4级语法考点归纳
英语专业4级语法考点归纳
第一章：虚拟语气
大纲要求：由于新大纲只是在“动词的时和体”部分中题及虚拟式，没有具体规定考点，以下考点是从历年考题中归纳。同时，为求完整，将一些目前专业四级没有直接考过，但有较高考察可能性的考点列出，作为参考。
A. 相反情况
考点一：三种基本形式
从过去的考题来看，主要考察的是与过去和将来事实相反的情况。
If I knew more Japanese, I ____ for the position. (1991-6)
A) would apply B) will apply C) may have applied D) will have applied
If you ____ in such a hurry you ___ sugar into the sauce instead of salt. (1992-50)
A) were not, would not put B) were, would put
C) had been, would have put D) had not been, would not have put
I ___ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother’s illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (1993-54) A) am to have finished B) was to have finished C) was to finish D) ought to finish
If your car ____ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. (1998-43)
A) shall need B) should need C) would need D) will need
I ____ the party much more if there hadn’t been quite su ch a crowd of people there. (1996-43)
A) would enjoy B) will have enjoyed C) would have enjoyed D) will be enjoying
I was to have made a speech if ____. (1997-51)
A) I was not called away. B) nobody would have called me away.
C) I had not been called away D) nobody called me away
All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ____ quite such a crowd of people there. (20000-49) A) weren’t B) hasn’t been C) hadn’t been D) wouldn’t been
____ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? （2004-44）
A) Would you be surprised B) Were you surprised
C) Had you been surprised D) Would you have been surprised
预测试题
Even if I had known her address, I _______ time to write to her. (926)
A. can not have had
B. will not have had
C. must not have had
D. might not have had
If the whole operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (996)
A. was not planned
B. has not been planned
C. had not been planned
D. were not planned
Rebecca ______ me earlier if she did not like her house she bought last month. (961-6)
A. told
B. would tell
C. had told
D. would have told
Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often. (961)
A. had to get
B. were to get
C. had got
D. could have got
总结：考与过去情况相反的最多，同时注意否定句和疑问句（一般或特殊）的语序。
考点二：错综时间条件句（未考点）
虚拟条件和结果在时态上明显表示2个不同的时间范畴，就要根据不同的时间采用不同时间类型的谓语动词形式。
e.g.1 If the U.S. had built more homes for the poor in the 1950’s, the ho using problem there ______ so serious now.
A.would not be
B. would not have been
C. were not
D. had not been
e.g.2 If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ______ now. (991)
A. couldn’t have smiled
B. wouldn’t be smiling
C. didn’t smile
D. won’t smile
( 如果此题出现wouldn’t smile 的选项，怎么选？)
总结：关键是看空格所在句子的时间状语。最常见的形式是从句与过去相反，主句与现在相反。
考点三：倒装
只有当条件句的谓语动词本身含有had, should/could, were这三类助动词、情态动词或联系动词时，才可以将上述助动词提到主语前面而省略if.
历年试题分析
___ their help, we would not have succeeded. (1992-55)
A) Hadn’t been for B) Had it not been for C) It hadn’t been for D) Had not it been for
____ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions. (1994-62)
A) If I realized B) Had I realized C) I realized that D) As I realized
_____, he would not have recovered so quickly. (1995-65)
A) Hadn’t he been taken good care of B) Had he not been taken good care of
C) Had not he been taken good care of D) Had he been not taken good care of
_____ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (2002-50)
A) Had it not been B) Hadn’t it been C) Was it not D) Were it not
预测试题
e.g.1 Her terror was so great ______ somewhere to escape, she would have run for her life. (906-6)
A. that had there only been
B. that there had only been
C. only if there had been
D. if there was only
e.g.2 My cat would not have bitten the toy fish ______ it was made of rubber. (887)
A. if she has known
B. if she knew
C. she should have known
D. had she known
e.g.3 I’m sorry Andy didn’t want to go to the conference. _____ willing to go, we would have paid all his expenses.
(911)
A. Being
B. Was he
C. Had he been
D. He had been
e.g. 4 __________ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A. Had they arrived
B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving
D. Were they to arrive
e.g.5 _______ for your help, we’d never have been able to get over the difficulties. (916-6)
A. Had it not been
B. If it were not
C. Had it not
D. If we had not been
总结：一定要把每个选项还原成正常语序，并且与句意保持一致。
考点四：无“条件”虚拟句
没有if等明显虚拟标志词，用连词或介词来代替从句，主句应该使用与句意相符合的时态。
常考的连词：otherwise, or, but (that),
常考的介词：but for, without
历年试题分析
We could ____ him with a detached house when he came, but he had specifically asked for a small flat. (1995-62) A) provide B) have provided C) not provide D) not have provided
Much as ____, I couldn’t lend him the money because I simply didn’t have that much spare cash. (1999-52)
A) I would have liked to B) I would like to have
C) I should have to like D) I should have liked to
预测试题
e.g.1 We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we ______ him. (956)
A.had telephoned
B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone
D. would have telephoned
e.g.2 ______ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time. (901-6)
A. In case of
B. In spite of
C. Because of
D. But for
e.g.3 He must have had an accident, or he _____ then. (901)
A. would have been here
B. had to be here
C. should be here
D. would be here
e.g.4 The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I _______ here 50 minutes sooner. (911)
A.would be
B. should be
C. would have been
D. had been
e.g.5 Some women _____ a good salary in job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. (20001)
A. must take
B. should have made
C. would make
D. could have made
e.g.6 He might have been killed ______ the arrival of the police. (956-6)
A. except for
B. for
C. with
D. but for
e.g.7 Without the computer, we _____ the tremendous medical advances in the last few decades. (879)
A.could not make
B. would not have made
C. should not make
D. must not have made
总结：两种考法：考用什么介词或连词，记住：介词后面跟短语，连词后面跟句子。
考动词谓语部分，从句意和空格所在句的时间状语来判断。
考点五：表示祝愿和方式的虚拟句型（未考点）
预测试题
e.g.1 Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _____ your advice. (936)
A. follow
B. had followed
C. would follow
D. have followed
e.g.2 I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (956)
A.have slept
B. slept
C. might have slept
D. could have slept
e.g.3 If only the committee _____ the regulation and put them into effect as soon as possible. (971)
A. approve
B. will approve
C. can approve
D. would approve
e.g.4 You did tell me what to do. If only I ______ your advice. (921-6)
A.would take
B. had taken
C. took
D. have taken
e.g.5 He didn’t go to the party, but he does wish he _________ there. (926)
A. would be
B. has been
C. would have
D. had been
e.g.6 The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I _______ to it. (921)
A.have not gone
B. did not go
C. had not gone
D. should not have gone
总结：千万不要忽略没有空格的部分，此部分往往暗示着该用何种时态。
考点六：表示“宁愿”的虚拟语气句型（未考点）
预测试题
e.g.1 I’d rather you ______ those important documents with you. (936-6)
A.don’t take
B. didn’t take
C. won’t take
D. not take
e.g.2 Wouldn’t you rather your child ______ to bed early?
A.go
B. went
C. would go
D. goes
e.g.3 You don’t have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _____ on business first. (981)
A.would go
B. will go
C. went
D. have gone
e.g.4 I’d rather you _____ make any comment on the issue for the time being. (986)
A. didn’t
B. wouldn’t
C. don’t
D. shouldn’t
总结：注意表示将来用过去时，不用would，不要和I wish/if only/as if 混淆。
考点七：表示委婉建议的虚拟句型
It is high/about/proper time + 从句谓语动词用过去式（be动词用were）
历年试题分析
If you have really been studying English for so long, it’s about time you ____ able to write letters in English. (1999-49)
A) should be B) were C) must be D) are
“What courses are you going to do next semester?”
“I don’t know. But it’s about time ___ on something.” (2002-51)
A) I’d decide B) I decided C) I decide D) I’m deciding
预测试题
e.g.1 It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time ______ ? (966)
A.we are going home
B. we go home
C. we went home
D. we can go home
e.g.2 “You are very selfish. It’s high time you _____ that you are not the most important person in the world.” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (991)
A.have realized
B. should realize
C. realize
D. realized
e.g.3 It is time the nations of the world _____ a halt to the manufacture of nuclear weapons. (sa6)
A. would call
B. called
C. call
D. will call
总结：一律用过去式，没有理由失分。
B．should do型
考点八：表示建议的虚拟语气
常见动词有：advise, ask, decide, command, demand, desire, insist, instruct, move, object, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, vote.
常见名词有：advice, command, decision, demand, desire, idea, instruction, insistence, motion, necessity, order, plan, preference, proposal, recommendation, regulation, request, requirement, resolution, rule, suggestion, understanding, policy.
常见过去分词或表语形容词：advised/advisable, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired(desirable), ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested, urged (urgent), insisted (insistent), preferred (preferable), appropriate, compulsory, crucial, imperative, natural, necessary, obligatory, vital, essential
历年试题分析
The teacher demanded _____ his essay immediately.(1991-4)
A) Tom to hand in B) that Tom hands in C) that Tom handed in D) that Tom hand in
She asked that she _____ allowed to see her son in police custody. (1993-50)
A) would be B) could be C) be D) was
It was recommended that passengers ____ smoke during the flight. (1994-58)
A) not B) need not C) could not D) would not
He left orders that nothing ____ touched until the police arrived here.
A) should be B) ought to be C) must be D) would be
预测试题
e.g1 It was essential that the application forms _____ back before the deadline. (901)
A.must be sent
B. would be sent
C. be sent
D. were sent
e.g.2 By signing this application, I ask that an account _____ for me and a credit card issued as I request. (926-6) A.be opened B. opens C. is opened D. will be opened
e.g.3 It was suggested at the meeting that effective measures _____ to solve the problem. (921)
A. were taken
B. be taken
C. must be taken
D. are taken
e.g.4 Our teacher recommends that we _____ as attentive as possible when we visit the museum. (887)
A. are
B. shall be
C. were
D. be
e.g.5 It is highly desirable that a new president _____ for this college. (906)
A.appointed
B. is appointed
C. be appointed
D. has been appointed
e.g.6 It is of the utmost importance that you ______ here on time. (956-6)
A. are to be
B. be
C. shall be
D. must be
e.g.7 We desire that the tour leader ____ us immediately of any change in plans. (936)
A. inform
B. informs
C. informed
D. has informed
e.g.8 It is vital that enough money ______ to fund the project. (971)
A. be collected
B. must be collected
C. is collected
D. can be collected
e.g.9 I don’t think it advisable that Tim _____ to the job since he had no experience. (976)
A.is assigned
B. will be assigned
C. be assigned
D. has been assigned
e.g.10 We are all for your proposal that the discussion ________. (986)
A. is to be put off
B. was put off
C. should put off
D. be put off
e.g.11 As Commander-in-chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _____ for our defense. (996) A. had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken
e.g.12 It is essential that these application forms _____ back as early as possible. (20001)
A. must be sent
B. will be sent
C. are sent
D. be sent
e.g.13 The manager of the hotel requests that their guests ______ after 11:00 p.m. (941)
A.not to play loud music
B. shouldn’t play loud music
C. don’t play loud music
D. couldn’t play loud music
e.g.14 The judge recommended that he _____ for at least three years. (906-6)
A. was not released
B. had not been released
C. not be released
D. not released
e.g.15 One of the requirements for a fire is that the material _____ to its burning temperature. (961-6)
A.is heated
B. will be heated
C. be heated
D. would be heated
总结：一般此类题总是与被动一起出，should往往省略。
考点九：以防万一型（未考点）
lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语动词用(should)do
e.g.1 The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it _____ on the way. (911)
A.goes wrong
B. should be wrong
C. went wrong
D. would go wrong
e.g.2 The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ____ himsel
f. (981)
A.injure
B. had injured
C. injured
D. would injure
e.g.3 You’d better stay indoors in case the typhoon ______ back again.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/ed15598069.html,es
B. should have come
C. come
D. will come
e.g.4 Please remind him to take pills regularly for fear that he _______ it.
A.forgot
B. will forget
C. may forget
D. forget
总结：难度不高，但要当心被动。
考点十：让步状语从句中的虚拟语气
强势连接代词或副词引导的状语从句中用虚拟，
历年试题分析
Home is home, ____ ever so homely. (1992-52)C
A) it is B) it were C) be it D) it be
____, I’ll marry him all the same.（2004-42）D
A) Was he rich or poor B) Whether rich or poor
C) Were he rich or poor D) Be he rich or poor
预测试题
___ they common people or high-ranking officials, they stand equal be3fore the law.
A) Be B) Were C) Are D) Should
He will do anything for her, _____ to his death.
A) be it B) it be C) were it D) it were
____ from me to beg his mercy.
A) Far be it B) Far it be C) No matter it be D) No matter be it
第二章：情态动词
大纲要求：同样是在“动词的时和体”，大纲提到了“情态助动词的各种用法”。但从历年试题分析，91-05年考的相关题目全部考的是用情态动词的推测语气，尤其是表达对过去事情的推测。
考点一：must/may/can
历年试题分析
“She must be in the dormitory now.”
“No, she ____ be there. I saw her in the classroom a minute ago.” (1994-59)
A) mustn’t B) can’t C) couldn’t D) wouldn’t
He _____ unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful. (1999-48)
A) may have acted B) must have acted C) should act D) would act
He ____ the 8:20 bus because he didn’t leave home till 8:25. (1994-64)
A) couldn’t have caught B) ought to have caught
C) shouldn’t ha ve caught D) must not have caught
“The door was open.”
“It ____open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket.” (1992-48)
A) can’t be B) mustn’t be C) can’t have been D) mustn’t have been
预测试题
He _____ another career but, at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend graduate school. (951-6) A) might have chosen B) might choose C) had to choose D) must have chosen
Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class; she _____ hav e studied very hard. (891)
A) may B) should C) must D) can
You ___ her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks. (961)
A) mustn’t have seen B) must have seen C) might have seen D) can’t have seen
考点二：should/shouldn’t/needn’t 对过去的推测
should have done 过去应该做却没做的事情
shouldn’t have done过去不该做却反而做的事情
needn’t have done过去不必做却做了的事情
历年试题分析
The meeting’s been cancelled. Ann ___ all that work. (1995-55)
A) need to do B) need have
C) needn’t have done D) needed not to do
As it turned out to be a small house party, we ____ so formally. (1996-49)
A) need not have dressed up B) must not have dressed up
C) did not need to dress up D) must not dress up
You ____ Mark anything. It was none of his business. (1998-52)
A) needn’t have told B) needn’t tell
C) mustn’t have told D) mustn’t tell
You ____ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.(2000-48)
A) needn’t have told B) needn’t tell
C) mustn’t have told D) mustn’t tell
总结：Should/shouldn’t have done是未考点
预测试题
They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled. In fact, they ____ at all. (906)
A) needn’t have gone B) mustn’t have gone
C) might not have gone D) wouldn’t have gone
Tom ____ better than to ask Dick for help. (916-6)
A) should have known B) shouldn’t know
C) has known D) shall know
With all this work on hand, he ___ to the cinema last night. (891)
A) mustn’t go B) wouldn’t go C) oughtn’t go D) shouldn’t have gone
考点三：情态动词的其他用法（未考点，次重点）
As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ____. (976) A) ought to be said B) must say C) have to be said D) need to say
If you don’t like to swim, you ___ stay at home. (951)
A) should as well B) may as well C) can as well D) would as well
Jack is good, kind, hard-working and intelligent. In a word, I ___ speak too highly of him.
A) will B) can’t C) oughtn’t D) mustn’t
A foreign language like English is difficult to learn, so you ___ work to hard. (911-6) A) should B) mustn’t C) can’t D) ought to
The earthquake ___ not have come at a worse time for the war-torn country.
A) could B) would C) must D) might
第三章：非限定动词
大纲要求：在“动词的时和体”，大纲提到了“不定式和不定式分句，-ing分词和-ing分句，-ed分词和-ed 分句的用法”。此外，独立主格和复合结构的考点在现代语法系统中并不属于这部分，但鉴于其用法的相通之处，特安排在本章节，以助考生理解记忆。
考点一：有些词可以用不定式，也可以用动名词，但其意义不同
历年试题分析
I don’t like ____ bills but when I do get them I like ____ them promptly.(1992-60)
A) To get, paying B) getting, to pay C) to get, to pay D) getting, paying
I never regretted ____ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay. (1993-53)
A) not to accept B) not having accepted
C) having not accepted D) not accepting
预测试题
He meant _____ you, but he told me that he changed his mind at the last minute.
A.telephone
B. being telephoned
C. to have telephoned
D. to be telephoned
考点二：区别动词后面用动名词或不定式
必须使用动名词的动词：
常考的有：admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, detest, enjoy, escape, fancy (imagine), finish, forgive, keep (continue), mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, propose, quit, recall, recollect, resent, risk, resist, suggest, advise, allow, permit, recommend, acknowledge, require, resent, tolerate, favor, reject, facilitate, involve, imply, ensure, guarantee, confirm, justify, approve, overlook, foresee, predict 等
注意：在advise, allow, permit, recommend后，如果有某人做宾语，可用不定式
e.g. We do not allow smoking here./ We cannot allow you to smoke here.
历年试题分析
In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid_____. (1996-48)
A) from being beaten B) being beaten C) beating D) to be beaten
He resented ____ to wait. He expected the Minster ____ him at once. (1995-53)
A) to be asked, to see B) being asked, to see
C) to be asked, seeing D) being asked, seeing
He prefers _____. (1995-59)
A)to write his letters rather than dictating them
B)to write his letters rather than dictate them
C)writing his letters rather than dictate them
D)writing his letters rather than have dictated them
预测试题
1 She was so angry that she felt like ______ something at him. (926)
A.to throw
B. to have thrown
C. throwing
D. having thrown
2 It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather. (906)
A. to be much affected
B. being much affected
C. having much affected
D. to have been much affected
3 Buck Helm, a retired salesman, survived _____ alive for 90 ours in his car. (931-6)
A.burying
B. having buried
C. being buried
D. to be buried
4 Building that railway was very difficult and involved _____ ten tunnels. (926)
A.dig
B. having dug
C. to have dug
D. digging
5 Mark often attempts to escape _____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. (956)
A.having been fined
B. to have been fined
C. being fined
D. to be fined
总结：养成使用完成式和被动式的习惯，不要只停留在看出该动词跟动名词而兴奋过头。
考点三：分词做定语
历年试题分析
This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals___ in Africa. (1996-46)
A) hunted B) hunting C) that hunted D) are hunted
预测试题
分词作定语可看作定语从句的省略
We visited a village having 40 families belonging to 3 nationalities.
The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.
This project, to be completed by the end of this year, will benefit most of us here.
1 As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ______ 50 households or more. (981)
A.having
B. to have
C. to have had
D. having had
2 This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ______ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (996)
A. being
B. been
C. to be
D. having been
3 This programme will examine the writer’s books in detail, ______ an introduction to her life. (941)
A. following
B. having followed
C. being followed
D. to be followed
4 Captain Henry, ______, crept slowly through jungle brush.
A. being remote from the enemy
B. attempting to not encounter the enemy
C. trying to avoid the enemy
D. not involving himself in the enemy
5 Soon, Americans hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship ______ U.S. farmers. (911) A. faced B. faces C. facing D. to face
6 The computer works very fast, ______ data at the speed of light. (931)
A.having handled
B. handling
C. handled
D. handles
7 The project, ________ by the end of 2008, will expand the city’s teleph one network to cover 1,000,000 users. (996)
A.accomplished
B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished
D. having been accomplished
8 A planetarium (天文馆)is a special kind of educational facility _____ the teaching of astronomy.
A. devoted to
B. which devotes
C. to devote
D. to devote to
9 Nicolaus Copernicus, ______, was born in Zorun, Pland.
A.is often considered the founder of modern astronomy
B.whose founder of modern astronomy is often astronomy
C.often considered the founder of modern astronomy
D.being often considered the founder of modern astronomy
（从此题得出是否用being的心得）
10 Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ______ to the outside world.
A.being lost
B. having lost
C. losing
D. lost
11 Another agreement ______ tomorrow will concern technical co-operation.
A.to sign
B. signed
C. to be signed
D. signing
12 In reading stories we anticipate what is to come ______ on our memory of what has gone before. (951-6)
A.based
B. basing
C. to base
D. to be based
13 Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials, ______.
A.differs only in degree
B. and differs in degrees
B.only in degree does it differ D. differing only in degree
总结：现在分词表示主动含义或正在进行，过去分词表示被动含义或已经完成，不定式表示将来。是否要用being,要看该动作是否是暂时正在进行的动作。
考点四：分词作宾语补足语
历年试题分析
The compositions contained so few errors that the teacher got the students ____ one another’s papers. (1992-58) A) correct B) to correct C) correcting D) to be correcting
He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder ____ out and three men climbing it. (1995-52)
A) throwing B) being thrown C) having thrown D) having been thrown
4.1 感官动词
（主动）observe/watch/smell sb/sth doing
(被动) She felt a great load taken off her mind./ He heard his name called.
4.2 使役动词
(主动)Her words set me thinking deeply.
（被动）She still could not make herself understood in English.
Have sth done=get sth done
Have sth doing = get sth doing
Have sb do = get sb to do
预测试题
1 The manager promised to keep me _____ of how our business was going on. (901)
A.to be informed
B. on informing
C. informed
D. informing
2 I found myself ____ to the spot where the experiment was being performed whenever I had some time to spare. (931-6)
A.draw
B. drawing
C. drew
D. drawn
3 You will see this product _____ wherever you go. (20006)
A.to be advertised
B. advertised
C. advertise
D. advertising
4 The dying soldier had the message _____ straight to the commander. (887)
A.sent
B. to be sent
C. be sent
D. being sent
5 The children went there to watch the iron tower ______. (901)
A.to erect
B. be erected
C. erecting
D. being erected
6 Don’t get your schedule ______, stay with us in this class. (961)
A.to change
B. changing
C. changed
D. change
7 They are going to have the serviceman ______ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. (981)
A.install
B. to install
C. to be installed
D. installed
总结：要摆脱中学英语的see sb doing/do 的固定思维模式，用do/doing/done取决于主被动。
但是例句中的set总是用-ing, make总是用-ed (动词原形不是分词，故不考虑)
考点五：不定式做补语（被动式）
历年试题分析
Professor Johnson is said ___ some significant advance in his research in the past year. (1999-23)
A) having made B) making C) to have made D) to make
AIDS is said ____ to number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. (2002-46) A) being B) to be C) to have been D) having been
The Minister of Finance is believed ____ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. (2004-48)
A) that he is thinking B) to be thinking C) that he is to think D) to think
预测试题
1 The ancient Egyptians are supposed ______ rockets to the moon. (966)
A. to send
B. to be sending
C. to have sent
D. to have been sending
2 The wedding present bought last week is said ______ a large amount of money. (879)
A.to be cost him
B. having cost him
C. to cost him
D. to have cost him
考点六：分词作状语
历年试题分析
The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighbouring country, ____ by the police each time. (1999-42)
A) had been captured B) being always captured
C) only to be captured D) unfortunately captured
This missile is designed so that once ____ nothing can be done to retrieve it. (1995-63)
A) fired B) being fired C) they fired D) having fired
______, he can now only watch it on TV at home. (1998-45)
A) Obtaining not a ticket for the match B) Not obtaining a ticket for the match
C) Not having obtained a ticket for the match D) Not obtained a ticket for the match
He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ____ insufficiently popular with all members.
A) having considered B) was considered C) was being considered D) being considered
Arriving at the bus stop, ____ waiting there. (1994-52)
A) a lot of people were B) he found a lot of people C) a lot of people
D) people were found
____ regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first. (1994-55)
A) Not received B) Since receiving C) Having received D) Not having received
_____ at in this way, the present economic situation doesn’t seem to g loomy. (2000-51)
A) Looking B) Looked C) Having looked D) To look
If not ____ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time. (2004-45) A) being treated B) treated C) be treated D) having been treated
预测试题
1 时间状语
（主动）Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.
cf: Having heard the news several days before, they set off for Shanghai.
When hearing the news, they set off for Shanghai.(强调时间)
（被动）Seen from the hill, the south part of the city is a sea of trees.
2 原因状语
（主动）The doctor, not wanting to make the patient nervous, didn’t explain the illness.
(被动) Overcome with surprise, she was unable to say a word.
3 条件状语
（主动）Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his house.
(被动) Given another chance, I will do it much better.
4．结果状语
A few days later he came back only to find that the troops had left.
当心：主从句主语要一致。
1. At last she left her house and got to the airport, only ____ the plane flying away. (941-6)
A.having seen
B. to see
C. to have seen
D. saw
2. John often attends public lectures at the University of Oxford, chiefly __ his English. (921)
A.to improve
B. improving
C. to have improved
D. improved
3. ______ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disapp ointing. (20001)
A.To look at
B. Looking at
C. Looked at
D. To be looked at
4. Having no money but ______ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner. (936)
A.not to want anyone
B. not wanting anyone
C. wanted no one
D. to want no one
5. ________ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed
B. Believing
C. Believed
D. Being believed
6. ______ on a clear day the mountains give one a sense of infinite peace.
A.Walking
B. If walking
C. While walking
D. When one is walking
7. ______ for many years, the writer suddenly became famous. (921)
A.Having ignored him
B. To be ignored
C. To have been ignored
D. Having been ignored
8. _____ the financial means to remain independent, Thomas Edison was compelled to seek employment as a night telephone operator.
A.While deprived of
B. Deprived of
C. Having deprived of
D. Although he was deprived of （从此题总结出是否用完成式的心得）
9. ______ with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces. (926)
A.Dissatisfying thoroughly
B. Being thoroughly dissatisfied
C. To dissatisfy thoroughly
D. To be thoroughly dissatisfied
10. Realizing that she had no money to buy her husband any birthday present but ______ to disappoint him, she had her long cascading hair--- her only treasure---cut and sell it in exchange for a watch chain for her husband. (951)
A.not wanted
B. not wanting
C. not to want
D. wanting not
11. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ______. (986)
A.being settled
B. to be settled
C. as settled
D. has settled
12. ________ as a poor boy in a family of seventeen children, Benjamin Franklin became famous on both sides of the Atlantic as a statesman, scientist, and author. (906-6)
A.Started
B. Starting
C. Being started
D. To have started
13. _______ violent street crime, they are often content to send in the police force and demand that it do whatever it is necessary while they look the other way.
A.Feed up with
B. To feed up with
C. Fed up with
D. Feeding up with
14. Sitting around the fire, _________.
A.mystery stories were told by each of us
B.each of us told mystery stories in turns
C.there were mystery stories told by each of us
D.stories of mystery were told by all of us
总结：分清主被动, 使用合适的分词形式，当心主语一致，避免出现悬垂结构。
是否要用完成式，要看该句是否是时间状语从句的省略，再看是否是先发生动作。
考点七：独立主格（重点）
历年试题分析
There ____ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. (2000-45)
A) to be B) to have been C) being D) be
____ no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his room. (1996-51)
A) There was B) Since C) Being D) There being
The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars ____ the most important of these. (1994-57)
A) have been B) are C) being D) are being
Agriculture is the country’s chief source o f wealth, wheat ____ by far the biggest cereal crop.
A) is B) been C) be D) being
Time _____, the celebration will be held as scheduled. (2003-48)
A) permit B) permitting C) permitted D) permits
总结：目前考过的试题都是用现在分词，但如果是被动含义，就需要用过去分词。
预测试题
1. Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs ____ carefully in her hands. (887)
A) to be held B) held C) were held D) holding
2. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper ___ it closely. (891)
A) followed B) following C) to follow D) being followed
3. A new technique ______, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. (901)
A) working out B) having worked out
C) having been worked out D) to have been worked out
4. The speech _____, a lively discussion started. (951)
A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) having been delivered
5. _____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (976)
A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equal
C) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal
6. Susan stood motionless at then end of the diving board, hands at her side, heels slightly raised, every muscle ____ action.
A) anticipating B) to anticipate C) anticipated D) having anticipated
7. ______ about the bookkeeper’s honesty, the company asked him to resign. (926-6)
A) There be some questions B) There are some questions
C) There have been some questions D) There being some questions
8. All flights _____ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. (991, 916-6)
A) were canceled B) having been canceled
C) had been canceled D) have been canceled
考点九：“疑问词+不定式”的介词用法
历年试题分析
The Clarks haven’t decided yet which hotel ____. (1998-49)
A) to stay B) is to stay C) to stay at D) is for staying
预测试题
Everyone had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office room ____. (941)
A) to send it to B) to send it C) to be sent to D) to have it sent
Can you find someone _____? (941)
A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis
C) play tennis with D) playing tennis with
考点十：非限定动词的否定和完成式
历年试题分析
____ is not a serious disadvantage in life. (2001-51)
A) To be not tall B) Not to be tall C) Being not tall D) Not being tall
预测试题
I appreciate ______ to your home. (916)
A.to be invited
B. to have invited
C. having invited
D. being invited
(把上句该为：I do appreciate _____ to your home but I have to leave now since it is already very late. 你会填什么？)
2 _______ about one of the most rapidly changing countries in a ceaselessly changing world is not at all easy. (911-6)
A.Being informed
B. To be informed
C. Having informed
D. Informed
3 Your hair wants ______. You’d better have it done tomorrow. (976)
A.cut
B. to cut
C. cutting
D. being cut
4 He gives people the impression ________ all his life abroad. (986)
A.to spend
B. of being spent
C. to have spent
D. of having spent
总结：为了增加难度，考题要么是完成式，要么就是被动式，逆反思维：慎用普通式。
考点十：To 当介词时后面用动名词
历年试题分析
The meeting was put off because we ____ a meeting without John. (2005-62)
A) objected having B) were objected to having C) objected to have D) objected to having
预测试题
常见的有：动词：come close to, confess to, contribute to, get down to, look forward to, object to, resort to, see to, set to, take to, yield to (屈服于) 等
形容词/过去分词：be equal to, be immune to, be indifferent to, be opposed to, be subject to, be used to
名词：approach to, contribution to, exception to, objection to, opposition to, resistance to
短语介词：in addition to, as/with regard to, with a view to, etc
1 The man in the corner confessed to ______ a lie to the manager of the company. (976)
A.have told
B. tell
C. being told
D. having told
2 Don’t worry, Philip is quite used ______ in such heavy traffic as this. (887)
A.to driving
B. to have driven
C. to be driving
D. to drive
3 Anesthetics(麻醉) are used _______ insensitivity to pain during surgical operations.
A.by causing
B. to cause
C. for causing
D. to causing
4 Within the last year, astronomers have come closer than ever ______.
A.to deciding which of the question is right.
B.to decide which of the questions is right
C.to deciding whether the question is right or not
D.and decided which of the questions is right
5 I’m sure your suggestion will ______ the problem. (916-6)
A.contribute to solving
B. contribute to solve
C. be contributed to solve
D. be contributed to solving
6 I have no objection _____ your story again. (2006)
A.to hear
B. to hearing
C. to having heard
D. to have heard
7 The police chief, who fears that the case could become a national incident, is sopposed ____ it any publicity.
A.to give
B. to giving
C. to be giving
D. to have given
总结：记住上面列出的词组，同时当心被动。
考点十一：与动名词相关的句型（未考点）
be busy (in) doing
spend … (in) doing
It is of no use/ of no good/useless, a waste of time doing sth.
There is no use/good, sense, point in doing sth.
What’s the use/good, sense,point of doing sth?
Have trouble/difficulty(s)/problem/a hard time doing sth.
预测试题
1 Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her examination. (936)
A.to prepare
B. to be prepared
C. preparing
D. being prepared
2 Sometimes very young children have trouble _______ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist. (956-6)
A.separating
B. to separate
C. having separated
D. for separating
3 Urban mothers had difficulty _____ their children into child care facilities. (887)
A.in getting
B. to get
C. get
D. for getting
4 It is no use _____ to repair the car. It’s too old. (879)
A.having tried
B. to try
C. trying
D. by trying
5 There is no point ______ the piano, unless you practice every day. (887)
A.to learn to play
B. in learning to play
C. by learning to play
D. having learned to play
6 “Why were you late?” “I had a hard time ____ up this morning.”
A.to get
B. get
C. having getting
D. getting
总结：此结构大都为否定含义。
考点十二：复合结构（未考点）
介词后经常可跟“逻辑主语+动名词”的复合结构：
In the event of our parents’ objecting to our plan, we will have to give it up.
Here is a clear case of sunlight being converted to electrical power.
大部分此类考题，动名词的逻辑主语要用所有格形式，除了以下情况：
1. 逻辑主语为无生命的名词：
She can be awakened even by the sound of a match being struck.
2. 逻辑主语为不定代词、指示代词或it时：
For the first time the possibility of something serious having happened entered his mind.
3. 逻辑主语为存在句的there
Bill was annoyed at there being so much time wasted.
4. 逻辑主语较长或与上述某一情况并列使用时：
People can hardly accept the idea of money being everything and friends being nothing.
预测试题
1 It is no use ______ me not to worry. (891)
A.you tell
B. your telling
C. for your to have told
D. having told
2 I will overlook ______ so rude to my sister this time but don’t let it happen again. (891-6)
A. you to be
B. your being
C. you to have been
D. you having been
3 Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ______ late for his lecture.
A.to have students
B. for students’ being
C. for students to be
D. to students’ being
4_______ about the effect of our atmosphere on their living is what the present government should do without delay. (991)
A. The general public to be educated
B. The general public’s being educated
C. The general public educate
D. The general public was educated
考点十三：习惯用法（未考点）
预测试题
1 _____ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is. (961-6)
A.To give
B. Given
C. Giving
D. Having given
2 The speech which he made _____ the project has bothered me greatly. (991)
A.concerned
B. being concerned
C. concerning
D. be concerned
第四章：定语从句
大纲要求：定语从句在新大纲中所列各从句中居首位，其重要性可见一斑。
考点一：非限定定语从句的特点
历年试题分析
We’ve just installed two air-conditioner in our apartment, _____ should make great differences in our life next summer. (2002-45)
A) which B) what C) that D) they
They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ____ is something we had not expected. (2003-51)
A) which B) it C) that D) what
The physicist has made a discovery, ______ of great importance to the progress of science and technology. (1997-45)
A) I think which is B) that I think is C) which I think is D) which I think it is
预测试题
The Heavenly Lake, ____ is one of the world famous scenic spots, is on Tienshan Mountain.
A) as B) which C) where D) that
There are thirty students in the class, the majority of ____ are from the city.
A) them B) which C) who D) whom
考点二：that 的用法
历年试题分析
Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff ____ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced. (2000-50)
A) whose B) as C) what D) that
He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man ____ he was 20 years ago. (2003-52)
A) which B) that C) who D) whom
They fulfilled the task in ____ it took us. (1992-54)
A) three-fourth time B) three-fourths times C) three-fourths the time D) the three-fourths time
预测试题
Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures, ____ is utter poverty. (916-6)
A) now all that is left B) now that all is left C) now all which is left D) now all what is left
What a good listener is able to do is to process what he hears on the basis of the context ____. (931-6)
A) it occurs in B) occurred in it C) occurring in it D) it occurring in
Today the public is much concerned about the way _____. (966-6)
A) nature is being ruined B) which nature is ruined
C) on which to ruin nature D) of nature to be ruined
考点三：such…as…., the same….as
历年试题分析
Only take such clothes ____really necessary. (1994-61)
A) as were B) as they are C) as they were D) as are
预测试题
He never hesitates to make such criticisms ____ are considered helpful to others. (921-6)
A) that B) as C) which D) what
I have the same trouble ____ you have.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. what
考点四：as/which表达前面整句
历年试题分析
____ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. (1994-65)
A) That B) It C) This D) As
预测试题
Colin married my sister and I married his brother, ____makes Colin and me double-in-laws. (966-6)
A) what B) which C) that D) it
____ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. (936)
A) That B) Which C) As D) It
考点五：whose
历年试题分析
Above the trees are the hills, ____ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. (2003-43)
A) where B) of whose C) whose D) which
预测试题
Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ____ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women. (20006)
A) whose B) that C) which D) what
The house, one of _____ windows faces the sea, sells well than instead.
A) whose B) that C) which D) what
考点六：关系副词
历年试题分析
I’ve never been to Lhasa, but that’s the city _____. (1999-47)
A) I’d most like to visit B) which I like to visit mostly
C) where I like to visit D) I’d like much to visit
I have never been to London, but that is the city _____. (1997-50)
A) where I like to visit B) I’d most like to visit
C) which I like to visit mostly D) where I’d like most to visit
She remembered several occasions in the past _____ she had experienced a similar feeling. (1998-42)
A) which B) before C) that D) when
The company has now introduced a policy ____ pay rises are related to performance at work. (1996-44)
A) which B) where C) whether D) what
预测试题
The time has come ____ we can make extensive use of nuclear energy. (906)
A) as B) while C) when D) since
There are some cases ____ where this rule does not hold good.
A) where B) when C) why D) which
I don’t know the reason ___ she did it for?
A) why B) when C) why D) which
考点七：介词+连词（未考点）
关系代词前介词的选择
2.1 从句本身的搭配需要
I called him by the wrong name, for which I apologize.
2.2 先行词的需要
This depends on the purpose for which the device is used.
2.3 名词/代词+介词+which/whom
We organize a training course, the purpose of which is to help our students pass CET4.
2.4 介词+which/whom+不定式
He has only the long nights in which to study.
= He has only the long nights to study in.
预测试题
1. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ____ obtaining water is not the least. (981,006)
A) for which B) to which C) of which D) in which
2. The minister was the person _____. (911)
A)whom the state dinner was given in honour
B)for whom the state dinner was given honour
C)whose honour the state dinner was given
D)in whose honour the state dinner was given
3. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge ___ our thinking. (916-6)
A) upon which to base B) which to base C) which to be based on D) to which to be based