毕业论文外文文献

毕业论文外文文献

Photography Pen

Film director and critic Alexander Astruc's comments in today, wrote a famous:

"Following a variety of other arts, especially painting, novel, film is rapidly becoming a tool to express ideas. It swept the market, a mall next to the theater's entertainment products. It is a well preserved image of the times methods. Now is gradually becoming a language, that is, the artist can use it to express themselves through a means of thinking, no matter how abstract this idea, or that it is also used as a kind of artists like prose or fiction a form to express their themes. So, I put this new era for film today called "photo pen" era, that era of writing, the use of the camera ……

"Silent film attempts to use symbolic links to all the concept and meaning of the expression. We know, Lenovo exist in the image itself, naturally present in the film development process, there is the role of performance in each posture and expression, present in every word of in; also present in the camera movement, this movement linked to a piece of things, to link people and things ……

"Obviously, that is, screenwriter making his own films. Or even say that there is no longer what the movie writer. Because, in such films, the playwright and director, there is nothing between significant

differences and his film is not just a painting or performance of a scene the way, but a real way to write movies …… "

Astruc's article have not been forgotten, because it used a very illustrative nature of the term - "Photography pen" - that educated young people began to consider the use of the French art of film such a practice. This is a tool to express ideas and feelings through it, like a novelist, film writer can, like, speak freely, she described the thoughts and feelings. Naturally, beyond reproach, the camera has become the pen with them to create.

Is a writer, film director - or more accurately the performance of a French word - author. French film has been controlled in the hands of writers. If health is carne Pleasant creation, Spike for the DU Wei Will the creation. Moreover, the authors also controlled the director; on

this point, critics have begun to recognize that it is futile. Astruc and other followers were also noted between the author and the director, no longer exists any real difference. They believe, like many other art forms as works of art are often the perfect control by a person arising from, which must make large and heavy work condensed into one movie (creator) manageable level.

To meet such a requirement, shall be the whole incident process more simple, realistic and more personalized way to take pictures, as less interference in the natural development of real events, real movie that came into being. This is for those people who want to become writers, is indeed a tempting proposal. The first representative of "New Wave" film

is widely used in the direct shot at the scene techniques, including improvisation shooting method.

Another impact is the development of the wide-screen movies. In some ways, wide-screen movies are highly concise approach to the development of an important art form. As we have already discussed it, wide-screen to avoid too many

"interpretative" clip.

Therefore, the camera trying to be as a pen to a writer, as directly as the creative desire to shoot and it is able to achieve a high degree requirements concise closely related. At the same time, we will realize that this is not a "photo pen" by the application of this principle the only aspect. Directly in the filming and concise nature of the problem must be the theme and characters for the performance of the complexity of services. It is quite common in the novel; the film actually has very rare.

The inevitable result of the development of these tendencies is another form of a new generation of film. Not is an early attention to the film industry veteran Pierre Melville next to the characteristics of such films had a wonderful definition:

This is an excellent and film method. Shooting in natural scenes, there is no movie star, with little staff, very fast film, film did not release terms of security, not accredited, but also without any obligation.

He said this film, later known as the new wave film school, the "New Wave."

References:

Karle Resize and Gavin Miller(The Technique of film Editing(Hastings House Publishers，

1977，305-306(

译文

摄影笔

电影导演兼评论家亚历山大?阿斯特吕克在当今的一篇著名评论里写道:

“继其它各种艺术，特别是绘画、小说之后，电影正在迅速地成为一种表达思想的工具。它风靡了市场，成为林荫道旁的剧场里的消遣品。它是一种保存时代形象的好方法，现在正在逐渐成为一种语言，也就是艺术家可以使用并通过它来表达自己思想的一种手段，不管这个思想是多么的抽象。或者说，它也是一种艺术家们用来像散文或小说那样表达自己主题的一种形式。因此，我把今天这个新的电影时代叫做“摄影笔”时代，即运用摄影机写作的时代……

“无声电影试图运用种种象征性的联系来表达概念和意义。我们知道，联想存在于形象本身，存在于影片自然发展的过程，存在于每个角色表演的姿势和表情，存在于每一句话之中;同样也存在于摄影机的运动中，这种运动把各种事物联系起来，把人和事物联系起来……

“很明显，这就是说，电影编剧制作他自己的电影。或者可以这样说，不再存在着什么电影剧作家了。因为在这类电影中，剧作家和导演之间已经没有什么明显的差别了，导演电影不仅是一种绘画或表现场景的手法，还是一种真正写电影的方法……”

阿斯特吕克的文章并没有被人们遗忘，因为它用了一个非常说明问题本质的术语——“摄影笔”——表明法国知识青年开始考虑使用电影艺术这样一种手法。这是一种表达思想和感情的工具，通过它，电影剧作家能像小说家一样，毫无拘束地表达自己的思想和感情。自然地，无可非议，摄影机便成为他们创造用的笔了。

电影导演就是作家——或者用一个法文词表现更确切——作者。法国电影一直控制在作家手中。如普莱卫为卡尔内创作，斯派克为杜维威尔而创作。而且，作家还控制了导演;关于这一点，评论家们已开始认识到，那是徒劳的。阿斯特吕克和其他追随者们也注意到，在作者与导演之间，已不存在什么真正的差别。他们认为，就如其他许多艺术形式一样，艺术的杰作往往是由一个人完美地驾驭而产生的，这就必须使庞大而繁重的电影工作浓缩到一个人(创作者)容易处理的程度。

为了适应这样一种要求，须把整个事件的过程更简单、逼真地并且更个性化地拍摄下来，尽可能更少地干预真实事件的自然发展过程，真实电影就这样应运而生了。这对那些想要成为作家的人来说，确实是一个诱人的建议。第一部代表“新浪潮”的影片就是广泛采用了在现场直接拍摄的技巧，包括即兴创作的拍摄方法。

另一种影响就是向宽银幕电影发展。在某些方面，宽银幕电影也是向高度简练手法发展的一种重要的艺术形式。就像我们已经讨论过的那样，宽银幕避免了过多的“解释性”剪辑。

因此，想把摄影机当作作家的笔，像创作那样直接进行拍摄的欲望，是和能否达到高度凝练的要求紧密关联的。同时，我们也会认识到，这并不是“摄影笔”这个原理所应用唯一的方面。在影片拍摄中直接性和凝练性的问题必须为表现主题和人物的复杂性服务。这在小说里是司空见惯的，在电影里却至今还很罕见。

这些倾向的发展必然结果是又一种新型的电影形式的产生。一位早期不被人注意的电影界老前辈让?皮埃尔?梅尔维尔给这类电影的特征下了个绝妙的定义:

这是一种匠心独运的电影拍摄方法。在天然的场景中拍摄，没有电影明星，绝少工作人员，超快速底片，影片没有发行方面的保障，不必授权认可，也不需承担任何义务。

他所说的这种电影，就是后来称为新潮流派的电影，即“新浪潮”。

参考文献:

,英,卡雷尔?赖兹，盖文?米勒(电影剪辑技巧(黑斯廷斯之家出版商，1977，305-306(