2014职称英语卫生类B类十篇完形填空(答案已填上)

*第八篇Old And Active（新增）

It is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world．A healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.

Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body

Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate．Although longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problem．The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.

*6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV Treatment Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.

Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market. Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva. Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.

Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV

In January the New England Journal of Medicine published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT and 3TC. The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects. Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.

Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.

The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration to approve the new pill.

There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders. Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV

*7 Exercise

Whether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.

How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration. The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health

should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.

What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.

*9 The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic 0marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.

Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the drug,the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U.S customs officials for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn’t get fingerprints fro m the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger. U. S. customs3 has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler, one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. Hence, no fingerprints.“It is uncert ain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine,” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear. Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he’s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note—and w on’t leave home without it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, which approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints. *10 Hospital Mistreatment

According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.

The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event.

More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call time during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,” “being pushed, kicked or hit,” and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,” were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.

A Biological Clock

Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.

Events outside the plant and animal affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.

Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevented from flying become restless when it is time for the trip，but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.

Scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These cells tell a person when to awaken，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.

Dr. Moorhead is studying _how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.

It can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said with understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,

Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis.Most times,the infection remains inactive.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB,usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.

Current treatments take at least six months.Patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better.Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment.Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.

The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by thousand twelve.

The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in nineteen ninety.DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment,Short-course.Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.

Earlier this year,an international partnership of organizations announced a pian to expand the DOST program. The ten-year pian also aims to finance research into new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.

One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live

It’snow a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus.The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980,when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it--one in the US and one in Russia.If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

In reality,of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potent potential weapon.Undoubtedly several nations still have a few vials.And the ,last “official”stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia for no obvious gain.

Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So once again there’s a good reason to keep the virus --just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.

How do we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple .Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries.The US will object, of course, just as rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything .But it does n’t mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of al l humanity--not just a part of it.

Diet,Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.

Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity play a major role.

“Five percent of ca ncers could be avoided if nobody was obese,”he said.

While tobacco is linked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.

Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause caners of the mouth, throat and liver. Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.

Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers .

Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest.Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.

Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.

Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes,according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men.

“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don’t hear about it often ,”Dr. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the stud’s authors, told Reuters Health “They often don’t tell and we don’t ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them.

The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse, such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example,being told who they could associate with and where they could go ),and constant name-calling.

Among men 18 to 54 years old ,14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner violence in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.

Rates were lower for men 55 and older ,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.

Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.

Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.