四级培训基础班写作2--我的讲义汇总

四级培训基础班作文2

结构意识的培养和行文思路的提炼

1. 应试作文仍然应该保持三段式的作文模式,即开头段、中间段和结尾段。(注:详略得当,开头段和结尾段2-3句。展开段4-5句。

2. 每段话都可以遵循这样的模式,即主题句+展开句。

3.针对不同类型的作文,展开作文的思路也略有不同,有可能是从现象描述展开,有可能是观点阐述展开。(七类四级常考作文类型

4.在审题完毕之后就应该整理好作文思路,然后列出提纲,有的放矢。

开头段(opening paragraph

开头段虽短,但却是文章成败的关键,举足轻重。该段目的在于引出文章要探讨的核心问题和现象,从而起到统领全文的作用。因此,开头段,主要用于引入文章主题、介绍相关背景(原因、影响、结果等并引导正文内容。一般情况下不对内容进行深入的探讨和总结,两三句点题即可。

开头段之句式参考

一、描述现象

1. Nowadays, it has already become a common phenomenon /Currently it is not a rare phenomenon/occurrence that college students apply for a credit card. 现在,大学生办信用卡已经非常常见。

现如今,在新生入学时好几个家长打包小包簇拥着一个孩子已经变得非常常见。Nowadays,it has been a common occurrence that on the enrolling day of a college, almost every freshman is crowded around by several relatives who are holding all kinds of packages, big and small.

2. The popularity of taking civil service exams has boomed in China with increasing number of graduates leaving university.随着越来越多的毕业生离开大学校园,公务员考试在中国成为了大热门。

在如今的大学校园,大学生在宿舍里做小生意已经成为了大热门。

The popularity of doing business in the dormitory has boomed in today’s campus

数字化产品在中国尤其是在年轻人群众成为了大热门。

The popularity of digital products has been boomed in China, especially among the youngsters.

随着环保意识的不断增强,低碳生活在中国正在成为大热门。

The popularity of the so-called low-carbon life has boomed in China with the continuous inc rease in people’s environmental awareness.

3. It is known to all that trash disposal is very crucial to our daily life, especially in big cities.众所周知,垃圾处理对我们的日常生活非常重要,尤其是在大城市中。

众所周知,春节是中国一年中最重要的节日,而年夜饭则是欢庆春节最重要的一个环节/节目。It is known to all that the Spring Festival is the most important day of the year for all the Chinese people, while the dinner on the eve of the Spring Festival is in the same way the most significant activity/segment to celebrate the special occasion.

4. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of school dropouts in the countryside. 近年来,农村辍学人数急剧上升。

最近几年,明星代言虚假广告的数量急剧上升。

Recently, there has been a considerable increase/rise in the number of stars making false advertisement.

近来,在家里吃年夜饭的家庭数量急剧下降,尤其是在大城市。

Lately, there has been a sharp decrease in the number of families taking dinner on New Year’s Eve at home, especially in big cites.

5. Thanks to the development of China’s economy and its opening up to the world, Chinese students are confronted with multiple choices when it comes to selecting schools.由于中国经济的发展和改

革开放的政策,中国学生现在在选择学校时可以有很多选择。

由于生活水平的不断提升,中国人民现在在选择年夜饭的地点时可以有很多选择。

Thanks to the continuous/sustained improvement in people’s living conditions, Chinese people are faced with numerous choices in selecting the place to have family reunion dinner.

由于互联网的普及,人们在购物时可以有很多选择。

With the popularization of the Internet, people now are confronted with a variety of choices when it comes to selecting the way of shopping.

二、引出问题

1. Recently, China has banned all supermarkets, department stores and shops offering plastic bags for free, which has caused wide attention. 最近,中国已经禁止了所有超市、商场和商店提供免费的塑料袋,这引起了广泛的关注。

2. When it comes to what is the better way to get the daily news, there is no complete agreement among people. Some people take it for granted that the Internet is the best source of daily news. However, others maintain that newspaper should be regarded as a better source. 提起获取日常新闻更好的方式,大家还没能达成一致。有

人理所当然地认为网络是获取新闻的最佳方式,而其他人仍然认为报纸是更好的消息来源。

提起在哪里吃年夜饭的问题,大家现在的看法出现了分歧,有人理所当然地认为应该在家里吃,而很多人则认为到酒店吃也是一个不错的选择。

When it comes to where is the best place to have dinner on new year’s eve, there is no complete agreement. Some people take it for granted that it should be taken at home, while quite a few people assume that hotel should also be regarded as a nice choice.

中间段

中间段是一篇作文的正文,其作用是对主题进行解释说明和论证。本段应该包含明确的主题句(Topic Sentence/TS。TS是提出段落的主题、概括段落中心思想或反映考生写作意图的一个概括性句子。它是段落发展的依据并且规定段落的发展方向。TS的作用举足轻重,是作文的主脉,是亮点,也是老师给分的要素之一。紧随主题句之后的展开句可以通过列事实、举例子、描述细节或给出证据等方式来扩展。

(PS:中间段在展开的过程当中,一定要注意上下文的衔接,也就是所谓的连贯问题。

中间段之句式参考

一、引入原因

1. There are many factors explaining/accounting for/attributing to this phenomenon. First of

all/Above all, … Moreover, … Besides, …有很多因素导致了这一现象

2. There are a large number of reasons for this social phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones.导致这种这会现象的原因有很多,但总体来说,主要有三点。

3. The reasons for this phenomenon mainly lie in the following two aspects.这一现象的原因主要在于以下两个方面。

4. The extravagant spending is mainly caused by/due to the following factors. 过度消费主要是由以下因素或原因引起。

5. But what lead to the conflict between parental hopes and personal ideals?但是,是什么导致了父母期望和孩子的理想之间的冲突呢?

二、引入方法

1. The following measures can be taken to reduce campus waste. 下列措施可以用来减少校园浪费。

2. Therefore/Taking the above-mentioned into consideration, it is high time that we took effective measures to improve public morals.因此/考虑到以上因素/综上所述,是时候采取有效措施提高公

共道德了。

考虑到它的积极意义,是时候采取积极措施来倡导低碳生活了。

Taking its positive effects into account, it is high time we took active measures to advocate a

low-carbon life.

3. In order to solve the problem, both parents and children should pay their efforts. 为了解决这一冲突,父母和孩子双方都要付出努力。

为了缓解能源压力,政府和个人需要齐心协力。

In order to ease the energy pressure, the government and the individuals need to make concerted efforts.

4. Considering the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken to protect us against noise. 考虑到问题的严重性,应该采取有效的措施来保护我们免受噪音的干扰。

考虑到该问题的严峻性和紧迫性,应该采取必要措施来帮助孩子,不要让他们一事无成。Taking the seriousness and the urgency of this problem into

consideration/account, necessary measures should be taken to protect our children against ending up with nowhere.

5. Obviously, it is necessary to take some effective precautions to reduce this phenomenon. 显然,有必要采取有效的预防措施来减少这种现象。

三、列举原因

1. Among all these reasons, the enrollment expansion of universities plays a very

vital/significant/crucial/important role.在所有的这些原因中,高校扩招起着很关键的作用。

在所有这些原因中,中国自改革开放以来/自70年代以来推行的计划生育政策扮演着最为主要的角色。

Among all these reasons, the One-child Policy that China has put forward since 1970s plays the most significant role.

2. More and more people become aware that those disasters have much/a lot to do with what we have done to the earth. 越来越多的人开始意识到,这些灾难的发生和我们人类对地球的所作所为有很大关系。

此外,对孩子的溺爱从某种程度上来说和生活水平的不断提升也有一定的关系。

What’s more, the phenomenon of parents spoiling children has, to some

degree/extent, something to do with the ever-growing living conditions of people.

3. This leads to/results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job. 这使得大学毕业生找工作的机会减少了。

(生活水平的提升使得孩子们理所当然地认为父母可以满足他们的一切愿望。

要什么便有什么成为了他们的普遍心态。自己动手做事的机会变少使得孩子自身动手和办事能力的下降。(Due to the enhancement of living standards, children take for granted that parents can fulfill all their wishes. It has become a common thought that I can have whatever I ask for. This leads to a decreased chance for them to do things by themselves, which, in this way, further decrease/reduce their ability to run their own errands, no matter big or small.

4. Poor parents in rural areas cannot afford the high education for children, which becomes a main reason for their children’s getting poor in the future.在农村,贫穷的父

母没有钱让他们的孩子接受高等教育,这成为日后这些孩子变穷的原因。

在父母眼中,孩子没有能力去做好事情,而这便又成为了导致这一现象的另一原因。

In the eyes of parents, children are incapable of doing things perfectly by themselves, which becomes another reason for this phenomenon.

5. Due to/Because of the poor Internet administration and weak network security, our information might be open, stolen or sold.由于网络管理的欠缺和网络安全的薄弱,我们的信息可能比公开、偷窃或出售。

四、列举方法

1. To begin with, attending collective activities is an effective way to relieve pressure. 首先,参加集体活动是缓解压力的一个有效方法。

首先,在日常生活中节电节水是节约能源的有效方法/第一步。

Above all, saving water and electricity in our daily life is the first step to save energy.

2. An optimistic, positive mind is indispensible in the process of pursuing your ideal. 乐观、积极的心态在你追求理想的过程中是不可或缺的。

在倡导低碳生活的过程中,坚定的信念是不可或缺的。

A strong mind is indispensible in the course of living a low-carbon life.

3. We should learn to be tolerant and consider more for others, which is necessary for group living. 应该学会容忍和多为他人考虑,这对于集体生活来说是必须的。

不需要光亮时及时关灯并尽可能使用节能灯,对于低碳生活而言是也是必须的。

Turn off the lights wh en we don’t need them and use energy-saving lamps as far as possible, which is also a necessity for low-carbon life.

4. In addition, we can turn to the teachers and students around us for help. 此外,我

们可以求助于周围的老师和同学。

此外,我们还可以求助于大众交通工具。

Furthermore, we can also turn to the public transport for help.

5. There is no immediate solution to the problem of energy shortage, but our small economical behaviors in daily life might be quite helpful/beneficial. 能源短缺问题并没有立竿见影的解决方法,但是我们的日常节约行为可能会带来很大的帮助。

对于很多父母溺爱孩子的这一问题没有立竿见影的解决方法,但是父母观念的转变可能会带来很大的帮助。

There is no immediate solution to the problem of parents spoiling their children, but the transition of parent’s concept of loving children can be quite helpful.

父母疼爱孩子本来无可厚非,但父母疼爱孩子的方式需要发生转变。

五、说明优点或影响

1. Undoubtedly, college students can benefit a lot from physical exercise. 毫无疑问,大学生能够从体育锻炼中获得很多好处。

毫无疑问,大学生能够从在宿舍做小买卖获得一些好处。首先,它可以从某种程度上帮助该学生实现经济上的独立。

There is no doubt that college students can benefit from doing business in the dormitory. To begin with, it can, to certain degree, help the student become financially independent.

2. Pet’s service does good to both the society and the individual. 宠物服务既有益于社会也有益于个人。

3. As everyone sees, it has brought considerable benefits to people’s work and life. 正如大家看到的,它给人们的工作和生活带来了巨大的好处。

4. Without any doubt, it will produce profound/far-reaching/remarkable

effect/influence on people’s life. 毫无疑问,它将会对人们的生活产生深远的/显著的影响。

毫无疑问,数字化产品的诞生和普及对现代人的生活、工作和学习都带来了深远的影响。Undoubtedly, the emergence and popularization of digital products have produced far-reaching influence on the life, work and study of modern people.

5. It is obvious that physical exercise is very beneficial/favorable to the healthy development of college students.显然,体育锻炼对大学生的身体健康发展非常有益。

可以看出,在宿舍做生意对于锻炼大学生的社交能力/交际能力非常有益,通过这种方式,他能够接触到不同年级、不同专业的各类同学。

It can be seen that doing business in the dormitory is quite beneficial to one’s communicative competence, through which, he can come into contact with a great many students of difference

grades and majors.

六、说明缺点或危害

1. Noise brings great harm to our daily lives. 噪音给我们的日常生活带来了很大危害。

如果处理不得当,在宿舍开店也会导致非常严重的后果。

If handled in an inappropriate way, running a business in the dorm can bring great harm.

2. Psychological problems are likely to lead to very serious results. 心理问题可能会导致非常验证的后果。

3. Moreover, one’s violating public morality not only invades others’ benefits but also is very harmful to himself. 而且,违反公共道德不仅侵犯他人的利益也会伤害到自己。

4. If this trend continues, it will exert undesirable/disastrous effect/influence. 如果这种趋势持续下去的话,将会带来不良的/灾难性的影响。

5. On the other hand/As every coin has two sides, private tutoring has also some

disadvantages/drawbacks/weak points. 然而/正如每个硬币都有两面,私人家教也有缺点。

七、举例论证

1. Hanxin of the Han Dynasty is a typical example of those who have patience. 汉朝的韩信就是一个典型的有耐心的人。

2. A case in point is the important role of patience in English study. 一个典型的例子就是耐心在英语学习中的重要作用。

3. Let’s take finding a job as an/another example. 让我们以找工作为一个(另一个例子。

4. There are too numerous examples to mention one by one. 太多的例子不胜枚举。

5. A good example to illustrate is higher divorce rate in recent years. 近年来的高离婚率就是一个能很好地证明这一点的例子。

八、对比论证

1. People holding the first view usually think that more money will bring more happiness.持第一种观点的人通常认为钱越多就越幸福。

持第一种观点的人认为年夜饭就应该在家里吃而不是在酒店。

People holding the first view think that dinner on th e new year’s ev e should be taken at home instead of a hotel.

2. Quite a few people’s answer is yes. They argue electronic newspapers can be updated instantly.

相当一部分人的回答是肯定的,他们指出,电子报纸能够被及时更新。

大部分人的回答是肯定的,他们指出,年夜饭吃的就是家里温馨团圆的氛围。没有家,也就没有了所谓的家里的团圆和团圆饭。

The majo rity of people’s answer is yes. They argue the essence of dinner on new year’s eve is the atmosphere of reunion at home. Without home, there is no the so-called reunion and reunion dinner.

3. However, still others people/others think differently/do not agree with this/hold the opposite opinion. 然而,还有一些人持不同的观点。

4. Those who advocate college students’ frequent attending school activities say that these activities provide students good chances to meet more people and make more friends. 提倡大学生应该经常参加学校活动的人说,这些活动可以给学生提供更多接触他人和结交朋友的机会。

那些支持年夜饭在酒店吃的人认为,在外面吃省时省力。只要家人在一起,在哪里吃饭都不是问题。

Those who advocate dinner at new year’s eve should be taken at a hotel say that dining outside can save both time and energy. As long as all the family members are together, it is no difference where to take the dinner.

5. However, there are many others who do not favor the university campus being open to tourists. In their opinion, tourists will destroy the quiet environment and affect students’ normal study. Besides, they argue that too many tourists wi ll add a burden to the security department of the university. 然而，有许多人并不赞成大学校园对游客开放。他们认为，游客会破坏大学的安静环境并影响学生的正常学习。此外，他们认为，太多的游客会增加大学安保的负担。结尾段（concluding paragraph）结尾段同开头段一样重要。该段对全文进行概括总结，或表达作者的目的、或提出建议或展望，或重申观点等，以求给读者留下完整的印象，增强文章的效果。结尾段之句式参考一、观点总结 1. As for me/In my view/As far as I am concerned/From my point of view/Personally, I am in favor of the charging for plastic bags.就我个人而言，我赞成塑料袋收费。就我个人而言，我不赞成明星盲目代言各种广告。 As for me, I am not in favor of stars making all kinds of advertisement in a blind way/blindly. 2.

Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that if we wish

to succeed, we must remember this famous saying. 综上所述，我们可以得出这样的结论：想要成功就要牢记这一著名的习语。综上所述，我们应该得出这样一个结论，即我们不应该假装知道我们本不知道的内容。诚实、谦虚才是应对未知问题

的正确方法。 Considering the above-mentioned issues, we may safely draw a conclusion that we should never pretend to know what we don’t know. Being honest and humble is the right way to tackle unknown problems. 3. Weighing up these two arguments/the advantages and disadvantages, I think a university should be an open place. 权衡了两种观点/利弊, 我认为大学应该是一个开放的地方。权衡两种观点，我认

为应该允许大学生在宿舍做小买卖，不过需要考虑周全。 Weighing up these two arguments, I think college students should be allowed to open a shop in the dormitory on the condition that every possible side effects be carefully taken into account. 4. Considering the above-mentioned, we can conclude that it is not the opportunity itself that can decide one’s success or failure. 综上所述，我们可以得出这样的结论：机会

本身并不能决定一个人的成功或失败。 5.To conclude/In a word/In sum, the exam does more good than harm.总之，考试肯定是利大于弊。二、总结方法 1. Only in this way can we make full use of reference books. 只有这样，我们才能充分地利用参

考书。只有这样，我们才能合理利用寝室开店带来的好处并避免其缺陷。 Only in this way can we make sensible/reasonable use of the advantages brought by shops in the dormitory and at the same time avoid its drawbacks. 2. As long as both parents and children learn to think from the other side’s point of view, the conflicts between them can be avoided. 只有父母和孩子都能够从对方的角度考虑，他们之间的冲突就能够避免。 3. In a word, it takes common efforts to defeat cyber crimes. 总之，战胜网络犯罪需要我们共同的努力。 4. To reverse the trend is a tough task/not a light task, and it requires the common efforts of all citizens. 要扭转这一趋势并不容易，它需要所有公民的共同努力。 5. Only through these methods/measures could noise problem be solved fundamentally. 只有通过这些方法和措施，噪音问题才能从根本上解决。 6