高中英语语法 连词 讲义

连词并列句状语从句

一．连词

连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分，而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。分为并列连词（coordinating conjunction）和从属连词(subordinating conjunction) 两大类。

1.并列连词连接语法地位相同的结构, 比如：主语与主语，谓语与谓语，分词

与分词，句子与句子，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；

2.从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有宾语从句，定语从句等。含有从

句的句子叫复合句。

二．并列连词和并列句

（一）表示并列、联合关系的并列连词:

and, both…and, not only…but also, as well as等。

1. 可以连接两个句子，也可以并列主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语等成分：

and用于肯定句中

English and French are two important working language in the UN.

Go and fetch something to eat.

We go traveling in spring and autumn.

They didn't catch the bus, and (they) had to stay in a hotel for the night.

Use your head, and you will find a way to solve this problem.

2. 可以并列主语、宾语、表语、状语、谓语等成分。

both…and连接并列主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。

Both New York and London have traffic problems.

He can not only repair radios but also fix them.

Language teaching is both a science and art.

not only…but also连接并列主语时，谓语动词根据就近原则，与所靠近的成分保持数的一致。放在句首是用倒装句。

Not only the students but (also) their teacher is enjoying the movie.

He can not only read but also write.

She is not only good at math, but also interested in English.

Not only is she pretty but also she is intelligent.

Not only does he sing well but also his son does.

as well as“同、也”，连接并列主语时，侧重前一个词，其谓语动词根据就远原则，与as well as前面的成分保持数的一致。

The editor as well as the proofreaders is working overtime.

I have read his novels as well as his plays.

He is a writer as well as a scholar.

He worked at night as well as during the day.

rather than, would rather…than…

Mary would rather travel by train than by plane.

I would rather be laughed at than quarrel with him.

She is pretty rather than attractive.

（二）表示选择关系的并列连词：or, or else, either…or, neither…nor,等。

1. o r、not…but…可以连接两个句子，也可以并列主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状

语等成分.

连接两个词时，常用于否定或者疑问句中。

连接并列主语时，其谓语动词根据就近原则，与所靠近的成分保持数的一致。

John or you are in charge of the team.

He never smokes or drinks.

He left the key in the classroom or somewhere.

You can come to see him on Friday or Sunday.

Not he but they are athletes.

You should pay attention not to what he says but to what he does.

or连接两个句子时，常和else连用。

Wear your coat or you’ll catch a cold.

Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?

Hurry up, or /or else we'll be late for the meeting.

区别and和or

并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句.但有时and 也可用于否定句，此时要重复前面的否定词。

There is no air or water on the moon.

I don't like bread, rice or porridge.

There is no air and no water on the moon.

e.g. There isn’t any water or air on the moon.

There isn’t any water and any air on the moon.

2. either…or, neither…nor可以并列主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语等成分

连接主语时，谓语动词依据就近原则。

Either the coach or the players are responsible for the defeat.

We can either go swimming or play tennis.

I like neither coffee nor tea.

A good watch neither gains nor loses.

e ither…or也可用于连接两个句子。

Either we go now or we remain here forever.

（三）表示转折关系的并列连词:but, yet, while, however等。

1. but “但是”和yet“然而”可以连接两个表语，也可以连接两个含义不同的或相反的句子。

His room is bright but mine is gloomy

It’s true that he is young, but he is experienced and responsible.

He is old, yet he is still active in sports.

I have failed, yet I shall try again.

yet 可以做并列连词或副词，可以放句末。表示对照或对立时比较强烈，有时候可以说and yet。This is strange and yet true.

2. while连接两个对比关系的句子。

Lucy is good at dancing, while her twin sister doesn’t like it at all.

while与but的区别: while表示对比，而but表示意义正好相反。

The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, but they will save us money in the long run.

She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact I was talking about my daughter.

3.however “但是，可是，不过”

However, they did not seem to have much fun.

（四）表示因果关系的并列连词：for, so, therefore

1. for表示原因，但引起的不是从句，而是分句，对前面的情况加以解释，用逗号把它和前面的分句分开，在书面语中用的较多。

I apologized to her, for I had wronged her.

The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.

2. so 表示结果

The concert will begin at seven, so we have to have dinner at six.

She asked me to go, so I went.

3. therefore“所以”，表示结果

It had rained, therefore the ground was wet.

I have been to that park before, therefore I don’t want to go there again today.

三、从属连词和宾语从句

引导宾语从句的丛属连词：that, if/whether

I will prove to the world that he was right.

She promised that she would come and see me next month.

I don’t know if/whether he is really ill.

四、从属连词和状语从句

状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。

状语从句一般由从属连词引导。根据从属连词的意思和从句的作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。

（一）时间状语从句

常用连词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

其它引导词：the minute, the moment, every time, immediately, no sooner … than, hardly …when

I didn’t r ealize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

The children ran away from the orchard the moment they saw the guard.

Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

1.when / while / as

when指的是“某一具体的时间”。除可指“一段时间” 外，还可指“某一具体的时间”，等于“at the time”。因此when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可

以是瞬间动词，也可以延续性的。

while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是延续性的。as引导持续性动作，常可与when，while通用，但强调主句和从句的动作同时发生，“一边…一边…”。

when引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，且是“主语+系动词”结构时，主语和系动词可以省略。

She’ll be here to give you help when / if (it is) necessary.

2.since “自从…以来” ，引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时，主句一般使用

现在完成时。

Where have you been since I saw you last？

3.until, till

till 表示主句动词是延续性动作，常用于肯定句，“直到…为止”。亦可用until 替换。

Until 如果主句动词是瞬间动词，要用否定句，“直到…才”，“在…以前不”。

Until引导的从句可以放在句首，表示强调。till不可以置于句首

They played volleyball until (till) it got dark.

He didn’t go to bed until his father came back.

Not until he finished his work did he go home.

（二）地点状语从句

常用连词：where

其它引导词：anywhere, everywhere

Air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

Everywhere she stays, she keep a photo of her parents.

区别where引导的状语从句和定语从句(定语从句有先行词）

Let him stay in the room where he used to live.

She keep doing sports anywhere she stays.

（三）原因状语从句

常用连词：because, since, as

其它引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that

My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.

Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

Seeing that (Since) nobody was very enthusiastic about it, they decided to cancel the trip.

because / since / as / for

1. because表示直接原因，语气最强, 引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。

回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。because和so不能同在一个句子里。

2. as和since（既然）语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。as和since引导的原因状语从句多放在句首, 两者都不回答why引导的问句。since比as正式。

3. for是并列连词，引导的句子不能放于句首，非直接的、随便附加说明的理由

或推断。

He is late for school because it rains hea vily.

As you are tired, you had better rest.

Since everyone is here, now let’s begin.

（四）目的状语从句

常用连词：so that, in order that

其它引导词：in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. The teacher raised his voice for the purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。引导结果状语时，从句前一般有逗号。Jack is badly ill, so that he has to rest.

（五）结果状语从句

常用连词：so… that, such … that,

其它引导词：so that, such that, to the degree that,

He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

区别so和such

so是副词，与形容词连用.

so many/much/little/few +名词＋that从句

such是形容词，修饰的可以是单数或复数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。

She was so moved that tears came to her eyes.

She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.

He told us so funny stories that we all laughed．

（六）条件状语从句

常用连词：if, unless,

其它引导词：as/so long as, only if, in case (that), on condition that

We’ll start our project if the pr esident agrees.

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

We'd better take our raincoats in case it should rain (rains).

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

unless= if…not, unless从句的谓语只用肯定式。

You will fail unless you work hard．

You will fail if you don’t work hard．

（七）让步状语从句

常用连词：though, although, even if, even though

其它引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首)，no matter …，whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Although/though it was still five o’clock, the lights were already on.

Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.

It was a short party, I had a good time, though. (放句尾，表示“然而”)

We wouldn't lose heart even if we should fail ten times.

Whatever you may say, I won’t change my mind.

No matter where you go, you should keep exercising every day.

1. although和though

两者引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，although用于各种文体，而though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。although, though引导的从句后，主句不能用but，但可用副词yet, still。

Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working / yet they went on working.

2. as引导的状语从句, 多用于书面语，它比用though或although引导的从句语气强，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

Little as he is, he knows a lot.

Hard as he tries, he never seems to do the work beautifully.

（八）方式状语从句

常用连词：as, as if

I have changed it as you suggested.

When at Rome do as the Romans do.

Don’t treat me as if I were a fool.

Note：

1.时间状语从句和条件状语从句的时态

在时间状从和条件状从中用一般时表示将来。如果主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。

I will call you when I arrive in China.

如果主句是一般过去时，从句用过去将来时。

He said he would go home as soon as he finished his work.

主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时。

When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.

主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：

Please don’t go to bed before you finish your homework.

2.区别if 引导的条件状语从句和宾语从句

If引导的条件状语从句，一般时表将来。If引导的宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态。

Do you know if her daughter will come to the party?

If she comes, so will mine.

I want to know if he will meet the president tomorrow.

3.区别when 引导的时间状语从句与宾语从句。

I don’t know when he will be back.

He will tell me when he comes back.