(完整word版)爱伦坡象征主义诗歌《乌鸦》

(完整word版)爱伦坡象征主义诗歌《乌鸦》
(完整word版)爱伦坡象征主义诗歌《乌鸦》

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. `'Tis some visitor,' I muttered, `tapping at my chamber door - Only this, and nothing more.'

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; - vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow - sorrow for the lost Lenore - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore - Nameless here for evermore.

And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me - filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating `'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door - Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; - This it is, and nothing more,'

Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, `Sir,' said I, `or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you' - here I opened wide the door; - Darkness there, and nothing more.

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, `Lenore!' This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, `Lenore!' Merely this and nothing more.

Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,

从前一个阴郁的子夜 我独自沉思 慵懒疲竭 沉思许多古怪而离奇 早已被人遗忘的传闻 当我开始打盹 几乎入睡 突然传来一阵轻擂 仿佛有人在轻轻叩击 轻轻叩击我的房门 “有人来了” 我轻声嘟喃

“正在叩击我的房门——唯此而已 别无他般” 哦 我清楚地记得那是在萧瑟的十二月 每一团奄奄一息的余烬都形成阴影伏在地板 我当时真盼望翌日 因为我已经枉费心机 想用书来消除悲哀消除因失去丽诺尔的悲叹 因那被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女 她美丽娇艳 在这儿却默默无闻 直至永远

那柔软 暗淡 飒飒飘动的每一块紫色窗布 使我心中充满前所未有的恐怖 我毛骨惊然 为平息我心儿停跳 我站起身反复叨念 “这是有人想进屋 在叩我的房门

更深夜半有人想进屋 在叩我的房门唯此而已 别无他般”

很快我的心变得坚强 不再犹疑 不再彷徨 “先生” 我说 “或夫人 我求你多多包涵 刚才我正睡意昏昏 而你来敲门又那么轻 你来敲门又那么轻 轻轻叩击我的房门 我差点以为没听见你”——说着我拉开门扇 唯有黑夜 别无他般凝视着夜色幽幽 我站在

门边惊惧良久 疑惑中似乎梦见从前没人敢梦见的梦幻 可那未被打破的寂静 没显示任何迹象 “丽诺尔?” 便是我嗫嚅念叨的唯一字眼 我念叨“丽诺尔!” 回声把这名字轻轻送还 唯此而已 别无他般

我转身回到房中 我的整个心烧灼般疼痛

Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.

`Surely,' said I, `surely that is something at my window lattice;

Let me see then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore -

Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore; -

'Tis the wind and nothing more!'

Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,

In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore.

Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he;

But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door -

Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door -

Perched, and sat, and nothing more.

Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,

By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore,

`Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,' I said, `art sure no craven.

Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the nightly shore -

Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!'

Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.'

Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,

Though its answer little meaning - little relevancy bore;

For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being

Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door -

Bird or beast above the sculptured bust above his chamber door,

With such name as `Nevermore.'

But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only,

That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.

Nothing further then he uttered - not a feather then he fluttered -

Till I scarcely more than muttered `Other friends have flown before - On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before.'

Then the bird said, `Nevermore.'

Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,

`Doubtless,' said I, `what it utters is its only stock and store,

Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful disaster 很快我又听到叩击声比刚才听起来明显“肯定” 我说“ 肯定有什么在我的窗棂

让我瞧瞧是什么在那里去把那秘密发现

让我的心先镇静一会儿去把那秘密发现

那不过是风别无他般!”

我猛然推开窗户心儿扑扑直跳就像打鼓

一只神圣往昔的健壮乌鸦慢慢走进我房间它既没向我致意问候也没有片刻的停留

而以绅士淑女的风度栖在我房门的上面

栖在我房门上方一尊帕拉斯半身雕像上面栖坐在那儿仅如此这般

于是这只黑鸟把我悲伤的幻觉哄骗成微笑以它那老成持重一本正经温文尔雅的容颜“虽然冠毛被剪除” 我说“但你肯定不是懦夫

你这幽灵般可怕的古鸦漂泊来自夜的彼岸请告诉我你尊姓大名在黑沉沉的冥府阴间”乌鸦答曰“永不复还”

听见如此直率的回答我惊叹这丑陋的乌鸦虽说它的回答不着边际与提问几乎无关

因为我们不得不承认从来没有活着的世人曾如此有幸地看见一只鸟栖在他房门的面鸟或兽栖在他房间门上方的半身雕像上面有这种名字“永不复还”

但那只独栖于肃穆的半身雕像上的乌鸦只说这一句话,仿佛它倾泻灵魂就用那一个字眼然后它便一声不吭也不把它的羽毛拍动

直到我几乎是哺哺自语“其他朋友早已消散明晨它也将离我而去如同我的希望已消散”这时那鸟说“永不复还”

惊异于那死寂漠漠被如此恰当的回话打破“肯定” 我说“ 这句话是它唯一的本钱

从它不幸动主人那儿学未一连串无情飞灾

Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore -

Till the dirges of his hope that melancholy burden bore

Of "Never-nevermore."'

But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling,

Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird and bust and door;

Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking

Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore -

What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore

Meant in croaking `Nevermore.'

This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing

To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;

This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining

On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er,

But whose velvet violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o'er,

She shall press, ah, nevermore!

Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer

Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor.

`Wretch,' I cried, `thy God hath lent thee - by these angels he has sent thee

Respite - respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore!

Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost Lenore!'

Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.'

`Prophet!' said I, `thing of evil! - prophet still, if bird or devil! -

Whether tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted -

On this home by horror haunted - tell me truly, I implore -

Is there - is there balm in Gilead? - tell me - tell me, I implore!'

Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.'

`Prophet!' said I, `thing of evil! - prophet still, if bird or devil! 曾接踵而至直到它主人的歌中有了这字眼直到他希望的挽歌中有了这个忧伤的字眼

‘永不复还永不复还’”

但那只乌鸦仍然把我悲伤的幻觉哄骗成微笑我即刻拖了张软椅到门旁雕像下那只鸟跟前然后坐在天鹅绒椅垫上我开始冥思苦想

浮想连着浮想猜度这不祥的古鸟何出此言这只狰狞丑陋可怕不吉不祥的古鸟何出此言为何聒噪“永不复还”

我坐着猜想那意见但没对那鸟说片语只言

此时它炯炯发光的眼睛已燃烧进我的心坎我依然坐在那儿猜度把我的头靠得很舒服舒舒服服地靠在那被灯光凝视的天鹅绒衬垫但被灯光爱慕地凝视着的紫色的天鹅绒衬垫她将显出啊永不复还!

接着我想空气变得稠密被无形香炉熏香

提香炉的撒拉弗的脚步声响在有簇饰的地板“可怜的人”我呼叫“是上帝派天使为你送药

这忘忧药能中止你对失去的丽诺尔的思念

喝吧喝吧忘掉对失去的丽诺尔的思念!”

乌鸦说“永不复还”

“先知!” 我说“凶兆!仍是先知不管是鸟还是魔!

是不是魔鬼送你或是暴风雨抛你来到此岸孤独但毫不气馁在这片妖惑鬼祟的荒原

在这恐怖萦绕之家告诉我真话求你可怜

基列有香膏吗?告诉我告诉我求你可怜!乌鸦说“永不复还”

“先知!” 我说“凶兆!仍是先知不管是鸟是魔

By that Heaven that bends above us - by that God we both adore -

Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,

It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels named Lenore –Clasp a rare and radiant maiden, whom the angels named Lenore?' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.'

`Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!' I shrieked upstarting - `Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore!

Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken! - quit the bust above my door!

Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!'

Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.'

And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting

On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;

And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming, And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor

Shall be lifted - nevermore! 凭我们头顶的苍天起誓凭我们都崇拜的上帝起誓

告诉这充满悲伤的灵魂它能否在遥远的仙境

拥抱被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女她纤尘不染拥抱被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女她美丽娇艳”乌鸦说“永不复还”“

让这话做我们的道别之辞鸟或魔!” 我突然叫道

“回你的暴风雨中去吧回你黑沉沉的冥府阴间!

别留下黑色羽毛作为你的灵魂谎言的象征!留给我完整的孤独!快从我门上的雕像滚蛋!

从我心中带走你的嘴从我房门带走你的外观!”

乌鸦说“永不复还”

那乌鸦并没飞去它仍然栖息仍然栖息

在房门上方那苍白的帕拉斯半身雕像上面

而它的眼光与正在做梦的魔鬼眼光一模一样照在它身上的灯光把它的阴影投射在地板

而我的灵魂会从那团在地板上漂浮的阴暗被擢升么永不复还

tohelen爱伦坡

"To Helen" is the first of two poems to carry that name written by Edgar Allan Poe. The 15-line poem was written in honor of Jane Stanard, the mother of a childhood friend. It was first published in 1831 collection Poems of Edgar A. Poe then reprinted in 1836 in the Southern Literary Messenger. Poe revised the poem in 1845, making several improvements, most notably changing "the beauty of fair Greece, and the grandeur of old Rome" to "the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome." These improved lines are the most well-known lines of the poem. Background Edgar Allan Poe wrote “To Helen” as a reflection on the beauty of Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, who died in 1824. She was the mother of one of Poe’s school classmates, Robert Stanard. When Robert invited Edgar, then 14, to his home in 1823, Poe was greatly taken with the 27-year-old woman, who is said to have urged him to write poetry. He was later to write that she was his first real love. Theme The theme of this short poem is the beauty of a woman with whom Poe became acquainted when he was 14. Apparently she treated him kindly and may have urged him–or perhaps inspired him–to write poetry. Beauty, as Poe uses the word in the poem, appears to refer to the woman's soul as well as her body. On the one hand, he represents her as Helen of Troy–the quintessence of physical beauty–at the beginning of the poem. On the other, he represents her as Psyche–the quintessence of soulful beauty–at the end of the poem. In Greek, psyche means soul. Imagery and Summary of the Poem Poe opens the poem with a simile–“Helen, thy beauty is to me / Like those Nicéan barks of yore”–that compares the beauty of Helen with small sailing boats (barks) that carried home travelers in ancient times. He extends

爱伦坡诗歌原理

诗歌原理[1] 埃德加?爱伦?坡著 曹明伦译 关于诗歌的原理,我并不打算谈得既全面又深刻。在以下非常随意的讨论中,在讨论我们称之为诗的这种东西的本质之时,我的基本做法将是引用一些小诗来加以考究——引用一些我最喜欢的、或在我头脑中留下了最明确印象的英国和美国的小诗。我说的“小诗”当然是指篇幅很短的诗。在这讨论之始,请允许我简单谈及一个稍微有点特殊的原则,因为不管正确与否,这个原则一直都影响着我对诗的评判。我认为长诗并不存在。我坚持认为“长诗”这种说法绝对是一个自相矛盾的用语。 几乎用不着由我来评说,诗之所以是诗,仅仅是因为它可在启迪心灵的同时对其施予刺激。诗的价值与这种有启迪作用的刺激成正比。但由于心理上的必然,所有刺激都很短暂。所以这种使诗成其为诗的刺激在任何鸿篇巨制中都不可能持久。读者至多读上半小时,这种刺激的强度便会减弱,衰竭,一种厌恶感会随之产生;于是在效果和事实上,诗都不再成其为诗。 《失乐园》通篇都值得热情赞赏是评论界的权威定论,但读者读这部作品时却绝对不可能保持评论家们所要求的热情,所以毫无疑问,已有许多人发现评论界这一定论与实际阅读效果难以相符。事实上,只有当我们忽略所有艺术作品都必不可少的统一性,从而把《失乐园》仅仅视为一系列短诗的组合,我们才可能把这部伟大的作品看成是诗。假设为了保持这部作品的统一性(为了保持其印象或效果的完整性),我们就像读诗所必须的那样把它一口气读完,那结果只会是兴奋和沉闷的不断交替。在一段我们觉得是真正的诗的佳句之后,不可避免地会出现一段平淡无味的文字,一段任何评论家的臆断都没法迫使我们赞赏的文字。但若是我们在掩卷之后又回头再读,不过这次略去第一卷(即从第二卷开始),那我们将会惊奇地发现,先前被我们指责的部分现在却值得赞赏,而先前被我们大加赞赏的部分现在却应加以指责。由此可见,即便是这世上最优秀的史诗,也没有什么么聚合的、总体的、或完全的效果——而这恰好是个事实。 至于《伊利亚特》,虽说我们尚无确凿证据,但至少已有充分的理由认为,它原本是被作为一系列抒情诗的组合;不过即便承认这部作品当初是被有意写成史诗,我也只能说它的根据是一种有缺陷的艺术观念。现代的史诗都是古代模本的翻版,仅仅是一种轻率而盲目的摹仿。不过这种艺术上的异常现象已经结束,产生这种现象的时代已经过去。如果说真有什么长诗在什么时候盛行过的话(对此我表示怀疑),今后也绝不会再有长诗广为流行了——这一点至少是清楚的。

美国文学史 爱伦坡 the fall of the house of Usher 总结

Summary of The Fall of the House of Usher 1. Time: in the autumn of the year 2. Place: the House of the Usher 3. Person: Roderick Usher; Mr. Usher’s Sister, Madeline; Mr. Usher’s Friend, I. 4. Background: A dull, dark, and soundless day; Scene: upon the mere house, the simple landscape features of the domain, upon the bleak wells, upon the vacant eye-like windows, upon a few rank sedges and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees. That is really horrible. 5. The cause of the story: In a dull, dark, and soundless autumn, the author had received a letter from his friend, Roderick Usher, who wanted to invite him to the house of Usher. Mr. Usher hope the cheerfulness of his friend’s society can give alleviation to his malady. But the House of Usher gave an uncomfortable feel to his friend. When I met Mr. Usher, I found his countenance worn a mingled expression of low cunning and perplexity, his action was alternately vivacious and sullen. Mr. Usher’s malady was really serious. 6. The development of the story: Usher’s sister, the lady Madeline, has suffered from the catalepsy, which made Usher very sad. Then I spend several days with Usher, the lady Madeline’s name was never mentioned between Usher and me. During these days, Usher sang, painted and wrote poems. One evening Usher informed me that the lady Madeline passed away, Usher stated his attention of preserving her corpse for a fortnight, previously to its final interment, in one of the numerous vaults within the main walls of the building. At the request of Usher, I aided him in the arrangements for the temporary entombment. We deposited their mournful burden upon trestles within this region of horror, replaced and screwed down the lid, and secured the door of iron, made their way, with toil, into the scarcely less gloomy apartment of the upper portion of the house. 7. The climax of the story: A few days after the funeral, Usher’s ordinary manner

爱伦坡

摘要】爱伦〃坡的诗歌无论在主题还是在审美观上都具有超前性,与后来兴起的象征主义诗歌多有相似,备受象征主义诗人的推崇,爱 伦〃坡也因而被称为象征主义的先驱。他的诗歌追求音乐与情感的高度统一,以忧郁悲观的主题居多,远离现实,总是驰骋在遥远神秘的古典世界中,具有独特的象征主义美感。 【关键词】爱伦〃坡;象征主义 埃德加〃爱伦〃坡在19世纪的美国文学史中占有重要地位。他命 途多舛,半世坎坷。虽然在这个世界上只羁留了4O年,但他却在诗歌、 短篇小说和文学评论方面都独具风格。在诗歌创作中,坡追求形式美、 音乐美和图画美的高度统一,善于创造意象,喜欢表达死亡和忧郁的 主题,远离当时美国的现实生活,在虚无缥缈的梦幻中创造了他自己 奇特的象征世界。 诗歌与音乐本来就有着天然的联系,而兴起于十九世纪后半叶的 象征主义则竭力把诗歌推向音乐的境界。“音乐,至高无上”,“永远至 高无上”,法国著名象征主义诗人魏尔伦在他的《诗艺》中的就这样表 达他对诗歌音乐性的推崇。而后期象征主义的代表人物瓦雷里更是把 音乐化确立为c 在爱伦坡生活的时代,象征主义运动 a己诗论的核心。〃.. 尚未兴起,而坡却已经走在了时代的前列。他在诗歌中极力追求音韵 的和谐.把音乐性看作是诗歌创作中不可或缺的重要组成。正如他自 己在那篇著名的文论《诗歌原理》ThotcPicpe中所说的“ (ePeirnil) :我 历来都确信以下事实:在节拍、节奏和韵律形式上都富于变化的音乐 对诗歌来说非常重要,所以绝不可骄横地把他摈弃;音乐是诗歌至关 紧要的助手..”他在诗歌创作中也是确实这样实践的。 在坡的诗歌世界中.音乐性与情感的高度统一是他毕生追求的理 想。在他的二十几年的创作生涯中,他一直都在努力实现他的这个理 想。他的名作《致海伦》、《睡美人》、《以斯拉菲尔》等都是音乐与思想结合的典范。《致海伦》只有3节,每节5行,形式精巧,音韵和谐,恰如其 分地表现了那位“精疲力竭的漂泊者”因发现了“理想之美”而感到的 平静。《睡美人》舒缓的节奏使坡那种梦幻曲的音律和超自然的气息更 为水乳交融,使读者似乎也觉得香消玉殒的伊蕾娜是在沉睡。《以斯拉

象征主义的来源解析

象征主义 一、古希腊把象征作为记忆的片断。 象征主义文论所谓的象征,主要是指完整的主体意识。它把这个完整的意识分为两半,一半留在意识里,一半以文学形式留给人世间。 二、抽象思维和纯诗 1.抽象思维在艺术创作中具有重要作用; 2.要求诗人兼做一个逻辑学家和思想家; 3.把哲学与诗统一起来; 4.希望诗人把自己奉献给无限的精神世界; 5.希望抽象思维能为纯诗注入充足的思想底蕴。 6.强调内容与形式的交融与和谐。 7.纯诗具有纯诗性,纯诗性是诗性的一种极致,一种境界。 三、通感批评 象征主义的通感批评是指“通”向作者的精神世界,“感”知作品的精神特质。 1.感官互动批评 2.作者精神世界批评:探索作者的精神取向和精神流动过程; 3.心灵与自然契合批评:展示诗人契合大自然的内心世界; 4.音乐与语言文字的交感批评:重视诗的音乐性思维和观念。 四、象征主义文论的得失 功绩:1.追求文学整体的无限性,在意识与潜意识之间交互发展; 2.强调诗人应加强抽象思维能力的训练; 3.坚持文学的特殊性,提出开放的纯诗论。 缺陷:1.忽视社会现实在创作中的巨大作用; 2.具有明显的神秘色彩。 法国文学史上的一种流派和文学思潮。出现于1886年。年轻诗人让·莫雷亚斯在《费加罗》报上发表了一篇文学宣言,主张用“象征主义者”来称呼当时的前卫诗人。这份宣言标志象征主义流派的诞生。 事实上,在此之前,象征主义作为新的创作方法,早在浪漫主义盛行的时期已经萌芽。许多浪漫主义诗人在一定程度上运用了象征主义的手法:暗示多于解释,含蓄多于畅尽的发挥。象征主义的先驱波德莱尔和马拉梅、兰波、魏尔兰等象征主义名家就已经发表了大量的象征主义作品。 象征主义重新回到以抒写个人感情为重点的老路。但它抒写个人情怀和浪漫主义的抒情大异其趣。它抒写的是不可捉摸的内心隐秘;或者如马拉梅所说,表现隐藏在普通事物背后的“唯一的真理”。为此,象征主义对于诗的语言进行了很大的改造。对于日常用的字和词加以特殊的、出人意外的安排和组合,使之发生新的含义。象征主义不满足于描绘事物的明确的线条和固定的轮廓,它所追求的艺术效果,并不是要使读者理解诗人究竟要说什么,而是要使读者似懂非懂,恍惚若有所悟;使读者体会到此中有深意。

象征主义诗歌部分 翻译

波德莱尔 感应 自然是一座神殿,那里有活的柱子 不时发出一些含糊不清的语音; 行人经过该处,穿过象征的森林, 森林鹿出亲切的眼光对人注视。 仿佛远远传来一些悠长的回音, 互相混成幽昧而深邃的统一体, 像黑夜又像光明一样茫无边际, 芳香、色彩、音响全在互相感应。 有些芳香新鲜得像儿童肌肤一样, 柔和得像双簧管,绿油油像牧场, ——另外一些,腐朽、丰富、得意扬扬, 具有一种无限物的扩展力量, 仿佛琥珀、麝香、安息香和乳香, 在歌唱着精神和感官的热狂。(钱春绮译)契合 自然是一庙堂,圆柱皆有灵性, 从中发出隐隐约约说话的音响。 人漫步行经这片象征之林, 它们凝视着人,流露熟识的目光。 仿佛空谷回音来自遥远的天边, 混成一片冥冥的深邃的幽暗, 漫漫如同黑夜,茫茫如同光明, 香味、色彩、声音都相通相感。 有的香味像孩子的肌肤般新鲜, 像笛音般甜美,像草原般青翠, 有的香味却腐烂、昂扬而丰沛, 如同无限的物在弥漫、在扩展, 琥珀、麝香、安息香、乳香共竟芳菲, 歌唱着心灵的欢欣、感觉的陶醉。(飞白译)契合 大自然正是一座神殿,那充满活力的柱石 往往发出朦朦胧胧的喃喃的声音; 人漫步穿越这一片象征的森林, 森林投出亲切的目光,注视着人的举止。 宛如来自远处的一阵阵悠长的回声, 融入深邃而不可思议的统一体中, 像光明一样无边无际,又像黑暗一样无穷无尽, 香味、色彩、声音纷纷互相呼应。 有的香味鲜嫩如儿童的肌肤, 轻柔如双簧管的音调,翠绿如草地, ——有的香味则腐朽、浓郁,涵盖了万物, 流露出无限的天地万物的心迹, 仿佛龙涎香、房香、安息香和乳香, 歌唱着精神的振奋与感觉的激昂。(张秋红)应和 自然是一庙堂,那里活的柱石 不时地传出模糊隐约的语音…… 人穿过象征的林从那里经行, 树林望着他,投以熟稔的凝视。 正如悠长的回声遥遥地合并, 归入一个幽黑而渊深的和协—— 广大有如光明,浩漫有如黑夜—— 香味,颜色和声音都互相呼应。 有的香味新鲜如儿童的肌肤, 柔和有如洞箫,翠绿有如草场, ——别的香味呢,腐烂,轩昂而丰富, 具有着无极限的品物底扩张, 如琥珀香、麝香、安息香,篆烟香, 那样歌唱性灵和官感的狂欢。(戴望舒译)

爱伦坡小说理论

爱伦坡小说理论:In his definition of the short story, he emphasized brevity and unity of impression. The latter is the all-important element, and by unity Poe meant totality or oneness of impression. 1: The short story must be of such length as to be read at one sitting(brevity), so as to ensure the totality of impression. Poe stresses brevity because he thought that unity of impression would be blurred and lost in the mass of details inevitable in a long story or novel. 2:The very first sentence ought to help to bring out the “single effect” of the story. He insisted that the writer must first determine the effect that he wished to produce and then deliberately choose incidents to assist in the creation of such an effect. 3: A tale should reveal some logical trut h with “the fullest satisfaction,” and should end with the last sentence, leaving a sense of finality with the reader. 4:In theme he anticipates twentieth-century literature in his treatment of the disintegration of the self in a world of T.S.Eliot’s nothingness and Hemingway’s nada. He places the subconscious condition of the mind under investigation and probes beneath the surface of normal exitence. New Criticism: a school of poetry and criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century, emphasizing close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object.John Crowe Ransom’s The New Criticism,E.T.Eliot,I.A. Richards Feature:1it focuses on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements, which has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns. 2 it explores the artistic struture of the work rather than its author’s frame of mind or its readers’ responses. 3 it see a literary work as an organic entity , the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. 4 The New Critical poem kept the basic Modernist values and abandoned other High Modernist features. Influence: one of the many phases in the history of American literary criticism,which influence the careers of many poets Local Colorism: Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies in America. It may be defined as the careful attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author. Lost Generation: This term describes the people of the postwar years and the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “ expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world. The young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered

(完整word版)爱伦坡象征主义诗歌《乌鸦》

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. `'Tis some visitor,' I muttered, `tapping at my chamber door - Only this, and nothing more.' Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; - vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow - sorrow for the lost Lenore - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore - Nameless here for evermore. And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me - filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating `'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door - Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; - This it is, and nothing more,' Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, `Sir,' said I, `or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you' - here I opened wide the door; - Darkness there, and nothing more. Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, `Lenore!' This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, `Lenore!' Merely this and nothing more. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, 从前一个阴郁的子夜 我独自沉思 慵懒疲竭 沉思许多古怪而离奇 早已被人遗忘的传闻 当我开始打盹 几乎入睡 突然传来一阵轻擂 仿佛有人在轻轻叩击 轻轻叩击我的房门 “有人来了” 我轻声嘟喃 “正在叩击我的房门——唯此而已 别无他般” 哦 我清楚地记得那是在萧瑟的十二月 每一团奄奄一息的余烬都形成阴影伏在地板 我当时真盼望翌日 因为我已经枉费心机 想用书来消除悲哀消除因失去丽诺尔的悲叹 因那被天使叫作丽诺尔的少女 她美丽娇艳 在这儿却默默无闻 直至永远 那柔软 暗淡 飒飒飘动的每一块紫色窗布 使我心中充满前所未有的恐怖 我毛骨惊然 为平息我心儿停跳 我站起身反复叨念 “这是有人想进屋 在叩我的房门 更深夜半有人想进屋 在叩我的房门唯此而已 别无他般” 很快我的心变得坚强 不再犹疑 不再彷徨 “先生” 我说 “或夫人 我求你多多包涵 刚才我正睡意昏昏 而你来敲门又那么轻 你来敲门又那么轻 轻轻叩击我的房门 我差点以为没听见你”——说着我拉开门扇 唯有黑夜 别无他般凝视着夜色幽幽 我站在 门边惊惧良久 疑惑中似乎梦见从前没人敢梦见的梦幻 可那未被打破的寂静 没显示任何迹象 “丽诺尔?” 便是我嗫嚅念叨的唯一字眼 我念叨“丽诺尔!” 回声把这名字轻轻送还 唯此而已 别无他般 我转身回到房中 我的整个心烧灼般疼痛

爱伦坡的哥特式风格

论爱伦·坡的哥特小说(上) 内容摘要:埃德加·爱伦·坡是十九世纪美国著名的诗人、小说家和文学评论家。他被誉为心理小说、侦探小说、科幻小说的鼻祖;唯美主义的先锋;“美国文学批评的开创者之一”,从而在文学史上占据着不朽的地位。在爱伦·坡的文学作品中,语言和形式最为有特点,特别是在他那些具有哥特风格的小说中,诡魅幽婉的文风,以及对血腥和死亡的迷恋都不仅吸引了文学批评家们的注意,读者们更是为之侧目、流连忘返。爱伦·坡是哥特小说作为半正统文学样式开始复兴时的哥特小说家,他善于对人物心理加以描写并突出道德探索和人性冲突的主题,可谓在凄美的惊悚中写尽人类灵魂深处的善恶纠葛以及对死亡和惩罚的惧怕。本文将从爱伦·坡本人的身平着手,对其哥特小说创作的原因进行分析,并对其哥特式风格的特点进行剖析,浅析其对文学文本接受和解读的影响以及此风格的美学意义。 关键词:爱伦·坡;哥特小说;恐怖;荒诞;死亡 The Gothic Style in Allan Poe’s Novels Abstract: Allan Poe is an exceptional nineteenth century American poet,novelist and literature critic.He is regarded as the founder of psychology novels,detective novels and science fiction;the pioneer of aestheticism and one of the initiators of literature critics.So he has become an immortal figure in the history of literature. Allan Poe is recognized for his language and form of writing.Especially the dark and mysterious style of writing and the fascination for blood and death he exhibited in his gothic novels.Those drew the attention of many a literature critic,it also deeply impressed ordinary readers. Allan Poe is a gotjic novelist,when gothic novels began to revive as a half orthodox style.He is good at depicting people’s inner thoughts,and highlights the theme of moral exploration and humanity controversy.It describes the str uggle of good and evil in everybody’s soul and the fear of punishment and death.This thesis will start with Allan Poe’sbackground information to discover the reasons for Allan Poe to creat gothic novels.Then it goes on to analyze the charactistics of gothic novels.Finally,the thesis will try to analyze how to evaluate gothic novels in general and how to appreciate their aesthetic value. Key words: Allan Poe; gothic novels;fearful;fantastic;death

爱伦坡诗歌《乌鸦》中的哥特式体现

[摘要]本文以美国哥特式文学的开拓者与大师,埃德加·爱伦坡的著名诗歌《乌鸦》为例,通过对诗歌意象塑造因素:人与物的塑造、场景设置、问答设置;写作手法中的:象征、韵律与节奏、措辞特点的分析,论证哥特式风格在作品中的成功运用与重要作用。 [关键词]《乌鸦》,哥特式文学,埃德加·爱伦坡 哥特式文学首先盛行于18,19世纪的西方世界,旨在描述发生在充满神秘与恐怖氛围中的传奇经历。许多学者认为,“哥特元素大都运用于小说创作,而诗歌则由于受到情节、节奏与韵律的限制而缺少叙述哥特故事的基础条件” (Tzvetan 25-26)。但部分学者则坚信“哥特元素不仅存在于小说中,在诗歌当中亦可以分外活跃”(刘守兰:55)。作为美国哥特文学大师与先驱,埃德加·爱伦坡的短篇小说以及他的诗作都充满了哥特式的神奇色彩。但是大多数学者仅将研究聚焦于其短篇小说中的哥特研究,而忽视了该元素在其诗歌中也存在的现实。 一、爱伦坡所持的哥特式文学理论 爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋。追根究底,这还源于他儿时的丧亲之痛,与中年的丧妻之痛。而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋,引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。 众多作家在描写恐怖情节时,常对外部环境进行大力渲染,而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡,尤其是美丽尤物的死亡,将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题(Poe:133-140)”。他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则,并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格,本文将以《乌鸦》为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。 二、意象塑造 1、人与物的塑造 《乌鸦》塑造了两个重要形象:年轻男子与乌鸦。悲伤的男子刚失去他最爱的女子,他企图沉浸于书以忘却伤痛,但一切都是徒劳,他越看书,越被寂寞与悲痛侵蚀;而象征死亡与不祥的乌鸦却在午夜,飞入这间男子曾常与故去情人蕾诺相会的小屋。此外,诗人还塑造了两个对诗的主旨起重要作用的意象。其一为黑色,“纯色调可使人产生快乐或抑郁之感”(朱立元:489-490)。诗中所连续采用的黑色背景,可使读者感到压抑,从而感受男子心底的恐惧与悲痛。 诗中反复出现的“永远不再”亦可看作一种特殊形象。除该词的原意外,它还具有象征意义。在乌鸦出场时,悲伤的男子问它叫什么名字,乌鸦的回答就是“永远不再”,但当主人翁向乌鸦询问是否有良药以消除他心中对蕾诺的思念时,当他想知道是否能与蕾诺在遥远的天堂再次相会时,以及最后要求乌鸦离开小屋时,乌鸦都是通过“永远不再”作答,也正是这个词,使得男子陷入永恒的悲痛深渊。 2、场景设置 读者可在开篇看到一幅夜半三更的凄厉画卷: 阴森的气氛,令人毛骨悚然的场景,神秘而忧郁的男子,不祥的乌鸦……在阴郁而寒冷的午夜,除寒风的呼啸声与男子翻动书页的声音,周围的一切均可谓万籁俱寂,屋外的世界在夜的面纱笼罩之下,而屋内的狭小空间在昏暗的光线下显得忽明忽暗,突然一阵短暂的敲门声在他房门上叩响,但当他打开房门查看时,却不见敲门人,只有无情的黑夜与肆虐的狂风。然而,当他回到屋内,之前的敲门声却再次响起,乌鸦在这时飞入他的房间,并栖息于他房门之上。 但为何选择午夜作为故事发生的时间?午夜意味着恐怖与神秘,各种幽灵与魔鬼总在此时出没。这种令人发怵的氛围,为乌鸦的出场奠定了基调。诗人将故事设置在一所幽僻而狭小的屋子里也是别有一番用心。首先,狭小而封闭的空间对构建孤僻而隔世的哥特式恐怖气氛有着绝对的帮辅作用。第二,小屋正是两位情侣的爱巢,这个屋子依旧如此,然而曾经的欢笑

爱伦坡作品及其视角分析

作者及作品简介 埃德加.爱.伦坡,19世纪美国著名作家、文学评论家、短篇小说先驱,被誉为世界上侦探小说和科幻小说的鼻祖。 爱.伦坡于1809年1月19日出生在马萨诸塞州的波士顿。他的一生非常坎坷,年幼时父亲离家出走,母亲病故,之后被商人约翰.爱伦坡收养;爱.伦坡在养父母那得到过家庭温暖却最后被养父逐出家门;少年时受过良好教育但由于各种原因被弗吉尼亚大学退学;虽然是个天才作家,但以写作为生的他一生穷困潦倒。他的死因就如同其小说一样是个谜,人们对于他的死因也有各种猜测。 他的短篇小说对现代西方文学产生了重大影响,英国作家柯南的侦探小说《福尔摩斯探案集》,法国作家凡尔纳的科幻小说及今天广为流传的各种推理小说都深受其影响。 爱.伦坡主要作品有诗歌《乌鸦》《至海伦》等。在他短暂的一生中爱.伦坡共写了70多篇小说,其中主要作品有《莫格街凶杀案》《红死病的化妆舞会》《厄舍古屋的倒塌》《黑猫》等。他的小说风格怪异离奇,充满恐怖气氛。除短篇小说外,文学评论在他的创作中也占很重要的地位,评论霍桑《古老的故事》的论文以及评论狄更斯《老古玩店》的论文等作品至今被视为文学批评的典范之作。 接下来,我们主要从他的三部作品以及其特殊角度对小说和诗歌进行分析。《乌鸦》《厄舍古屋的倒塌》《椭圆形画像》 《乌鸦》 爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋。追根究底,这还源于他儿时的丧亲之痛,与中年的丧妻之痛。而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋,引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。 众多作家在描写恐怖情节时,常对外部环境进行大力渲染,而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡,尤其是美丽尤物的死亡,将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题”。他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则,并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格,下面以《乌鸦》为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。 《乌鸦》是爱伦·坡1844年创作的。其叙述的是一位经受失亲之痛的男子在孤苦无奈,心灰意冷的深夜与一只乌鸦邂逅并叙述的故事。基调凄怆疑惧,源于不可逆转的绝望,随着乌鸦一声声“永不复生”而加深,直至绝望到无以复加的终行。然而,各种悲情基调的渲染更是凸显其哥特式的文学风格。 哥特式文学起源于18世纪后期的英国,兴盛于维多利亚时代,大部分都被列入恐怖文学及魔幻小说的行列。显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖,神秘,超自然,厄运,死亡,颓废,住着幽灵的老房子,家族诅咒等。

象征象征主义

象征,是诗歌写作中一种主要的表现手法。“象征”这个词,最早出现于古希腊文字之中,原意是指一剖为二各执其半的木制信物。而作为一种诗歌艺术的表现手法,很早就有应用。象征,就是用意象来代表抽象的理念或情感,以求达到传神的艺术效果的一种诗歌写作的表现手法。 象征主义,则是特指诗歌史上一种主要思潮和第一个现代诗歌流派。 象征主义出现于19世纪70年代,兴盛于20世纪三四十年代。在世界诗歌史上,以前占主导地位的流派不外乎是浪漫主义(强调主观想象力的发挥)和现实主义(对客观现实的摹仿与批判)两大流派。19世纪50年代前后出现的象征主义诗派一露端倪,就以其对诗本体探索所达到的深度,诗美所闪射出来的富有艺术魅力的光华而被注目,以至于迅速发展成能与当时占主导地位的浪漫主义分庭抗礼的规模巨大、影响广泛的诗歌潮流。20世纪以后的诗歌流派,不论是超现实主义、意象主义也好,未来主义、达达主义等诗派也好,大多都是象征主义的衍蜕或分支。象征主义的出现和崛起,是与19世纪末欧洲文艺界当时普遍存在的危机意识及第一次世界大战给人带来的传统价值观念的崩溃,有直接关系的。巴黎公社的失败,世界大战的爆发,使人感到前景黯淡渺茫,一些激进知识分子便转向诗本体的探索与实验以图心灵的解脱。象征主义的大本营在法国,以魏尔伦、兰波、马拉美三大诗人为代表。他们的诗作在19世纪70年代末已具有象征主义明显的特征,但未引起普遍关注。直至1884-1885年间,魏尔伦编著《被诅咒的诗人们》,宣传了一大批新诗人,象征派诗人在社会上才有了一定影响,而《象征派宣言》1886年于《费加罗报》上的发表,才标志着象征主义诗派的诞生。象征主义的主要特征有三:一是强调诗歌是心灵与宇宙精神的契合———诗中的客体,不是客观事物的模仿,而是主体意识投射而成的象征性意象,是主观世界的客观化、客观世界的主观化;二是象征、暗示取代直接抒情与陈述———诗语言的不确定性和扩散性,使诗的张力大大加强;三是强调通感联觉———使诗与音乐和非理性相融相通。 从象征主义的主要特征中,我们可以看出,不论是主客体的契合,还是改变直抒方式,通感联觉,其主线和关键就是象征。象征是融连其间的桥梁和纽带。象征,这一表现手法和技巧,在新诗写作中的重要性自是不说而知了。 但丁是中世纪最后一位诗人,同时又是新时期最初一位诗人。 这句话准确地指出了但丁在欧洲文学史上的地位。但丁在欧洲文学史上的地位主要是由他创作的《神曲》决定的。《神曲》是中世纪文化的总结,又表现了新时代进步的人文主义思想,为资产阶级文艺复兴开辟了道路。作为对中古文化概括性的总结,《神曲》反映了中世纪基督教的神学观念及贵族阶级的政治理想,在创作手法上也未能突破中世纪文学的表现方法;作为透露着人文主义思想曙光的作品,《神曲》表现了鲜明的反封建、反教会的倾向,歌颂了人的伟大,肯定了世俗爱情,赞美古希腊、罗马文化,表现了新兴市民阶级的思想情绪。《神曲》全面而深刻地反映了意大利乃至整个欧洲从中世纪向资本主义过渡时期的政治、哲学、文化、宗教等各方面的情况。在创作方法和表现形式上,既表现了文艺复兴时期现实主义方法的萌芽,又开了近代小说的先河,并为意大利民族语言的形成奠定了基础。因此,但丁是欧洲文学史上具有承上启下意义的作家。 诗人虽然按照宗教观念把弗兰采斯加和保禄这一对恋人罚入了地狱,但是,却把他们的爱情故事写得凄婉动人。在现实生活中,他们大胆地追求爱情,在冥冥阴界,他们的灵魂在凄风冷雨中飘来荡去,永不分离。诗人目睹这对为爱情而死的亡魂。听了他们的爱情悲剧“昏倒在地,好像断了气一般。”这充分表现出,诗人并不把现实生活和幸福看成罪恶,相反,却讴歌和肯定了真诚的爱情。这是对中世纪禁锢人们思想的禁欲主义的有力的批判,表现出了进步的人文主义新思想。 《神曲》在艺术表现手法上富有新旧交替时代的特点。首先,它具有明显的新文学的特点。(1)表现出文艺复兴时期现实主义创作方法。它以幻想的冥世三界旅行为框架,却鲜明地反映了现实生活,如党派之争、统治者的暴政、买卖圣职的教皇们的罪行、意大利的混乱和灾难等等。(2)勾画了多姿多彩的具有现实性的人物形象。但丁所写的人,无论是当时确有的真人,还是历史人物或虚构人物,都能赋予他们外形、动作或表情上的某一特征,使其成为具有概括意义的典型,如弗兰采斯加和保禄。(3)采用了丰富、生动的民族化语言,从而打破了当时写作只能用拉丁语的戒律,首创性地运用了民族语言:意大利语创作,使文学作品与现实生活更紧密地联系起来,有利于民族语言的形成和发展。同时还以意大利民族中的一种格律为基础,构成了每段三行的连锁韵律。这些民族特色,是《神曲》作为近代文学先声的重要特征。《神曲》在艺术上也有明显的旧时代的印痕。(1)采用了中古梦幻文学的游行方法,充满了象征、寓意。(2)严密而完整的结构也带有中世纪

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