文体学考试复习提纲

文体学考试：

1．文体学几种理论立场主要观点在小说文体学第一章monism dualism pluralism 8 2．布拉格学派代表人物主要思想对文体学的影响胡壮麟的书

3．现实主义现代主义后现代主义小说的特点文体学入门第6章里有114

4.给一段小说，文体实例分析小说文体论第三四章的分析方法

5.给一篇文章分析文体

主要参考书是《小说文体论》和文体学入门》；《小说文体学》一三四章，《文体学入门》第六章。全称是《语言模式：文体学入门》小说文体学就是共享里的style in fiction a linguistic introduction 63（75）-67（80）

82（99）-91（110）104（126）-109（133）

1.理论文体学几种理论立场、主要观点。

1/Dualism: between form and meaning “style as choices of Manner rather than Matter, of Expression rather than Content”; as a “way of writing” or a “mode of expression” originates from Aristotle’s literary theory.

a. Style as the “dress of thought”, claimed by Renaissance and rationalism, makes it some kind of “adornment” of thought or meaning. The Aesthetics of form (parallelism, alliteration…) tends to attract the reader’s attention more than the meaning does, as seen in poetic lines.

b. Style as “manner of expression”, as Richard Ohman put it, “A style is a way of writing” in which “the words on the page might have been different, or differently arranged, without a corresponding difference in substance.

Monism:“It is like body and soul: form and content to me are one”(Flaubert Dec. 12, 1857) originates from Plato’s literary theory. As argued by David Lodge, in Language of Fiction (1966), it is impossible a. to paraphrase literary writing;

b. to translate a literary work;

c. to divorce the general appreciation of a literary work from the appreciation of

its style,

for the inevitable loss of the hidden, metaphorical meaning.

Pluralism: An alternative to both monism and dualism which is in some ways more enlightening than either is the approach which may fittingly be called stylistic Pluralism. It is analyzing style in terms of functions, characterized by Halliday’s three major functions of “ideational”, “interpersonal” and “textual”. According to the pluralist, language performs a number of different functions, and any piece of language is like to be the result of choices made on different functional levels.

2.现代文体学流派：布拉格语言学学派的主要观点、代表人物、著作以及对文体学的影响。

2. Prague School: The Prague School, namely, the Circle of Linguistic of Prague, can be traced back to its first meeting under the leadership of V. Mathesius in 1926. Among its many ideas, there are three points which are special important. First, it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation but no rigid theoretical barrier is erected to separate diachronic study. Second, there was an emphasis on the systemic character of language. Third, language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it. The main representative figures of Prague School are Mathesius, Trubetzkoy

and Jacobson. Jakobson’s greatest insight, distinctive feature, (after the phoneme) belongs to the (Functional) Structuralist Phonology. Jakobson’s contribution in the Prague school phonology can be represented as the Prague Circle manifesto, which changes the direction of the development of the European phonology. Trubetzkoy’s chief contribution in phonology was taken in the sense of functional phonology. The detailed recordings of the articles written by N. C. Trubetzkoy were compiled in Principles of Phonology.

They pay special attention to the form and language of literature, as a result, their opponents call them formalists. Comparative studies on Czeck-slovakian and Russian poems were called Prague Linguistics Society, who focus on literature, poetry in particular, and aims to change the process and make what is familiar or unfamiliar so as to obtain a new vision of things. Poetry is an organized violence committed on ordinary speech for artistic effect. Literary language is literary theme.

1.Historical Status:

a. Prague school linguistics’ success essentially changed the character of European linguistics.

b. Trubetzkoy’s contributions were inherited and further elaborated by Martinet and his associates who found the Functionalist School, i.e., Prague School is the cradle of Structuralism.

2.Influence:

The concept of neutralization and the theory of markedness is expanded in generative grammar as well as nowadays.

The Prague School is best known for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of Function. Functional Sentence Perspective is a theory of linguistic analysis, which refers to an analysis of utterances in terms of the information they contain. Based on the concept of theme and rheme, they created the notion of Functional Sentence Perspective to describe how information is distributed in sentences. It pushed the development of literary study towards linguistic aspect.

3.古典现实主义、现代、后现代三个不同时期小说的语言特点。

?Realism：a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers, both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life. Realism is not a direct or simple reproduction of reality but a system of conventions producing a lifelike illusion of some real world outside the text, by processes of selection, exclusion, description or manners of addressing the reader.

?Stylistic characteristic of realism:

1. the language of the text is not foregrounded (i.e. it does not draw attention to itself);

2. the narrator does not draw attention to his or her role in interpreting events, the events “speak for themselves;

3. there is an emphasis on detailed description of context (time, place, setting)

4. there is a similarity with the conventions of non-fictional texts from the same culture which produces an impression of reality.

?Modernism is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, Modernism was an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the

late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjective than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. In the U.S. modernism refers to the 20th century American literature, which can also be called the second American Renaissance.

?Stylistic characteristic of realism:

1.eclecticism (using lots of different sources)

2. experimentation with form (using language in new ways, stream of consciousness)

3. exploration of the relationship between “high” and “low” culture, and between European and non-European traditions.

Postmodernism is the movement which followed modernism, and the names emphasize the relationship between the two movements. Postmodernism treats language as if instead of referring to a “real world” independent of language, language in fact only referred to itself—as if it is the only reality. There is an emphasis on the material forms of language, and a loss of interest in the content. Postmodern characteristics that apply to texts could be as follows: irony and humor, self- referentiality, multiple narratives, a free floating entity, different points-of-view, plurality of meaning, reader participation, dark themes, fractured world, open-ended texts, a wide variety of and mixed genres, boundary breaking, gaps, metafiction, and the replacement of marginalized groups in texts, “all stories have been told before”, the end of hierarchy. Of course there was a continuation of social criticism, either subtle or blatant and regardless of the genre.

Postmodernist texts often include a sense that all stories have been told before and underline the “usedness” of language—there is nothing new to say; only words already used by other people, and stories to link them with the greatness of past writing.