外文翻译-组合机床的研究与发展
The research and development of modular machine tool The machine is a combination of a generic components and special parts of the process of high concentrated special machine. It can be a (or more), more than parts, many, many processing. The machine can complete drilling, reaming,, boring, tapping, turning, milling, grinding and rolling process, high efficiency, stable machining accuracy.
Combination machine tools and other special machine tool, general, has the following features:
(1) combination machine tools on the general standard of components and parts accounted for all the machine parts of 70-80%, design and manufacture of short cycle, less investment, economic effect is good.
(2) the combination machine adopts many knives, and a high degree of automation, thus than general machine high production efficiency, stable product quality, low labor strength.
(3) is the universal modular machine tool parts after careful design and long-term production practice, and have special test batches, therefore the stable structure, manufacture, use and maintenance work and reliable.
(4) in combination machine processing parts, with special jig, tools and equipment, processing technology and equipment, the quality of on the technical level of operators.
(5) when the products processed update, using other types of special machine, its most parts to discard. In general, the combination of machine parts and standard parts can be reused, without further design and manufacturing.
(6) combination machine tools to represent combination machine tools, in order to adapt to the cycle of large-scale production needs.
Although there are many advantages of modular machine tool, but also disadvantages:
(1) the variability of modular machine tool, a universal reconfigured sometimes 10% ~ 20% of the parts can't reuse, and refitted. When large quantities
(2) universal modular machine tool parts not for a certain kind of machine design, it is a relatively wide adaptability. This will make the combination machine tools, special machine is a complex structure.
The classification of 1.2 combination machine tools
Combination machine tools and large portfolio is two kinds of small combination machine tools, they not only in volume and power are the size and type in structure and allocation, etc have great difference. Here, the configuration of the large combination machine tools. Large portfolio of machine configuration can be divided into three categories:
1.2.1 has fixed fixture were a combination machine tools
This kind of modular machine tool fixtures and workbench are stationary. To realize dynamic slide into motion, smooth realization of dynamic box on the cutting. According to the dynamic box and spindle box of resettlement way, and can be divided into the following kinds:
(1) the horizontal combination machine tools (horizontal) power box,
(2) vertical combination machine tools (power box installed vertically),
(3) tilted combination machine tools (power box installed); tilted
(4) complex combination machine tools (power box with the installation of two or more).
Given the fixture with multistage (portable) combination machine tools
This kind of combination machine tools installation in the jig straight moving workbench or turn on the job, and do according to certain takt time interval, make Labour movement or get conversion. This kind of machine configuration, common four.
(1) with the machine moving workbench, this kind of machine can make the fixture and workpiece beeline reciprocating movement.
(2) with the rotary worktable, this machine tool fixtures and workpiece axis of rotation, round vertical can turn on the work in each workstation are usually equipped with workpiece.
(3) drum machine, the machine tool for fixture and workpiece axis rotation around
level can be. This machine of horizotal one-sided or horizontal commonly, but less USES double configuration of three. In addition, it also has FuSheShi except installation horizontal power components, perpendicular to the drum rebirth in the plane of the turn power components installed.
(4) the central pillar machine, the machine has the mesa of larger diameter annular rotary worktable. On the central installation, the installation power components, but also in the workbench around are installed power components, horizontal and fixture is installed in the rotary table, this machine is generally complex.
1.2.3 turret spindle box type combination machine tools
Turret spindle box type combination machine tools are divided into two classes: the uniaxial turret head type combination machine tools and multiaxial turret type combination machine tools. The former head of the turret each combination can be installed a rigid surfaces. The latter turret head each combination can be installed
a spindle box surface. This machine general configuration types are:
(1) turn tower only realize spindle box by cutting movement, the processing components, by the slide realize feed movement,
(2) turn tower spindle box installed in turn on the slide spindle box tower, which can realize the cutting and feeding movement.
One turret and spindle box type combination machine tools may be composed of three type double or, at the same time, the two or three of workpiece surface processing.
130 combination machine tools of technology
Combination machine tools can be accomplished, milling process is flat surface, driving devicees, drilling, reaming, boring, reaming, tapping, deep hole drilling, economic, cutting, etc. Along with the development of integrated automation technology, the combination of complete machine can process is expanding constantly, except in the process, but also can complete car outside the circle, car, car indexing, cutting surface and thread, rolling, YuanZhuMian inside hole cut surface grinding,
polishing, peace, and even honing, stamping, welding, and heat treatment, assembling, automatic measurement and check, etc.
The development direction of 1.4 combination machine tools
In recent years, combination machine tools in automobiles, tractors, diesel engine, motor, instruments, sewing machine, bicycle, valves, mining machinery, metallurgy, aviation, textile machinery and military department has won extensive use, some small batch production department also began to promote the use of. China in combination machine tools and the cycle will achieve rapid development, and its development direction for:
To improve the level 1.4.1 general parts
The main measure of general component level standard is: variety specification complete, the static and dynamic performance parameters, the technology of advanced high accuracy and precision, provides better.
Currently should pay attention to develop strong milling machine, high precision of high-power dynamic slippery 1ta series boring head with high precision, and adaptive sliding and small batch production, the fast speed in power components and supporting components.
Mechanical drive power components has stable performance, high reliability, etc. At present, mechanical drive power components used communication frequency conversion variable speed motors and dc servo motor, so as to make mechanical drive power components added new competition ability.
Power components with steel rail, using the ball screw, static guide and aero-static bearing, tooth-type belts and other new structure, bearing parts by welding structure, etc. Due to the increase of precision and parts of dynamic and static performance, which is obviously improve the machining precision workpiece surface roughness.
1.4.2 increase productivity
Currently combination machine tools and the cycle of increasing productivity, cycle time is generally 1 ~ 2 minutes, only 10 ~ 30 seconds. The main methods to
improve productivity is to improve the machine tool layout, increase and decrease of machining tool, cutting dosages, improve the machining allowance, work to improve the reliability and shorten the assistant time etc. In order to reduce the loss of the cycle of the cycle, parking, electronic computers are flexible management of the cycle.
1.4.3 enlarge machining scope
Now combination machine tools and the cycle is completed a general has a few processes of workpieces, and is often used to finish all the processing procedure. Workpiece, Besides finished graphic milling, drilling past, reaming holes, tapping, economic, boring, has now expanded to finish machining, grinding and cutting, fine boring and machining (such as inspection, automatic assembly, cleaning, etc) and the classification of print test procedure.
1.4.4 improve the machining accuracy
Now in the combination machine tools and the cycle again into a lot of machining processes, such as: 1, fine boring hole processing position in 0.02 millimeters. In order to make the cycle can guarantee machining precision, stability and has been widely adopted automatically measuring tools and techniques that are automatically compensated, adjustable knives don't stop.
1.4.5 increased automation
Currently combination machine tools and the cycle is developing very rapidly, and more and more combination machine tools for composition, modular machine tool itself is the cycle is the development direction of automatic. Therefore, the key is to solve the workpiece clamp pressure automation and handling automation.
1.4.6 improve combination machine tools and automatic line
Small batch production to improve the productivity of some of the cabinet, in recent years the development process of adjustable knives of combination machine tools and automatic line, they are using digital control program. In the early development of many varieties, grouping processing combination machine tools and automatic line, also created automatically change and change automatic machine,
combination of spindle box for small batch production process can be automatically replaced the spindle box on the combination machine tools. Using a tool that can complete the whole process of a workpiece machining, can play the role of a line. Especially the development of digital control program for the development of this kind of machine tools, creating more favourable conditions.
1.4.7 researchason super-mini combination machine tools
In order to adapt to the instrument industry small box processing need, creating super-mini combination machine tools are required. This machine by the hydraulic head more super-mini pneumatic configuration, small size, high efficiency, and can achieve high machining accuracy.
1.4.8 developing special combination machine tools and automatic line
Along with the development of technology, the combination of machine has been used to specific objects designed according to the general, but can be used as varieties of batch production, processing products according to your own user needs, process equipment, tools and machining certain objects can be composed of efficient tool.
组合机床的研究与发展
组合机床是由大量的通用部件和少量专用部件组成的工序集中的高效专用机床。它能够对一种（或多种）零件进行多刀、多轴、多面、多工位加工。在组合机床上可以完成钻孔、扩孔、铰孔、镗孔、攻丝、车削、铣削、磨削及滚压等工序，生产效率高，加工精度稳定。
组合机床与通用机床、其他专用机床比较，具有以下特点：
(1)组合机床上的通用部件和标准零件约占全部机床零、部件总量的70~80%，因此设计和制造的周期短，投资少，经济效果好。
(2)由于组合机床采用多刀加工，并且自动化程度高，因而比通用机床生产效率高，产品质量稳定，劳动强度低。
(3)组合机床的通用部件是经过周密设计和长期生产实践考验的，又有专门厂成批制造，因此结构稳定、工作可靠，使用和维修方便。
(4)在组合机床上加工零件时，由于采用专用夹具、刀具和导向装置等，加工质量靠工艺装备保证，对操作工人的技术水平要求不高。
(5)当被加工产品更新时，采用其他类型的专用机床时，其大部部件要报废。用组合机床时，其通用部件和标准零件可以重复利用，不必另行设计和制造。
(6)组合机床易于联成组合机床自动线，以适应大规模的生产需要。
组合机床虽然有很多优点，但也还有缺点：
(1)组合机床的可变性较万能机床低，重新改装时有10%~20%的零件不能重复利用，而且改装时劳动量较大。
(2)组合机床的通用部件不是为某一种机床设计的，它是具有较广的适应性。这样，就使组合机床的结构较专用机床稍为复杂些。
1.2组合机床的分类
组合机床有大型组合机床与小型组合机床两大类，它们不仅在体积和功率上有大小之别，而且在结构和配置型式等方面也有很大的差异。这里主要说明大型组合机床的配置型式。大型组合机床的配置型式可分为三大类：
1.2.1具有固定式夹具的单工位组合机床
这类组合机床夹具和工作台都固定不动。动力滑台实现进给运动，滑台上的动力箱实现
切削主运动。根据动力箱和多轴箱的安置方式不同，又可分为以下几种：
(1)卧式组合机床（动力箱水平安装）；
(2)立式组合机床（动力箱垂直安装）；
(3)倾斜式组合机床（动力箱倾斜安装）；
(4)复合式组合机床（动力箱具有上述两种以上的安装状态）。
1.2.2具有移动式夹具的（多工位）组合机床
这类组合机床的夹具安装在直线移动工作台或回转工作台上，并按照一定的节拍时间作间歇移动或转动，使工位得到转换。这类机床的配置型式，常见的有以下四种。
(1)具有移动工作台的机床，这类机床的夹具和工件可作直线往复移动。
(2)具有回转工作台的机床，这种机床的夹具和工件可绕垂直轴线回转，在回转工作台上每个工位通常都装有工件。
(3)鼓轮式机床，这种机床的夹具和工件可绕水平轴线回转。此种机床一般为卧式单面或卧式双面，而较少采用三面配置。此外也有辐射式的，它除了安装卧式动力部件外，还在垂直于鼓轮回转的平面上安装动力部件。
(4)中央立柱式机床，这种机床具有台面直径较大的环形回转工作台。在工作台中央安装立柱，立柱上安装动力部件，而在工作台的周围还安装有卧式动力部件，工件和夹具则安装在回转工作台上，这种机床一般都是复合式的。
1.2.3转塔多轴箱式组合机床
转塔多轴箱式组合机床分为两类：单轴转塔动力头式组合机床和多轴转塔头式组合机床。前者转塔头的每个结合面可安装一个刚性主轴。后者转塔头的每个结合面可安装一个多轴箱。这种机床一般配置型式有：
(1)转塔式多轴箱只实现切削运动，被加工零件安装在滑台上，由滑台实现进给运动；
(2)转塔式多轴箱安装在滑台上，转塔式多轴箱既实现切削主运动又实现进给运动。
其中，转塔多轴箱式组合机床可能组成双面式或三面式，同时对工件的两、三个平面进行加工。
1.3组合机床的工艺范围
组合机床可完成的工艺有铣平面、刮平面、车端面、钻孔、扩孔、镗孔、铰孔、攻丝、倒锪窝、钻深孔、切槽等。随着综合自动化技术的发展，组合机床可完成的工艺范围也在不断扩大，除了上述工艺外，还可完成车外圆、车锥面、车弧面、切削内外螺纹、滚压孔、拉
削内外圆柱面和平面、磨削、抛光、珩磨，甚至还可以进行冲压、焊接、热处理、装配、自动测量和检查等。
1.4组合机床的发展方向
近几年组合机床在汽车、拖拉机、柴油机、电机、仪器、缝纫机、自行车、阀门、矿山机械、冶金、航空、纺织机械及军工等部门已获得广泛的使用，一些中小批量生产部门也开始推广使用。我国在组合机床及其自动线上将获得较快的发展，其发展方向为：
1.4.1提高通用部件的水平
衡量通用部件水平的主要标准是：品种规格齐全，动、静态性能参数先进，工艺性好，精度高和精度保持性好。
目前应注意开发适应强力铣削的大功率动力滑台，高精度镗削头和高精度滑台，以及适应中、小批生产的快调、速换动力部件和支承部件。
机械驱动的动力部件具有性能稳定，工作可靠等优点。目前，机械驱动的动力部件应用了交流变频调速电机和直流伺服电机等，使机械驱动的动力部件增添了新的竞争能力。
动力部件采用镶钢导轨、滚珠丝杠、静压导轨、静压轴承、齿形皮带等新结构，支承部件采用焊接结构等。由于提高了部件的精度和动、静态性能，因而使被加工的工件精度明显提高，表面粗糙度减小。
1.4.2提高生产率
目前组合机床及其自动线的生产率不断提高，循环时间一般是1~2分钟，有的只用10~30秒。提高生产率的主要方法是改善机床布局，增加同时加工的刀具，减少加工余量，提高切削用量，提高工作可靠性以及缩短辅助时间等。为了减少自动线的停车损失，提高自动线的柔性，采用电子计算机进行自动线的管理。
1.4.3扩大工艺范围
现在组合机床及其自动线一般已不是完成一个工件的某几道工序，而常常是用于完成工件的全部加工工序。除过去完成平面铣削、钻孔、扩孔、锪孔、攻丝、粗镗孔外，现在已扩大到能完成车削、磨削、拉削、精镗以及非切削加工（如检查、自动装配、清洗、试验以及打印分类等）工序。
1.4.4提高加工精度
现在在组合机床及其自动线上又纳入了很多精加工工序，如进行1级精镗，保证孔加工位置度在0.02毫米。为了使自动线能稳定地保证加工精度，已广泛采用自动测量和刀具自
动补偿技术，保证调刀不停车。
1.4.5提高自动化程度
目前组合机床及其自动线发展十分迅速，越来越多的组合机床用于组成自动线，组合机床本身则是全自动方向发展的。为此，重点是解决工件夹压自动化和装卸自动化。
1.4.6提高组合机床及其自动线的可调性
为了提高中小批生产的一些箱体件的生产率，近几年来发展了可调的多工序多刀具的组合机床及其自动线，它们大多采用数字程序控制。除早期发展的多品种、成组加工的组合机床及其自动线外，还创造了自动换刀和自动更换多轴箱的组合机床，还有用于加工中小批生产箱体零件的可自动更换对多轴箱的组合机床。用一台这样的机床就能完成一种工件的全部工序加工，能起到一条流水线的作用。特别是数字程序控制的发展，为发展这种机床创造了更有利的条件。
1.4.7创制超小型组合机床
为了适应仪器仪表工业小箱体加工需要，创制超小型组合机床是必需的。这种机床多由超小型气动液压头配置而成，体积小，效率高，并能达到高的加工精度。
1.4.8发展专用组合机床及其自动线
随着组合机床技术的发展，过去一直被认为需按具体加工对象专门设计，而是可以作为通用品种进行成批生产的，用户根据自己加工产品的需要，配上刀具及工艺装备，即可组成加工一定对象的高效机床。
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附录 Bridge research in Europe A brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar. Introduction The challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purely economic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency. Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译399驱动桥
附录A 英文文献 Drive Axle All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road. Powerflow The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels. This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels. Rear-wheel drive Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft
组合机床毕业设计外文翻译
The Aggregate Machine-tool The Aggregate Machine-tool is based on the workpiece needs, based on a large number of common components, combined with a semi-automatic or automatic machine with a small number of dedicated special components and process according to the workpiece shape and design of special parts and fixtures, composed. Combination machine is generally a combination of the base, slide, fixture, power boxes, multi-axle, tools, etc. From. Combination machine has the following advantages: (1) is mainly used for prism parts and other miscellaneous pieces of perforated surface processing. (2) high productivity. Because the process of concentration, can be multi-faceted, multi-site, multi-axis, multi-tool simultaneous machining. (3) precision and stability. Because the process is fixed, the choice of a mature generic parts, precision fixtures and automatic working cycle to ensure consistent processing accuracy. (4) the development cycle is short, easy to design, manufacture and maintenance, and low cost. Because GM, serialization, high degree of standardization, common parts can be pre-manufactured or mass organizations outsourcing. (5) a high degree of automation, low labor intensity. (6) flexible configuration. Because the structure is a cross-piece, combination. In accordance with the workpiece or process requirements, with plenty of common parts and a few special components consisting of various types of flexible combination of machine tools and automatic lines; tools to facilitate modification: the product or process changes, the general also common components can be reused. Combination of box-type drilling generally used for processing or special shape parts. During machining, the workpiece is generally not rotate, the rotational motion of the tool relative to the workpiece and tool feed movement to achieve drilling, reaming, countersinking, reaming, boring and other processing. Some combination of turning head clamp the workpiece using the machine to make the rotation, the tool for the feed motion, but also on some of the rotating parts (such as the flywheel, the automobile axle shaft, etc.) of cylindrical and face processing. Generally use a combination of multi-axis machine tools, multi-tool, multi-process, multi-faceted or multi-station machining methods simultaneously, productivity increased many times more than generic tools. Since the common components have been standardized and serialized, so can be flexibly configured according to need, you can shorten the design and manufacturing cycle. Multi-axle combination is the core components of general machine tools. It is the choice of generic parts, is designed according to special requirements, in combination machine design process, is one component of a larger workload. It is based on the number and location of the machining process diagram and schematic design combination machine workpiece determined by the hole, cutting the amount of power transmission components and the design of each spindle spindle type movement. Multi-axle power from a common power box, together with the power box installed on the feed slide, to be completed by drilling, reaming and other machining processes. The parts to be processed according to the size of multi-axle box combination machine tool design, based on an original drawing multi-axle diagram, determine the range of design data,
计算机专业外文文献翻译6
外文文献翻译（译成中文2000字左右）： As research laboratories become more automated,new problems are arising for laboratory managers.Rarely does a laboratory purchase all of its automation from a single equipment vendor. As a result,managers are forced to spend money training their users on numerous different software packages while purchasing support contracts for each. This suggests a problem of scalability. In the ideal world,managers could use the same software package to control systems of any size; from single instruments such as pipettors or readers to large robotic systems with up to hundreds of instruments. If such a software package existed, managers would only have to train users on one platform and would be able to source software support from a single vendor. If automation software is written to be scalable, it must also be flexible. Having a platform that can control systems of any size is far less valuable if the end user cannot control every device type they need to use. Similarly, if the software cannot connect to the customer’s Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database,it is of limited usefulness. The ideal automation software platform must therefore have an open architecture to provide such connectivity. Two strong reasons to automate a laboratory are increased throughput and improved robustness. It does not make sense to purchase high-speed automation if the controlling software does not maximize throughput of the system. The ideal automation software, therefore, would make use of redundant devices in the system to increase throughput. For example, let us assume that a plate-reading step is the slowest task in a given method. It would make that if the system operator connected another identical reader into the system, the controller software should be able to use both readers, cutting the total throughput time of the reading step in half. While resource pooling provides a clear throughput advantage, it can also be used to make the system more robust. For example, if one of the two readers were to experience some sort of error, the controlling software should be smart enough to route all samples to the working reader without taking the entire system offline. Now that one embodiment of an ideal automation control platform has been described let us see how the use of C++ helps achieving this ideal possible. DISCUSSION C++: An Object-Oriented Language Developed in 1983 by BjarneStroustrup of Bell Labs,C++ helped propel the concept of object-oriented programming into the mainstream.The term ‘‘object-oriented programming language’’ is a familiar phrase that has been in use for decades. But what does it mean? And why is it relevant for automation software? Essentially, a language that is object-oriented provides three important programming mechanisms:
本科毕业设计桥梁外文翻译
附录一：中文翻译 土木工程师 桥梁工程156 2003年3月发表于BEI 31~37页 2002年1月31日收到 C.詹姆斯 2002年12月9日通过高级土木工程师佩尔 Frischmann ，埃克塞特 关键词：桥梁；河堤；土工布；膜与土工格栅 英国锁城大桥 锁城大桥是横跨住宅发展区的铁路桥梁。由于工程施工受到周围建筑与地形的限制，该工程采取加固桥台、桥墩与桥面的刚构结构，以及预制栏杆等方法提高了大桥的使用安全程度，并降低了大桥建造与维护的费用。因此，城堡大桥科学的设计方案使工程成本降到最低。 一、引言 本文描述的是在受限制地区用最小的费用修建一座铁路桥梁使之成为开放的住宅发展区。锁城地区是位于住宅发展十分紧张的韦斯顿超 图1 锁城大桥位置远景
马雷的东部。监督桥梁建设的客户是城堡建设有限公司，它由二大房建者组成。该区的规划局是北盛捷区议会（NSDC）。该发展地区被分为布里斯托尔和埃克塞特。规划条件规定，直到建成这条横跨的铁路大桥为止，该地区南部区域不可能适应居住。可见锁城大桥的建成对该地区发展的重要性。 发展地区位于萨默塞特的边缘，这个地区地形十分的恶劣，该范围位于韦斯顿以北和A321飞机双程双线分隔线的南面。现在只有一条乡下公路，是南部区域的唯一通道。该地区是交通预期不适合住宅增加的区域。 由于盛捷地区水平高程的限制，新的铁路线在桥台两边必须设有高程差。并且该地区地形限制，允许正常横跨的区域较小，这导致在结构的布局上的一定数量的妥协。为了整个城堡地区的发展，全 图2 锁城大桥地图上位置 桥限速20公里/时，并考虑区域范围内的速度制约。这样在得到客户和NSDC的同意后，桥梁采取了最小半径的方法，这使得桥梁采用了比正常梯度更加陡峭地方法实现高程的跨越。 客户的工程师、工程顾问、一般设计原则和初步认同原则下(AIP)与NSDC发出投标文件。 该合同在2000年7月1授予安迪。投标价值1.31亿美元，合同期定为34周，到2001年4月完成。
组合机床外文文献
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2006) 29: 178–183 DOI 10.1007/s00170-004-2493-9
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ferda C. C ? etinkaya
Unit sized transfer batch scheduling in an automated two-machine ?ow-line cell with one transport agent
Received: 26 July 2004 / Accepted: 22 November 2004 / Published online: 16 November 2005 ? Springer-Verlag London Limited 2005 Abstract The process of splitting a job lot comprised of several identical units into transfer batches (some portion of the lot), and permitting the transfer of processed transfer batches to downstream machines, allows the operations of a job lot to be overlapped. The essence of this idea is to increase the movement of work in the manufacturing environment. In this paper, the scheduling of multiple job lots with unit sized transfer batches is studied for a two-machine ?ow-line cell in which a single transport agent picks a completed unit from the ?rst machine, delivers it to the second machine, and returns to the ?rst machine. A completed unit on the ?rst machine blocks the machine if the transport agent is in transit. We examine this problem for both unit dependent and independent setups on each machine, and propose an optimal solution procedure similar to Johnson’s rule for solving the basic two-machine ?owshop scheduling problem. Keywords Automated guided vehicle · Lot streaming · Scheduling · Sequencing · Transfer batches entire lot to ?nish its processing on the current machine, while downstream machines may be idle. It should be obvious that processing the entire lot as a single object can lead to large workin-process inventories between the machines, and to an increase in the maximum completion time (makespan), which is the total elapsed time to complete the processing of all job lots. However, the splitting of an entire lot into transfer batches to be moved to downstream machines permits the overlapping of different operations on the same product while work proceeds, to complete the lot on the upstream machine. There are many ways to split a lot: transfer batches may be equal or unequal, with the number of splits ranging from one to the number of units in the job lot. For instance, consider a job lot consisting of 100 identical items to be processed in a three-stage manufacturing environment in which the ?ow of its operations is unidirectional from stage 1 through stage 3. Assume that the unit processing time at stages 1, 2, and 3 are 1, 3, 2 min, respectively. If we do not allow transfer batches, the throughput time is (100)(1+3+2) = 600 min (see Fig. 1a). However, if we create two equal sized transfer batches through all stages, the throughput time decreases to 450 min, a reduction of 25% (see Fig. 1b). It is clear that the throughput time decreases as the number of transfer batches increases. Flowshop problems have been studied extensively and reported in the literature without explicitly considering transfer batches. Johnson [1], in his pioneering work, proposed a polynomial time algorithm for determining the optimal makespan when several jobs are processed on a two-machine (two-stage) ?owshop with unlimited buffer. With three or more machines, the problem has been proven to be NP-hard (Garey et al. [2]). Besides the extension of this problem to the m -stage ?owshop problem, optimal solutions to some variations of the basic two-stage problem have been suggested. Mitten [3] considered arbitrary time lags, and optimal scheduling with setup times separated from processing was developed by Yoshida and Hitomi [4]. Separation of the setup, processing and removal times for each job on each machine was considered by Sule and Huang [5]. On the other hand, ?owshop scheduling problems with transfer batches have been examined by various researchers. Vickson
1 Introduction
Most classical shop scheduling models disregard the fact that products are often produced in lots, each lot (process batch) consisting of identical parts (items) to be produced. The size of a job lot (i.e., the number of items it consists of) typically ranges from a few items to several hundred. In any case, job lots are assumed to be indivisible single entities, although an entire job lot consists of many identical items. That is, partial transfer of completed items in a lot between machines on the processing routing of the job lot is impossible. But it is quite unreasonable to wait for the
F.C. ?etinkaya (u) Department of Industrial Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa-T.R.N.C., Mersin Turkey E-mail: ferda.cetinkaya@https://www.360docs.net/doc/534598513.html,.tr Tel.: +90-392-6301052 Fax: +90-392-3654029