倍。所以,美国著名学者唐?佩 珀斯指出: 决定一个企业成功与否的关键不是市场份额, 而是在于顾客份额。 于是, 企业纷纷通过广泛细致的市场调研、与消费者直接接触、顾客信息反馈等方式来了解顾客在各方面的现实需求和潜在需求。依靠对企业满意忠诚的销售、服务人员, 定期、定量地对顾客满意度进行综合测定, 以便准确地把握企业经营中与“顾客满意” 目标的差距及其重点领域, 从而进一步改善企业的经营活动。依靠高亲和力的企业文化、高效率的人文管理和全员共同努力, 不断地向顾客提供高附加值的产品, 高水准的亲情般的服
外文翻译--浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗
中文2300字 Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm Summary: The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method. Keyword: Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consume Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm The energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development. In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy. The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order. The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation, region is warm, well ventilated, the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique .The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and
计算机专业外文翻译
专业外文翻译 题目JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties 系（院）计算机系 专业计算机科学与技术 班级 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 职称讲师 二〇一三年五月十六日
JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties The JSP (Java Server Pages) technology is used by the Sun micro-system issued by the company to develop dynamic Web application technology. With its easy, cross-platform, in many dynamic Web application programming languages, in a short span of a few years, has formed a complete set of standards, and widely used in electronic commerce, etc. In China, the JSP now also got more extensive attention; get a good development, more and more dynamic website to JSP technology. The related technologies of JSP are briefly introduced. The JSP a simple technology can quickly and with the method of generating Web pages. Use the JSP technology Web page can be easily display dynamic content. The JSP technology are designed to make the construction based on Web applications easier and efficient, and these applications and various Web server, application server, the browser and development tools work together. The JSP technology isn't the only dynamic web technology, also not the first one, in the JSP technology existed before the emergence of several excellent dynamic web technologies, such as CGI, ASP, etc. With the introduction of these technologies under dynamic web technology, the development and the JSP. Technical JSP the development background and development history In web brief history, from a world wide web that most of the network information static on stock transactions evolution to acquisition of an operation and infrastructure. In a variety of applications, may be used for based on Web client, look no restrictions. Based on the browser client applications than traditional based on client/server applications has several advantages. These benefits include almost no limit client access and extremely simplified application deployment and management (to update an application, management personnel only need to change the program on a server, not thousands of installation in client applications). So, the software industry is rapidly to build on the client browser multilayer application. The rapid growth of exquisite based Web application requirements development of