小初英语语法归纳

小初英语语法归纳
小初英语语法归纳

英语名词单数变复数的规则及读音

名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人、地方、机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西,或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:

1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。

2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。

3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。

4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。

1.1 名词复数的规则变化

一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。其读音变化:结尾是清辅音加读[s],结尾是浊辅音或元音加读[z]。

例:friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; map→maps; bag→bags ; car→cars

二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。其读音变化:统一加读[iz]。

例:bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes

三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。其读音变化:加读[z]。例:candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories

以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例:two Marys the Henrys

monkey→monkeys holiday→holidays

四、以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾,加上后辍 -s,加读 /iz/

例:license-licenses

五、以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es;以“元音+o”或“oo”结尾的词,加-s;一些外来词,特别是音乐方面的词,以及一些缩写词和专有名词,加-s构成复数;还有两种方法均可的,如zero→zero(e)s, halo→halo(e)s, cargo →cargo(e)s, archipelago →archipelago(e)s。其读音变化:加读[z]。

例:tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes; hero→heroes; echo→echoes; mosquito→mosquitoes; volcano→volcanoes

反例: photo→photos; radio→radios; zoo→zoos; video→videos; studio→studios, folio→folios, tobacco→tobaccos, embryo→embryos, bamboo→bamboos, kangaroo→kangaroos, taboo→taboos; silo→silos; piano→pianos; motto→mottos, cello→cellos; (缩写词)macros; kilos, memos, Eskimos, Filipnos

六、以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,也有直接加后辍 -s;两种方法均可的,如handkerchief→handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。读音变化:尾音[f]改读[vz]。

例:knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例:roof →roofs, belief→beliefs, gulf→gulfs

七、以-us结尾的名词(多为外来词),通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。读音变化:尾音[Es]改读[ai],其中[kEs]要改读为[sai],[gEs]要改读为[dVai]。例:fungus→fungi; abacus→abaci; focus→foci; cactus→cacti; cestus→cesti

八、以-is结尾的名词,通常将-is改变为-es。读音变化:尾音[is]改读[i:z]。

例:axis→axes; basis→bases; naris→nares; hypothesis→hypotheses; restis→restes 九、以-ix结尾的名词,通常将-ix改变为-ices,但有例外。读音变化:尾音[iks]改读[isi:z]。

例:matrix→matrices; directrix→directrices; calix→calices; appendix→appendices 反例:affix→affixes

十、以-um结尾的名词,将-um改变为-a。读音变化:去掉鼻尾音。

例:forum→fora; stadium→stadia; aquarium→aquaria; datum→data; vacuum→vacua

十一、以-a结尾的名词,在该词末尾加上后辍-e。读音变化:尾音[E]改读[i:]。例:larva→larvae; formula→formulae; ala→alae; media→mediae; hydra→hydrae 1.2 名词复数的不规则变化

十二、部分单词的复数形式不变。读音变化:保持原音。

例:fish→fish; sheep→sheep; cattle→cattle; deer→deer; salmon→salmon

十三、极少数单词,其复数形式没有任何规律。读音变化:没有规律。

例:man→men; woman→women; child→children; person→people; ox→oxen

十四、一些单数词得加en才能变成复数词:例:ox→oxen; child→children; brother →brethren

十五、一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词

例:analysis→analyses; basis→bases; datum→data; foot→feet; formula→formulae/formulas; goose→geese; louse→lice; man→men; mouse→mice; medium→media/mediums; memorandum→memoranda/memorandums备忘录; parenthesis→parentheses 圆括号; phenomenon→phenomena; radius→radii tooth→teeth; woman→women

(由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。)

十六、有些名词是单数、复数不分的

例:deer; fish; cannon; sheep; salmon 鲑鱼; trout 鳟鱼

十七、一些名词虽分单数、复数,但出现次数多的总是单数词

例: clothing; film; help; furniture家具; machinery机械; scenery风景; sugar; traffic 交通

另一些名词表示由两部分构成的东西,则以复数词出现的机会较多,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双); suit(套);等。

例: clothes; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀 trousers长裤; wages工资

十八、compound nouns,这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示

例:daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父 man-of-war→men-of-war兵舰; maid-servant→maid-servants step-son→step-sons晚子; son-in-law→sons-in-law

十九、以s结尾,仍为单数的名词

maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词;news 为不可数名词;the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数;以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。

如:"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。

二十、另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,例:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼

二十一、除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。例:

a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

二十二、集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。

例:people, police, cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。

二十三、不同国籍人的单复数

中国人

the Chinese, a Chinese, two Chinese

瑞士人

the Swiss, a Swiss, two Swiss

澳大利亚人

the Australians, an Australian, two Australians

俄国人

the Russians, a Russian, two Russians

意大利人

the Italians, an Italian, two Italians

希腊人

the Greek, a Greek, two Greeks

法国人

the French, a Frenchman, two Frenchmen

日本人

the Japanese, a Japanese, two Japanese

美国人

the Americans, an American, two Americans

印度人

the Indians, an Indian, two Indians

加拿大人

the Canadians, a Canadian, two Canadians

德国人

the Germans, a Germans, two Germans

英国人

the English, an Englishman, two Englishmen

瑞典人

the Swedish, a Swede, two Swedes

1.3 不可数名词量的表示

1)物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。

比较:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)

These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)

b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:

This factory produces steel. (不可数)

We need various steels. (可数)

c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:

Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。

Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:

four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如 a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。

1.3 定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。

1) 用复数作定语。例如:

sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室

talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系

2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:

men workers women teachers gentlemen officials

3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:

goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷

4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:

two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

动词变过去式、过去分词不规则变化大全【AAA型】:

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

put put put

bet bet bet

read read read

let let let

set set set

shut shut shut

hit hit hit

fit fit fit

spit spit spit

hurt hurt hurt

spread spread spread

【ABB型】:

(原形→aught/ought→aught/ought)

catch caught caught

teach taught taught

bring brought brought

buy bought bought

think thought thought

fight fought fought

(原形→元音变化→元音变化)

sit sat sat

meet met met

find found found

feed fed fed

stand stood stood

understand understood understood

have had had

hold held held

shine shone shone

dig dug dug

hang hung/hanged hung/hanged

(原形→“…t”→“…t”)

lose lost lost

build built built

burn burnt burnt

deal dealt dealt

lend lent lent

lose lost lost

spill spilt spilt

spoil spoilt spoilt

send sent sent

spend spent spent

smell smelt smelt

feel felt felt

mean meant meant

learn learnt/learned learnt/learned lend lent lent (原形→“…d”→“…d”)

Hear heard heard

Make made made

have(has) had had

pay paid paid

say said said

lay laid laid

lead led led

sell sold sold

(“ee/ea”→“e..t”→“e..t”) sleep slept slept

sweep swept swept

keep kept kept

leave left left

【ABC型】:

(原形→变形→原形+en/ne)

be(am,is) was been

be(are) were been

see saw seen

do did done

go went gone

beat beat beaten

eat ate eaten

give gave given

hide hid hidden

fall fell fallen

mistake mistook mistaken

take took taken

drive drove driven

rise rose risen

ride rode ridden

write wrote written

(原形→“-o-”→“过去式-n”) break broke broken

speak spoke spoken

choose chose chosen

forget forgot forgotten

freeze froze frozen

wake woke/waked woken/waked (原形→“ew”→“原形-n”) draw drew drawn

blow blew blown

show showed shown

fly flew flown

grow grew grown

throw threw thrown

know knew known

(原形→“-a-”→“-u-”) Begin began begun

ring rang rung

drink drank drunk

sing sang sung

sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken swim swam swum

(其他) lie lay lain

wear wore worn

【ABA型】

become became become come came come

run ran run

【AAB型】

beat beat beaten

【AB型】(无过去分词)

May might

Must must

can could

shall should

will would

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