英语专业四级语法重点解析
英语专业四级语法重点、难点：定语从句
1.Above the trees are the hills, ________ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the su**ce. (2003)
A. where
B. of whose
C. whose
D. which
（C，关系代词在从句中做定语。“树的上面是山，它的倒影忠实地映照在河面上。”）
2.Only take such clothes _______ really necessary. (1994)
A. as were
B. as they are
C. as they were
D. as are
（D，as引导定语从句，先行词是clothes，as在从句中作主语，所以BC不对，因为they 是多余的；A的时态与主句不搭配。）
3.______ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. (1994)
A. That
B. It
C. This
D. As （D，as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，表达整个主句的意思。“正如一种新的观念产生时一样，人们总是做许多准备活动和积极的讨论，却拿不出具体的建议。”）
4.This company has now introduced a policy _____ pay rises are related to performance at work. (1996)
A. which
B. where
C. whether
D. what （B，“公司现在提出了一项新政策，依照新政策，工资增长与工作业绩挂钩。”）
5. The Physicist has made a discovery, _______ of great importance to the progress of science and technology.(1997)
A. I think which is
B. that I think is
C. which I think is
D. which I think it is
（C，I think是插入语，which在从句中就是主语，D中it是多余的。）
6.I have never been to London, but that is the city ______. (1997)
A. where I like to visit most
B. I’d most like to visit
C. which I like to visit mostly
D. where I’d like most to visit
（B, 首先排除A，因为the city在从句中作宾语，不能用where引导；C中mostly表示“通常，大部分”，意思不通顺；表示“最想”，用most like,不是like most, most是much的最高级，much一般不修饰不定式，多用于修饰分词。He was much pleased.）
7.She remembered several occasions in the past ___ she had experienced a similar feeling. (1998)
A. which
B. before
C. that
D. when （D，从句有自己的主语和宾语，因此不选AC，when引导定语从句在句中作时间状语。B 项不合语法，因为主句的时态是一般过去时，从句却是过去完成时。）
8.I’ve never been to Lhasa, but that’s the city ______. (1999)
A. I’d most like to visit
B. which I like to visit mostly
C. where I like to visit
D. I’d like much to visit
（A，同6。）
9. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff ______ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced. (2000)
A. whose
B. as
C. what
D. that （D，that在从句中作主语。使用电脑操作的工厂已经发现可以大大减少质检员工的数量。）
10.We’ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, ______ should make great differences in our life next summer. (2002)
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. they （A，指代前面的整个句子。）
11. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ______ is something we had not expected. (2003)
A. which
B. it
C. that
D. what （A，同上。“他们克服一切困难，提前两个月完成了工程，这是我们没有料到的事。”）
英语专业四级语法要点：倒装
1.So badly _____ in the car accident that he had to stay in hospital for a few months. (1994)
A. did he injure
B. injured him
C. was he injured
D. he was injured
(C，倒装，将助动词提到主语前，被动。)
2. He is not under arrest, ______ any restriction on him. (1995)
A. or the police have placed
B. or have the police placed
C. nor the police have placed
D. nor have the police placed (D，AB中的or表示“否则”，与题意不符；nor放在句首要倒装。)
3. ___ both sides accept the agreement ___ a lasting peace be established in this region. (2004)
A. Only if, will
B. If only, would
C. Should, will
D. Unless, would
(A，only if表示“只有。。。才”，放在句首，句子要倒装；“只有双方都接受和约，永久的和平才有可能建立起来”。if only表示“要是。。。多好”)
英语专业四级语法要点：反意疑问句
1. A hibernating animal needs hardly any food all through the winter, _____? (1992)
A. need it
B. needn’t it
C. does it
D. doesn’t it
（C，need是实义动词不是情态动词，hardly是否定副词，因此前面的分句是否定句。）
2.You and I could hardly understand, ______? (1995)
A. could I
B. couldn’t you
C. couldn’t we
D. could we
（D，hardly的解释同上。）
3. When you have finished with that video tape, don’t forget to put it in my drawer, ___? (1997)
A. do you
B. will you
C. don’t you
D. won’t you
（B，前面句子是第二人称祈使句时，后面要用will (would) you或won’t you; 本题中，前面的句子是否定句，因此后面用肯定的。）
4.Do help yourself to some fruit, _____ you? (2000)
A. can’t
B. don’t
C. wouldn’t
D. won’t
（D，同上。）
5.She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, _____? (2003)
A. hadn’t she
B. hasn’t she
C. wouldn’t she
D. didn’t she
（C，反意疑问句的谓语动词与主句一致。“她如果稍微改变一下就会更受欢迎，对吗？”）
转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：https://www.360docs.net/doc/f717460454.html,/cn/Html/TEM/Test4/89584.html
not + 比较级+ than, no + 比较级+ than
1. John is _______ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam. (1998)
A. no less
B. no more
C. not less
D. no so
(A，“约翰的用功绝不亚于他姐姐，可是这次考试他却没及格。”not less than只是比较约翰和他姐姐，没有强调约翰非常用功。)
2.Fat cannot change into muscle _______ muscle changes into fat. (1999)
A. any more than
B. no more than
C. no less than
D. much more than
(A，“脂肪不能转变为肌肉，就像肌肉不能转变为脂肪一样。”not …any more than意思是“和…同样都不…”。)
转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：https://www.360docs.net/doc/f717460454.html,/cn/Html/TEM/Test4/77546327413864.html
名词性从句
1.We can assign the task to ______ is capable and trustworthy. (1994)
A. whomever
B. who
C. whom
D. whoever
（D，介词to后面是个宾语从句，从句缺主语；whom和whomever虽然可以接宾语从句，但它们不能在从句中作主语，AC不对；whoever语义比who强烈，更贴切。)
2.The team can handle whatever _____. (1997)
A. that needs handling
B. which needs handling
C. it needs handling
D. needs to be handled
(D，whatever引导的分句作handle的宾语，又在从句中作主语，因此不需要再加任何其他主语，ABC都有多余的主语成分。)
3. After __ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personnel manager’s office. (1999)
A. that
B. there
C. what
D. it
(C，after在句中时介词还是连词？如果是连词，从句中的时态通常为完成体，所以排除连词的可能性。既然after是介词，那么后面必定是宾语从句，后面的从句缺主语，只有what 既引导宾语从句，又在宾语从句中作主语；BD都不能引导宾语从句。A虽然可以引导宾语从句，但不在从句中充当任何语法成分。)
4.Have you ever been in a situation _____ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him? (2002)
A. by which
B. that
C. in where
D. where
(B，situation后的从句是对situation作出具体的解释，因此是同位语从句。)
转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：https://www.360docs.net/doc/f717460454.html,/cn/Html/TEM/Test4/915173.html
as / though / much as
1.David Singer, my friend’s father, ______ raised and educated in New York, lived and lecture d in Africa most of his life. (1993)
A. who
B. if
C. while
D. though
(D，表示转折。答案C while只是表示同时并列的转折。如：While I understand your views, I can’t agree with you.)
2.______ he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank. (1998)
A. Much as
B. Much though
C. As much
D. Though much
(A, much as可看作是固定词组，作连词，引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然”。如Much as I should like to see you, I am afraid you could not come.)
3.Fool _____ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. (2002)
A. who
B. as
C. that
D. like
(B，有倒装，a./n. + as + 主语+ 助动词be，如：Patient as he is, he can’t bear it any longer.)
4.______ I like economics, I like sociology much better. (2003)
A. As much as
B. So much
C. How much
D. Much as
(D,much as可看作是固定词组，作连词，引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然”。如Much as I should like to see you, I am afraid you could not come.)
5. ______, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. (2005)
A. Although he is a socialist
B. Even if he is a socialist
C. Being a socialist
D. Since he is a socialist
(虽然韦尔斯先生是一个社会主义者，但他对工人阶级却没有什么同情心。表转折含义的只有A项。)
转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：https://www.360docs.net/doc/f717460454.html,/cn/Html/TEM/Test4/6128885471273.html
非限定性从句（不定式、动名词、分词）
1.____ is not a serious disadvantage in life. (2001)
A. To be not tall
B. Not to be tall
C. Being not tall
D. Not being tall
（D．AC不对是因为动词不定式和动名词的否定结构形式应为not to do, not doing；B动词不定式短语作主语通常表示特定的具体的行为，特别是表示将来的或一次性的行为，To skate on real ice is his dream. D动名词作主语表示抽象一般的概念。Skating on real ice is great fun.）
2.This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals _____ in Africa. (1996)
A. hunted
B. hunting
C. that hunted
D. are hunted
（A，完整结构应为：the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals (from being) hunted in Africa;“此举也许既能保护非洲的其他动物不被猎杀，又能使大象免受灭族之灾”）
3.Th e Clarks haven’t decided yet which hotel ______. (1998)
A. to stay
B. is to stay
C. to stay at
D. is for staying
（C，stay是不及物动词，必须接介词才能跟宾语。）
4. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid _____. (1996)
A. from being beaten
B. being beaten
C. beating
D. to be beaten
（B，avoid后接动名词做宾语。被动，因此B。“避免被对手打败”）
5. He resented _____ to wait. He expected the minister _____ him at once. (1995)
A. to be asked, to see
B. being asked, to see
C. to be asked, seeing
D. being asked, seeing
（B，resent后接动名词，expect后接不定式。）
6.I never regretted _____ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay. (1993)
A. not to accept
B. not having accepted
C. having not accepted
D. not accepting
（D, regret doing sth.表示“后悔做过某事”，事情已经发生了，常用动名词的一般形式表示动作已经发生了。）
7.He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _____ out and three men climbing down it. (1995)
A. throwing
B. being thrown
C. having thrown
D. having been thrown
（B，see可与现在分词或不定式连用，平行结构，后面用了现在分词，这里也用分词；绳梯是被扔出飞机，因此要用被动结构，排除AC；see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe,等词一般不跟分词的完成形式连用。）
8.Professor Johnson is said ____ some significant advance in his research in the past year. (1999)
A. having made
B. **
C. to have made
D. to make
（C，主语补足语的动作在谓语动词之前发生，用完成时。）
9. AIDS is said _____ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. (2002)
A. being
B. to be
C. to have been
D. having been
（C, 同上。）
10.The Minister of Finance is believed _____ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. (2004)
A. that he is thinking
B. to be thinking
C. that he is to think
D. to think
（B，“人们认为财政部长正在考虑通过征收新税来增加政府的额外税入。”B“正在考虑”）
11.The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _____ by the police each time. (1999)
A. had been captured
B. being always captured
C. only to be captured
D. unfortunately captured
（C，“这三人多次企图偷偷越过边界进入邻国，不料每次都被警察抓住。”only to表示出乎意料，通常是不愉快的结果。）
12.This missile is designed so that once ______ nothing can be done to retrieve it. (1995)
A. fired
B. being fired
C. they fire
D. having fired
（A，once连词，一旦，被动，所以A。This missile is designed so that once it is fired …）
13. ______ , he can now only watch it on TV at home. (1998)
A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match
B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match
C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match
D. Not obtained a ticket for the match
（C，分词短语的动作在主句动作之前发生，用分词的完成形式。）
14.Arriving at the bus stop, ______ waiting there. (1994)
A. a lot of people were
B. he found a lot of people
C. a lot of people
D. people were found
（B，空处的逻辑主语与arrive保持一致。）
15._____ regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first. (1994)
A. Not received
B. Since receiving
C. Having received
D. Not having received
（D，receive的主语是she，因此应是主动，A不对；receive的动作在主句谓语动词之前发生，所以要用分词的完成形式，否定应是not having done.）
16. ____ at in this way, the present economic situation doesn’t seem so gloomy. (2000)
A. Looking
B. Looked
C. Having looked
D. To look
（B,）
17.There __ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. (2000)
A. to be
B. to have been
C. being
D. be
（C．前面分句构成独立主格结构。）
18._____ no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his room. (1996)
A. There was
B. Since
C. Being
D. There being
(D．C中的现在分词短语的逻辑主语不是主句的主语。)
19.The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars _____ the most important of these. (1994)
A. have been
B. are
C. being
D. are being
(C．ABD都会使后半部分构成完整的句子，但句中用的是逗号，不能是完整句子。)
20.Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat _____ by far the biggest cereal crop. (2003)
A. is
B. been
C. be
D. being
(D，同上。“农业是这个国家的主要财源，目前小麦是谷物中产量最大的。”)
21.If not _____ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time. (2004)
A. being treated
B. treated
C. be treated
D. having been treated
(B，If (Jack is) not treated…“如果没有受到他觉得应得的尊敬，杰克的脾气就会变得很坏，并且不停地抱怨。”)
22. Time _____, the celebration will be held as scheduled. (2003)
A. permit
B. permitting
C. permitted
D. permits
(B，“时间允许的话，庆祝活动将按计划进行”。time和permit是主动关系。)
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转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：https://www.360docs.net/doc/f717460454.html,/cn/Html/TEM/Test4/510906785415.html 虚拟语气
1. _____ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (2002)
A. Had it not been
B. Hadn’t it been
C. Was it not
D. Were it not
（A，前半句是与过去事实相反的推测。If it had not been …倒装）
2. If you have really been studying English for so long, it’s about time you _____ able to write letters in English. (1999) A. should be B. were C. must be D. are （B，it’s about time that sb. did sth.)
3. _____, I’ll marry him all the same. (2004)
A. Was he rich or poor
B. Whether rich or poor
C. were he rich or poor
D. Be he rich or poor
(D＝whether he is rich or poor)
4.If your car _____ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. (98)
A. shall need
B. should need
C. would need
D. will need
(B，与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，“如果你的车在一年内有任何问题，可送到获得授权的经销商那儿去”)
5.It is imperative that students _____ their term **s on time. (2004)
A. hand in
B. would hand in
C. have to hand in
D. handed in
(A，学生必须按时上交他们的学期论文。)
6.If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than
I can. (2005)
A. would be
B. will have been
C. was
D. were
(A，if从句是对现在情况的假设。)
英语专业四级语法词汇练习题
英语专业四级语法词汇练习题（6） 所属：专四专八阅读：1021 次评论：7 条[我要评论] [+我要收藏] 有关否定 1)双重否定最常见的形式有： no(not)...but...没有……不…… no(not)...without...没有……不，除……不 no(not)...unless没有……就不…… not...until直到……才…… 例如：There is no one but knows it.没有一个人不知道此事。 2)can not与副词too,enough, sufficiently, over,too much等词连用时，意为“无论怎样也不过分”，“越…越”。例如： You cannot be too careful.你越仔细越好。 We cannot praise him too much.我们无论怎样赞扬他也不过分。 近义词辨析 break, crack, crush, shatter,break, smash 这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。 break 是这组词中最常用的，指使某件东西破碎。 If you break that vase, you’ll have to pay for it.如果打破了那只花瓶，你就得赔偿。crack 指打裂某物，但不一定打碎，因而通常不会成为碎片。 You may crack these nuts with a hammer.你可以用锤子把这些坚果敲开。 crush
强调挤压或踩的动作，毁坏程度取决于被压物的组织结构，或变形，或成小块，或可恢复原状。 To make wine, you first crush the grapes.若要造酒，需先将葡萄压碎。 shatter 打破某物，力大到使碎片飞出很远，常指整件东西完全被毁。 The explosion shattered most of the windows in the building.爆炸震碎了那座大楼 的大部分窗玻璃。smash 突出暴力，击打时动作较猛，被击打的东西往往完全报废。 He smashed the window with a brick.他用砖块击碎窗玻璃。 全真模拟试题 1. ____ native to North America, corn has now spread all over the world. A. In spite of B. That it is C. It was D. Although 2. Our civilization cannot be thought of as ____ in a short period of time. A. to have been created B. to becreated C. having been created D. beingcreated 3. We feel it is high time that the Government ____something to check the inflation. A. did B. do do D. would do 4. It has been proposed that we ____ our decision until the next meeting. C. can delay D. are to delay 5. Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventy-five miles an hour____ originate over tropical ocean waters. A. which B. who to 6. ____ is announced in the papers, our country has launched a large-scale movement against smuggling and fraudulent activities in foreign currency exchange deals.
现代大学英语四级写作资料(1)
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如：“have no choice but to do”——“只能做某事” 如：“have no alternative but to do”——“只能做某事” 例句：The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor. When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus. 3. 动名词的习惯用法 典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下： 如：be busy/active doing sth. 如：It’s no good/use doing sth. 如：spend/waste time doing sth. 如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. 如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. 如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. 例句： There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句） 牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受 I really have problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.
大学英语四级常考语法总结
大学英语四级常考语法总结 一、虚拟语气。应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。 二、独立主格题。一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。 三、时态。英语中共有16个时态。四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。 四、名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分，从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。 五、主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则：主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。
六、倒装结构。分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。 七、非谓语动词。①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。
(完整版)大学英语四级真题解析【2017年6月版】
大学英语四级真题解析【2017年6月版】 新东方在线四六级赵奇 亲爱的同学们，大家好，非常荣幸给大家讲解我们四级的真题，我是四级翻译的主讲老师。今年四级翻译依然延续了往年的方式，从2016年开始，考的主题基本是同质性的。2016年12月份考三篇文章关于红色、黄色、白色，今年的主题也是一样的，考的长江、珠江和黄河，我们可以预测以后的四级翻译都是统一题材下三个不同的主体，这样有利于考试的公平。 下面主要对今年的四级翻译真题进行解析，包括一些长短句的解析和难词的解析，最后我们把答案给大家呈现出来，大家可以看一下。我们四级翻译的解析讲两方面的内容，第一是真题总评，第二是对第一、二、三套真题的解析。 首先，真题总评 2017年4月份的真题总评是2016年12月份的延续。2016年是红色、白色和黄色，2017年是珠江、长江和黄河，范文字数提高到了110-120左右。难度和范文字数都增加了，难度高于2016年真题，2016年12月份真题是放水之年，今年是平稳的态势。 第三是和考试相关的内容，大家考四级翻译的时候应该注意什么？我们发现今年介词短语的形式做后置定语和做状语是大量考查的。时态方面也有大量的考查，有过去时和现在完成时，大家备考的时候要注意时态。我们发现今年有一个新的课程，主题词汇，四级翻译出题不是随便出的，是根据历史文化经济发展来出的，以往的重要性凸显的不是很明显，今年考试中大量考查主题词汇，我估计很多同学写长江、珠江和黄河都会写错，但单词错了也只是扣一次的分数。 其次，逐篇讲解真题 第一篇文章，很多同学看到珠江是蒙的状态，长江黄河不会说，珠怎么说？珍珠不知道怎么
写。同学们，加勒比海盗5里提到的船叫Black Pearl，pearl就是珍珠的意思，所以珠江就是Pearl River。有的人说不会写，你会写汉语拼音吗？后面可以加一个River就可以了。如果丢了river怎么办？这是单词写作的错误，不会影响整体翻译的大局，只扣一次的分数。或者写一次珠江，后面用it来替代，翻译的时候要灵活应用。 接着我们进行翻译里边的难词解析，这里边应该有四个比较把握不准的单词，第一是珠江流经广州市，流经用flow through，我写了flow accross可不可以？flow accross也是可以的。有同学说不会写flow，写了run也是可以的，还有同学说run也不会写，写go through 可以吗？这个是经历了什么事情，不是流经了，所以是不可以的。第二个单词是城市聚集区，urban agglomeration，这个词既不是四级也不是六级，我个人认为这个词有点超纲，有的同学不会写agglomeration，这没有什么实质影响，可以进行同义词或近义词替换。我们在翻译的时候有很多不认识的词语怎么办？可以使用它的同义词或近义词。聚集区不会说，可以用地区area替换，城市聚集区，不会写agglomeration，可以写成area。第三个单词是改革开放。不会写这个单词的同学要反思一下自己，但凡上过我们新东方课的同学知道，改革开放一定是讲过的。改革reform，开放opening up，改革开放就是the reform and opening up。制造中心是manufacturing center，很多同学不会写manufacturing，不会写就变成工业中心，因为制造肯定属于工业，制造中心翻译成industrial center也可以，依据同近词替换法，翻译主要忠于原文，制造中心翻译成工业中心industrial center也是可以的。 下面给大家解析一下两个比较复杂的句子。 第一个句子：珠江是河南一大河流，流经广州市，是中国第三场河流，仅次于长江和黄河。为什么把这句挑出来解析？大家发现这句非常奇特，在中国看来这句话没有任何问题，但是翻译成英文有三个逗号，这就犯了语法的错误。大家知道，英文一个句子有一个主谓结
英语专四语法之句子成分
英语专四语法句子成分 (必须的成分：主语和谓语。可能有的成分：宾语、补语、修饰语「定语、状语、同位语」) 主语 (1)主语(Subject)一般在句子开头，是句子的“陈述对象”，通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、相当于名词的词组或从句、引用充当。如： The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都喜爱他们的英语老师。 They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。 Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看太多电视对你的眼睛是有害的。 What we need is a good rest. 我们需要的是好好休息一下。 “I love you”is often heard on Valentine's Day. 情人节时，经常听到有人说“我爱你”。 (2)形式主语与真实主语(Formal Subject and Real Subject) 主语是不定式短语、动名词短语或分句时，常会放在句尾，用it代替它原来的位置，这个it 称为形式主语，放在句尾的原主语为真实主语。如： It is very hard to get to sleep.入睡很难。(不定式短语为真实主语，it为形式主语。) It's a pity that you can't come. 你不能来真是件遗憾的事。(句子为真实主语，it为形式主语。) 谓语 全部倒装和部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面: Here are some registered letters for you. In came a man with a white beard. 在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面: Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post. I couldn’t answer the question. Nor could anyone else in our class. Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task. 以neither, nor, so等开始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前. “We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.” I am quite willing to help and so are the others. He didn’t drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary. “I won’t do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”