英语专业语言学期末复习资料
Phonetics (sound)语音学；phonology(sounds) 音系学；morphology(word) 形态学；syntax(words, sentence)句法学；semantics(meaning)语义学；pragmatics(meaning in
a context)语用学
1. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive (modern). If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.
2. Synchronic static state grammer; diachronic dynamic historical development
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e18092964.html,ngue (language): the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, stable.; Parole (speaking): the realization of langue in actual use, concrete, specific, changeable. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole.sociological or sociolinguistic point of view
4. American linguist N. Chomsky Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,stable,prerequisite; Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations,changeable.psychologically or psycholinguistically.
5.Traditional grammar ---- prescriptive, written, Latin-based framework
Modern linguistics ----- descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based framework https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e18092964.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Design Features of Language.1:Arbitrariness2:duality:The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e. g. words in written language) and meaningless segments (e. g. sounds, letters in spoken language).1. Combine meaningless sounds into meaningful linguistic units
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e18092964.html,bine small units into big units
3.productivity/creativity:Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.
4.Displacement: which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
5.cultural transmission
7.Six Functions of language:Addresser---Emotive the addresser expressed his attitude to the topic or situation of communication; Addressee---Conative使动xx aims to influence the addressee’s course of action or ways of thinking；Context---referentia所指, xx conveys a message or informationl;Message---Poetic xx uses language for the sole purpose of displaying the beauty of language itself;Contact--Phatic communication寒暄, xx tries to establish or maintain good interpersonalrelationships with the addressee；Code--Metalingual xx uses language to make clear the meaning of language itself.
8.M. A. K. Halliday.Metafunctions of Language:Ideational function:About the natural world in the broadest sense, including our own consciousness; Relates to the context of culture. Interpersonal function:About the social world, especially the relationship between speaker and hearer ; Relates to the context of situation. Contextual function:About the verbal world, especially the flow of information in a text; Relates to the verbal context.
9.A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. But a phone doesn’t necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don’t. A phoneme is a phonological unit;It is a
unit that is of distinctive value;It is an abstract unit;It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.
10. phones are placed within square brackets: [ ], and phonemes in slashes: / /.
11./p/ in [pi:k] (peak) : an aspirated [ph]
12./p/ in [spi:k] (speak): an unaspirated [p]
13.Both [ph] and [p] are called as allophones of /p/
14. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called allophones. [p, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.
15. Minimal pairs: Pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound; More precisely: two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string.
16.Sequential rules The patterning of sounds in a particular language is governed by rules;The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other.Refer to the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.
17.Assimilation rule—assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar, e.g. the prefix in-
18. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tried to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone.
19.单元音monophthongs 双元音diphthongs
20.Morpheme: the minimal unit of meaning. It is the smallest unit that carries grammatical and /or semantic meaning.
Morphs:The smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.The phonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes. Allomorphs:A member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.
21.Free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as “-s”in “dogs”, “-al”in “national”, “dis-”in “disclose”, “-ed”in “recorded”, etc.
22.Derivational morphemes—the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class,or meaning of words. e.g. modern —modernize
Inflectional morphemes:purely grammatical markers;signifying tense, number, and case;not changing the syntactic category; never adding any lexical meaning
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e18092964.html,pounding (合成词) blackboard; Derivation(派生词) --ful ---able;
Back-formation逆构词法television televise; Borrowing—loan words (外来词); Clipping（缩略词）labtory lab; Blending（混成法）motel; Acronym（词首字母）APEC；Coinage/Invention (Neologism) 创新词nylon
24.Open: n. V. Adj. Adv. Bound morphemes :roots and affixes
25.①traditional categories: n., v., adj., adv., prep., conj., aux., pronoun….
②non-traditional categories: determiner (Det限定词), degree words (Deg程度
词), qualifier (Qual修饰语).
26.Three criteria are used to determine a word’s category: meaning, inflection, distribution.
27.the structure or elements of phrases:XP rule specifier+head+complement
28.NP (Det) + N + (PP)…
29.VP (Qual) + V + (NP)…
30.AP (Deg) + A + (PP)…
31.PP (Deg) + P + (NP)…
32.S →NP VP
33.Deep structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called ds. Surface structure: corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called ss. Do insertion, WH movement.
34.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformation. A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.
35.Head: A V N P
36. Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.
37. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form And what it refers to (i.e.between language and real world ); rather, in the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Semantic triangle by ogden and richards: symblo/form, thought/ reference/, refrent.
38.Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ---- elements closely linked with language behavior. JR forth
39.Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. The relationship between sense and reference:And, if等只有sense, 而无reference.一个sense可以有许多reference同一referenece可有不同的sense，Mrs Thatcher, & the Iron Lady. Morning Star & Evening Star.
40.Major sense relations: Synonymy (同义关系)Antonymy (反义关系)Polysemy (多义关系)Homonymy (同音/形异义) Hyponymy (上下义关系)
41.Antonymy: Complementary antonyms (互补反义词)非A即B; Gradable antonyms (程度反义词) :AB有中间, very .. How..; Relational opposites （关系对立词）丈夫妻子
42.Sense relations between sentences: Synonymy (同义关系) inconsistency (自相矛盾)Entailment (蕴涵)Presupposition (预设)X is a contradiction (自相矛盾)X is semantically anomalous (反常的
43.man [+HUMAN +ADULT +MALE] women [+HUMAN +ADULT －MALE]
girl [+HUMAN －ADULT －MALE] child [+HUMAN －ADULT OMALE]
father: PARENT (x, y) & MALE (x)
x is a parent of y, and x is male.
take: CAUSE (x, (HA VE (x, y)))
x causes x to have y.
give: CAUSE (x, (~HA VE (x, y)))
x causes x not to have y.
44.predication analysis: G.leech: argument 名词predicate 动词
45. Pragmatics --- the study of the intended meaning of a speaker (taking context into consideration). Pragmaticists regard meaning as something that is realized in the course of communication.
Semantics --- the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).Semanticists take meaning to be an inherent property of language. Essential difference is that whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 不senmantics.
46.Sentence meaning: It is abstract and context-independent; it’s the literal meaning of a sentence. Utterance meaning: It is concrete and context-dependent; It’s the intended meaning of a speaker.It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.
47.John Austin’s speech act theory.Performatives (行事话语): I promise Constatives (述事话语)
48.A locutionary act (言内行为) is the act of saying words, phrases, clause; it is an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
An illocutionary act (言外行为) is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. 关注
A perlocutionary act (言后行为) is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.act performed by saying sth.
49.Searle’s classification of speech acts:Representatives (陈述) Directives (指令)Commissives (承诺) Expressives (表达) Declarations (宣布)
50.CP Grice:The maxim of quality: https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e18092964.html,ck adequate evidence.The maxim of quantity信息充足; The maxim of relation继续下去; The maxim of manner方式表达清楚模糊词绕口
1. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
Pragmatics
2. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
context
3. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.
abstract
4. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
Performatives
1. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act
performed in saying something.
illocutionary
2. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.
commissive
3. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
expressive
4. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
quantity
4. ____C______ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
D. A performative act
5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is _B_____.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs
1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F
2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. T
3. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. F
4. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. F
5. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century. T
6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T
7. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. F
1. A __bound_____ morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.
2. On, before and together are__close_____words—they are words which do not take inflectional endings.
3. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __affix__ and __root__ root.
4. Pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions and articles are all_close__class items.
5. handsome consists of 2 morphemes, one is the _free___ morpheme hand, the other is the __bound__ morpheme some.
1.There are _C__ morphemes in the word denationalization?
A. 3
B. 4.
C. 5.
D. 6
2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called___A_ morphemes.
A. inflectional
B.free
C. bound
D. Derivational
1. Major lexical categories are___N__, __V__, __adj__and____prep_.
2. The deep structure refers to ____.
3. when the affirmative sentence "Jack sold his textbooks to jill after the final examination' is transformed into "When did jack sell his textbooks to Jill?", three transformational rules are applied. they are__Do insertion__, subject-aux inversion and __Wh movement__.
4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called __transformation______.
5. The head is the word __n v a p___.
1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.F
2. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F
3. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.T
1. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a certain language. ( F )
2. The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels. ( T )
3. In English, pill and bill are a minimal pair, and so are pill and till, pin and ping. ( T )
4. The phoneme /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, therefore they’re in phonetic complementary distribution. ( F )
5. The sequential rules in English can apply to all the other languages. For example, the velar nasal /N/ never occurs in the initial position in English nor in Chinese.( F )
The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of the __C____.
A. tongue
B. hard palate
C. soft palate
D. vocal cords
2. A sound produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration is said to be___B__.
A. resonant
B. voiceless
C. voiced
D. vowel
3. The obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sound ___A___.
A. /t/ and /d/
B. /k/ and /g/
C. /p/ and /b/
D. / N/ and / W/
4. The phoneme is an abstract ___B_ unit.
A. phonic
B. phonological
C. phonetic
D. grammatical
5. The sound /k/ and /g/ are separate __B____.
A. allophones
B. phonemes
C. morphemes
D. Allomorphs
人教版六年级英语上册期末重点知识复习资料【最新整理】
六年级上册复习要点 Unit1 How can I get there? 一、重点单词： 地点：science museum科学博物馆, post office 邮局, bookstore 书店, cinema 电影院, hospital 医院 动作：go straight 直走, turn left/right 左转、右转 方位：in front of :在···前面, behind 在···后面, near在…旁边, next to 紧挨着,beside 在旁边 over 在…上方, on the left 在左边, on the right 在右边 二、重点句型： （1）Is / Are there…？某处有某物吗？ 肯定回答：Yes, there is/are. 否定回答：No, there isn’t/aren’t. （2）Where is the + 地点？... ... 在哪里？ It’s + 表示地点的名词. 它... ... 例句：Where is the cinema? 电影院在哪？ It’s next to the bookstore. 在书店的旁边。 （3）How can + 主语+get（to）+ 地点? ... ...怎么到... ...? （如果get后面接的词为副词，则要省略介词to.） 例句：How can we get there? 我们怎么到那儿？ 同义句型：Can you tell me the way to + 地点？-----Which is the way to + 地点？ ( 4 )Where is + 地点？ ( 5 )Turn left/ right at+ 某地. Turn left at the bookstore. 书店左转。 Unit 2 Ways to go to school? 一、重点单词/短语： 交通方式：by bike /bus /plane /subway /train /ship /taxi /ferry 骑自行车/乘公共汽车/飞机/地铁/火车/船/出租汽车/轮渡 take the No.57 bus 乘57路公共汽车 on foot =walk步行 其他：slow down慢下来, pay attention to 注意, traffic lights 交通信号灯, look right 向右看,
语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)
题型：填空题10，20%；选择题10，20%；判断4，20%（3句话解释原因）；简答3，18%（四句话作答）；论述1，22%（1/4页纸作答）。 导论 1、中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语言文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就，是语言学的三大发源地。 2、中国传统语言研究主要抓住汉字，分析它的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵和训诂之学，也就是中国传统的语文学。 3、历史比较语言学标志着语言学不再是其他学科的附庸，已经发展成为一门独立的学科。 4、20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出观点，语言学从此成为一门现代学科。 5、理论语言学，也称普通语言学，是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。 第一章语言的功能 1、语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有着紧密联系。 2、语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。 3、如果一个病人大脑左半球发生损伤，他尽管说不出医院的名称、病房、床号，却能找得到。相反，如果大脑右半球受损，尽管能找到医院的名称、病房、床号，却找不到，能说出家的位置却找不到，这说明语言功能存在大脑左边。 4、儿童学习语言的过程是考察语言与思维关系的一条很好途径。 5、儿童语言的习得一定具有先天生理基础，也离不开外界的社会条件。 6、儿童语言能力的开发还有时间的限制，最迟到十二三岁，如果在此之前没有机会学习语言，那么之后其语言习得和心智发展的潜能就失去了。十二三岁是语言习得的关键时期，之一临界期的分工时间也是一致的。 第二章语言是符号系统 1、符号包含形式和意义两个方面。（能指形式，形指意义，符号构成的两个方面，语言学上通常用形式和意义来表述。形式也叫能指，是符号的外壳，是可以被人的感觉器官感知的，因而形式具有物质性。意义也叫所指，是符号形式所代表的内容，也就是现实现象事物。） 2、符号的形式和意义之间是没有本质上、自然属性上的必要联系，在这一点上符号和隐含某种信息的自然的征候不同。 3、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是20世纪初瑞士的语言学家家得·索绪尔作为语言符号的基本性质提出来的。 4、语言符号的语音形式和意义之间没有自然属性上的必然联系，只有社会约定的关系 5、符号和符号组合起来，结构中各个成分的关系称为组合关系，符号在结构中就具有某种相同的作用，它们自然地聚集成群，彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。 第三章语音和音系 1、语音具有自然属性、社会属性的双重属性，从自然属性出发，针对所有人类语言的语音研究，属于语音学的研究；从社会属性出发，针对语音在某一个具体语言的系统中其什么作用的研究，属于音系学的研究。 2、音系学的出发点在于语音在语言系统中的组织方式，属于语言学的核心部分。 3、以语音的自然属性和人类语言共性为研究对象的语音学，把语音最小的线性单位叫做音素。以语音的社会属性和语音在具体语言中的作用为研究对象的音系学，把语音最小的线性单位叫做音位。
语言学复习资料 精整版
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一、填空 Chapter 5 1. One difficulty in the study of Meaning is that the word “meaning” itself has different meanings. In their book The Meaning of Meaning written in 1923, C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a “representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured”. 2. G.Leechin a more moderate tone recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, first published in 1974. 3. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. Chomsky’ of Syntactic Structure(1957) helped to ignite the cognitive revolution. 5. The exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition: the formal approach, the psychological approach and the conceptural approach. 6. The most important research subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production. 7.From a psychological point of view, we store a great deal of information about the properties of words in our mental lexicon心理词库, and retrieve this information when we understand language. 8.Similarity and frequency both play important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel items being processed based on their similarity to the known ones. 9.According to cohort model集群理论proposed by Marslen- wilson and Welsh in 1990. Chapter 7 *四个代表人物 10.Malinowski马林洛夫斯基claimed that” In its primitive uses, language functions as a link in concerted human activity…” 11.Firth福斯,a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London School, tried to...In the end, he developed his own theory of Context of Situation. 12.M.A.K. Halliday韩礼德，whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be …. , and his linguistic model in the study of literature. 13. Eugene Nida尤金奈达, a well-known linguist and traditional theorist, concerning the relationship between language and culture. 14.Hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. 15. Cross-cultural communication跨文化交际中，there are five types of sub-culture 五种次文化形态we should be fully aware of: (1)ecological culture (2)linguistic culture (3)religious culture (4)material culture (5)social culture.[Nida,1964] 16.During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a monistic一元观or autonomous pursuit自治性of an independent science. Chapter 8
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人教版七年级英语上册复习资料 Starter unit1-3 一、文化常识 1、英语文化区域，熟人之间见面，常要互相问好。早上用语Good morning ! 下午用语Good afternoon ! 晚上用语Good evening ! 2、在轻松场合中，人们常用Hello 或者Hi 打招呼，但是两人用语要一致， 不能一个人用Hello，另一个人用Hi 。例如： （1）Helen : Hi , Bob ! Bob : Hi , Helen ! （2）Helen : Hello , Bob ! Bob : Hello , Helen ! 二、几个功能句型 1、问答“身体健康”用语 Bob : Hi , Helen ! How are you ? 喂，海伦！你好吗？ Helen : Hi , Bob ! I’m fine , thanks . How are you ? = I’m OK 2、问一个东西“英语名字”的常用句型 Helen : What’s this / that in English ?这个用英语怎么说？ ↘(答句中，一定用it 代替this / that) Bob : It’s a / an + 英语名称。( key jacket quilt orange ruler pen ) Helen : Spell it , please . ( = How do you spell it ? ) 请拼写它。（= 你怎样拼写它？）Bob : K- E-Y . （拼写单词，用大写字母，并且字母与字母之间用连字符连接）3、问一个东西颜色的常用句型： Helen : What color is it ? Bob : It is + 颜色。 三、1、不定冠词a 与an 的区别 a用在辅音开头的单词前，an用在元音开头的单词前。例如 a pen 一支钢笔；an apple 一个苹果 a book 一本书an hour 一小时 a “u”一个字母“u”an orange一个橙子；； 2、指示代词this 与that 的区别
语言学概论期末考试题
语言学概论 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分} 1．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的辅助性交际工具。 B．语言就是说话，说话就是语言。 C．语言是一种特殊的社会现象。 D．语言具有地方色彩，说明语言不具有社会性。 2．下列说法只有是错误的。 A．汉语的声调是由音高变化形成的。 B．语言中的轻重音是由音重变化形成的。 C．音位具有区别词形的作用。 I)．音素具有区别词形的作用。 3．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．“老”可以同“新、旧、少、嫩”等构成反义词。 B．“大”和“小”是绝对对立的反义词。 C．“红”与“黑”这对反义词具有非此即彼的关系。 D．反义词“冷”和“热”具有相对性。 4．下列说法只有____正确。 A．意译词如“激光”、“电话”都是借词。 B．仿译词如“机关枪”、“铁路”都是借词。 C．“尼姑”、“和尚”、“玻璃”是借词。 D．“爱神”、“北极熊”、“超人”都是借词。 5．下列词义的变化，属于词义的缩小。 A．“meat”原指菜肴，现在指荤菜。 B．“走”本义是跑，现在指步行。 C．“江”原指长江，今泛指江河。 D．“book”原指一种树木，今指成本的著作。 1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 5．A 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4.下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 I)．语法的聚合规则存在”ji【j头沿吉中 5．单纯阋就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 【！．词缀