MARINE INSURANCE

MARINE INSURANCE（中英文要求必须掌握的）

一、海上保险是以海上的财产及其利益、运费和责任为保险标的的，船舶、运输货物、钻井平台、运费和保赔责任等是它主要承保的标的的。

英国《1906年海上保险法》：海上保险合同是保险人按照约定的承保范围，在被保险人遭受海上损失即由于从事航海冒险所发生的损失时，对其负责赔偿的合同。

A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.

二、The Category of Maritime perils

按照海上风险的性质，可分为海难（Perils of the Sea）和海上外来风险（Marine Extraneous Risks）两种，海难又分为自然灾害和意外事故。

（一）perils of the sea 海难

1、Marine Natural calamity 海上自然灾害

（1）Heavy weather也叫Atrocious weather，恶劣气候

（2）Lightning 雷电

（3）Earthquake 地震

（4）Tsunami海啸

（5）Floating ice 浮冰

（6）Flood 洪水

（7）Volcanic Eruption 火山爆发

2、Marine Fortuitous Accidents 海上意外事故

（1）Fire 火灾

（2）Explosion 爆炸

（3）Sunk 沉没

（4）Collision 碰撞

（5）contact 触碰

（6）Stranding 触礁

（7）Grounding 搁浅

（8）Overturn 倾覆

（9）missing 失踪

（二）Marine Extraneous Risks 外来风险

1. General Extraneous Risks 一般外来风险

（1）Theft，Pilferage 偷窃

（2）Non-Delivery 提货不着

（3）Fresh and Rain Water Damage 淡水雨淋

（4）Shortage in Weight 短量

（5）Contamination 沾污

（6）Leakage 渗漏

（7）Clashing and Breakage 碰损、破碎

（8）Taint of Odour 串味

（9）Sweating and Heating 受潮受热

（10）Rusting 锈损

（11）Hook Damage 钩损

2. Specific Extraneous Risks 特殊外来风险

（1）War 战争

（2）strikes 罢工

（3）Violent Theft by Persons 暴力盗窃

（4）Piracy 海盗行为

（5）Negligence or Barratry of the Master and Mariners 船长或船员的过失或恶意行为

（6）Jettison 抛弃

三、实际全损又称绝对全损（Absolute Total Loss），是指保险标的（船舶或货物）遭受保险承保范围内的风险而造成的全部灭失，或受损程度已使其失去原有形态和特性，以及无残余价值的一种实质性的物质型的损失。

ACTUAL TOTAL LOSS

Where the subject-matter insured is destroyed, or so damaged as to cease to be a thing of the kind insured, or where the assured is irretrievably deprived thereof, there is an actual total loss.

四、共同海损（General Average）

共同海损是指载货船舶在运输途中遇到危及船货的共同危险，船长为了挽救船舶和货物或使航程继续完成，有意且合理地作出的某些特殊牺牲或支出的一定的额外费用。

A general average loss is a loss caused by or directly consequential on a general average act. It includes a general average expenditure as well as a general average sacrifice.

五、Principles of the Marine Insurance Contract

（一）、Principle of the Utmost Good Faith最大诚信原则

（二）、Principle of Indemnity 补偿原则

（三）、Principle of Insurable Interest可保利益原则

（四）、Principle of Subrogation代位求偿权

（五）、Principle of Proximate Cause近因原则

六、Name of Insurer 保险人名称

Name of Insured 被保险人名称

Subject Matter of Insurance 保险标的

Insured Value 保险价值

Sum Insured 保险金额

Coverage and Exclusion 保险责任和除外责任

Duration 保险期间

Premium 保险费

七、Scope or Coverage 平安险承保责任范围

1、被保险货物在运输途中由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水自然灾害造

成整批货物的全部损失或推定全损。

2、由于运输工具搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞、与流冰或其他物体碰撞，以及失火、爆炸意外事故造成货物的全部或部分损失。

3、在运输工具已经发生搁浅、触礁、沉没、焚毁意外事故的情况下，货物在此前后又在海上遭受恶劣气候、雷电、海啸等自然灾害所造成的部分损失。

4、在装卸或转运时由于一件或数件整件货物落海造成的全部或部分损失。

5、被保险人对遭受承保责任内危险的货物采取抢救、防止或减少货损的措施而支付的合理费用，但以不超过该批获救货物的保险金额为限。

6、运输工具遭遇海难后，在避难港由于卸货所引起的损失，以及在中途港或避难港由于卸货、存仓以及运送货物所发生的特别费用。

7、共同海损的牺牲、分摊和救助费用。

8、运输合同订有“船舶互撞责任”条款，根据该条款应由货方偿还船方的损失。

1. Free From Particular Average (F. P. A.)

This insurance covers:

（1）Total or Constructive Total Loss of the whole consignment hereby insured caused in the course of transit by natural calamities-heavy weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and flood. In case a constructive total loss is claimed for, the Insured shall abandon to the Company the damaged goods and all his rights and title pertaining thereto. The goods on each lighter to or from the seagoing vessel shall be deemed a separate risk.

"Constructive Total Loss" refers to the loss where an actual total loss appears to be unavoidable or the cost to be incurred in recovering or reconditioning the goods together with the forwarding cost to the destination named in the Policy would exceed their value on arrival.

（2）Total or Partial Loss caused by accidents-the carrying conveyance being grounded. stranded ,sunk or in collision with floating ice or other objects and fire or explosion.

（3）Partial loss of the insured goods attributable to heavy weather, lightning and/or tsunami, where the conveyance has been grounded, stranded. sunk or burnt, irrespective of whether the event or events took place before or after such accidents.

（4）Partial or total loss consequent on falling of entire package or packages into sea during loading transhipment or discharge.

（5）Reasonable cost incurred by the Insured in salvaging the goods or averting or minimizing a loss recoverable under the Policy provided that such cost shall not exceed the sum Insured of the consignment so saved.

（6）Losses attributable to discharge of the insured goods at a port of distress following a sea peril as well as special charges arising from loading. warehousing and forwarding of the goods at an intermediate port of call or refuge.

（7）Sacrifice in and Contribution to General Average and Salvage Charges. （8）Such proportion of losses sustained by the ship owners as is to be reimbursed by the Cargo Owner under the Contract of Affreightment "Both to Blame Collision" clause.

八、Scope or Coverage 水渍险承保责任范围

水渍险的承保责任范围就是在平安险的上述八项保险责任的基础上，加上被保险货物由于海上自然灾害造成的部分损失。

水渍险不负责货物因某些外部原因所造成的部分损失；如碰损、锈损、钩损等。

2. With Average (W. A.)

Aside from the risks covered under F. P. A. condition as above, this insurance also covers partial losses of the insured goods caused by heavy weather, lightning, 'tsunami, earthquake and/or flood.

九、All Risks（A. R.）一切险

（一）AR Defined

一切险的含义基本上如其字面原意，一切险所承保的风险，除包括上述平安险、水渍险的各项责任外，还负责被保险货物在运输途中由于一般外来原因所致的全部或部分损失，即不论损失程度如何，均负责赔偿。

3. All Risks

Aside from the risks covered under the F. P. A. and W. A. conditions as above; this insurance also covers all: risks of loss of or damage to the insured goods whether partial or total ,arising from external causes in the course of transit.

十、Exclusions

This insurance does not cover:

1. Loss or damage caused by the intentional act or fault of the lnsured.

2. Loss or damage falling under the liability of the consignor.

3. Loss or damage arising from the inferior quality or shortage of the insured goods prior to the attachment of this insurance.

4. Loss or damage arising from normal loss, inherent vice or nature of the insured goods, loss of market and/or delay in transit and any expenses arising therefrom.

5. Risks and liabilities covered and excluded by the Ocean Marine Cargo War Risks Clauses and Strike, Riot and Civil Commotion Clauses of this Company.

十一、Additional Risks海上运输货物保险的附加险

1、、General Additional Risk 一般附加险

承保一般外来原因所引起的货物损失，也称普通附加险。

（一）Theft, Pilferage and Non-delivery （TPND ）偷窃提货不着险

（二）Fresh Water Rain Damage 淡水雨淋险

（三）Risk of Shortage 短量险

（四）Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、沾污险

（五）Risk of Leakage 渗漏险

（六）Risk of Clash and Breakage 碰损、破碎险

（七）Risk of Odour 串味险

（八）Damage Caused by Sweating and Heating 受潮受热险

（九）Risk of Hook Damage 钩损险

（十）Loss or Damage Caused by Breakage of Packing 包装破裂险

（十一）Risk of Rusting 锈损险

2、Special Additional Risk 特别附加险

承保一些涉及政策法令和行政措施等的特殊外来因素所造成的风险损失。（一）On Deck Risk 舱面险

（二）Import Duty Risk 进口关税险

（三）Rejection Risk 拒收险

（四）Aflatoxin 黄曲霉素险

（五）Failure to Deliver 交货不到险

（六）Fire Risk Extension Clause for Shortage of Cargo at Destination Hongkong, including Kowloon, or Macao出口货物到香港（包括九龙在内）或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款

3、Specific Additional Risk 特殊附加险

（一）Ocean Marine Cargo War Risk 海上运输货物战争险

（二）Ocean Marine Cargo Strikes Risk 海上运输货物罢工险

十二、The Liability of the Carrier and the Insurer 承运人责任与海上保险人责任

（一）海牙规则规定的承运人责任

1、承运人最低限度责任

（1）提供适航船舶

适航指船舶在各方面都适合预定航程，包括四项要求：

适船：船舶结构要适于航行。

适人：船员配备要齐全。

适货：货舱要适货。

适航：燃料和供应品要备足。

适航在时间上的要求：

只要求开航前、开航时适航，不要求开航后也要适航。

The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to:

(a) Make the ship seaworthy.

(b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship.

(c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.

（2）妥善管理货物（俗称“管好货”）

适当而谨慎地装载

适当而谨慎地收受和配载

适当而谨慎地运送

适当而谨慎地保管和照料

适当而谨慎地卸载

Subject to the provisions of Article 4, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.

2、《海牙规则》规定承运人可以享受的免责

《海牙规则》实行不完全过失责任制，即承运人对货损负责的前提是要有过失，

即使有过失，对某些过失造成的货损他还可以免责。

承运人可以享受的17项免责事项：

（1）航行或管理船舶的过失（管船过失）

（2）火灾

（3）海难

（4）天灾

（5）战争行为

（6）公敌行为

（7）政府扣押

（8）检疫限制

（9）托运人或货主的行为过失

（10）罢工或停工

（11）暴动和骚乱

（12）救助

（13）货物的性质或固有缺陷

（14）包装不固

（15）标志不清或不当

（16）潜在缺陷

（17）不列明的承运人无过失免责

Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from:

(a) Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot, or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship.

(b) Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier.

(c) Perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters.

(d) Act of God.

(e) Act of war.

(f) Act of public enemies.

(g) Arrest or restraint or princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process.

(h) Quarantine restrictions.

(i) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or representative.

(j) Strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or general.

(k) Riots and civil commotions.

(l) Saving or attempting to save life or property at sea.

(m) Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods.

(n) Insufficiency of packing.

(o) Insufficiency or inadequacy of marks.

(p) Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence.

(q) Any other cause arising without the actual fault or privity of the carrier, or without the actual fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this exception to

show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.

十三、保赔保险的概念

保赔保险（P & I）是保障与赔偿保险（Protection and Indemnity Insurance）的简称，是承保船东在经营船舶业务中应承担的、却不包括在船舶保险承保范围内的责任风险的保险。

protection and indemnity insurance (P&I): A broad form of marine liability insurance that covers the operator of a ship for such things as liability to crew members and other individuals on board the vessel, and for damage to fixed objects, such as docks, resulting from the insured's negligence.