高中英语语法归纳复习总结.docx
高中英语语法总结
第一章主谓一致
（一）语法一致原则：即主语为单数，谓语用单数，主语为复数，谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项：
1.单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like（像），but （除
T）,except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than（而不是）,including, in addition to引导的短语，谓语动词仍用单数.
如：Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.
No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外，没有一个人迟来用餐。
2.用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人,同一事，同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数?如：
The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.（一个人）
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具.（两样物）
用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如:bread and buttei?（黄油抹面包）,knife and fork（刀叉）等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
3.不定式（短语），动名词（短语），或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数.如：Serving the people is my great happiness.
为人民服务是我最大的幸福.
When we'll go out for an outing has been decided.
我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
4.用连接的并列主语被each, every或no修饰时，谓语动词用单数.
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没冇老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and （each） woman is asked to help.侮个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。
5.each of +复数代词，谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each,谓语动词用单数. 如:Each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。
6.若主语中有more than one或many a/an ,尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语
动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时，谓语动词仍用复数.如：Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.
More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到
More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。
7.none做主语时,谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数，因而谓语动词要用单数?如：
None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。
None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。
8.名词^F1: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数.如：
His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现apair of,谓语一般用单数如：A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。
9.形复意单名词如:news ;以ics结尾的学科名称如：physics, mathematics, economics;国名to: the United States;报纸名女□: the New Times;书名to: Arabian Night v天方夜谈〉；以及The United Nations＜联合国＞等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
10."a+名词+and a half “，“one and a half + 名词”，u the number of + 名词" 等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数?如：
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意:one or two +攵数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式，如：
One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个地点。
(二)内容一致原则：
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词?如：
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车，今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2.不定数量的词组，如:part o f, a lot of, lots of, one of, a number of, plenty of 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如：
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书己运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3.加减乘除用单数.如：
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15 减去5 等于10。
4.表示时间，金钱，距离，度量等的名词做主语时，尽管是复数形式，它们做为一个单一的概念吋，其谓语动词用单数.如：
Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一个相当的距离。
5.（1）通常作复数的集体名词.包括police , people, cattle等，这些集体名词通常用作复数?如：
The British police have only very limited powers.
⑵ 通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
⑶ 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.女口：
The conwiittee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会决定解雇他。
6.the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物，作主语时，谓语动词用复数. 如：The injured were saved after the fire.
（三）就近原则
1.由here, there, where等引导的倒装句中，（有时主语不止一个时）谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如：
Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.给你一*支钢笔和几张纸。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候，你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？
2.用连词or, either.... or, neither ???.nor, not only-.but also 等连接的并列主语，谓语动
词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事. He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意：one of +复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词为复数。如：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets.玛丽是饲养宠物者Z—。
The only one of+51数名词+ who/that./which引导的定语从句屮，定语从句的动词应为单数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。
第二章：非谓语动词
不定式(infinitive)＞分词(participle)、动名词(gerund)是非谓语动词,在句
? ?于中不能作谓谱。以下表格列出了他们各自在句中的作用。(J表示可以在句中担任的语法成分，X则表示不可以。)
非谓语动词在句屮的特点、性质、用法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下:
第一节、非谓语动词作主语
可作主语的非谓语形式为：不定式和动名词。其表达形式为：
不定式：主动态to do;被动态to be done;动名词：主动态doing;被动态being done。
例1: To act like that is foolish.
例2： It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash.要我用现金买那辆车是不川能的。
例3： Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
例4：----- What made you so late for work today ?
---- Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of heavy
traffic.因为交通拥挤，今早开车上班非常慢。
一般说來，动名词和不定式作主语，可以互换，其意义没有多大差别，但须注意以下两点：
1.表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式（如例2）。
表示无时限的泛指动作（如例3）或描述当时的情况（如例4）,倾向用动名词。
2.在下列句型用动名词作主语
It is no good doing.（... 没有用）
There is no doing.（.... 不可能）
It is no good arguing with him.和他争论没有用。
There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen. 练习1.（改错） As is known, learn a foreign language well requires great efforts.
2.（改错）Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch the weather
carefully.
3.（选择）_____ to sunlight for too much will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed to
B. Exposing
C. Having exposed
D. Being exposed
答案1. learn f learning 原形动词不能作主语。
2.are -> is单个动名词作主语，谓语用单数。
3.答案D。句义：遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有害。本题考查动名词作主语。分析句子结
构可知，待选项在句中作主语，又因为人与expose为被动关系，所以选D。
第二节、非谓语动词作表语
可作表语的非谓语动词为：不定式，动名词。
1.Your task this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith.你今天上午的任
务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授。（不定式解释主语内容）
2.My hobby is collecting stamps.（动名词解释主语内容）
练习1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, __ it more difficult.
（99 全国）A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
2.分析句子是否正确：What we do is prepare our students to face fierce
competitions when they enter society.
答案kBois后有两个表语，两者必须在结构上对称。第一个表语为不定式S make life easier,则第二个表语也应该为不定式，所以选B。
2、正确。当主语部分有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略to;若没有实义
动词do,表语中to不能省略。
第三节、非谓语动词作宾语
可作宾语的非谓语动词为：不定式和动名词。
1.不定式作宾语
例1. He demanded to know the truth.
例2. The car failed to stop at the red light.那辆轿车看到红灯没有停。
英语中有相当数量的动迥,只能以不定式作宾语。如：agree（同意）,decide, refuse, pretend （假装），manage （设法），promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to do （表示愿望）afford to do （买得起，承担得起），bother todo （特意），choose to do （愿意或决定）attempt / seek to do （试图）learntodo （学习或学会）
短语would like （love）to do, would prefer to do （更愿意），be about to do （即将），介词but / except to do
例1） I have no choice but to give up the plan.
2） There was nothing we could do except wai匸
注：but / except前有实义动词do,其后to必须省去
请注意以下几点：
1）疑问代词如what, which；疑问副词如when, whether （why除外）引导的不定式可作know, decide等的宾语，在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句。
例1. We haven't decided what steps to take next.
-* We haven't decided what steps we should take next.
2. I really don't know whether to write to her or give her a phone call.
f I really don9t know whether I should write to her or give her a phone call?
这种结构也可以作主语和表语
例1. What【0 do next remains【o be discussed.下一步该怎么办有待于讨论。
仮ij 2. Our difficulty is where to get enough money.
2）为了避免重复，不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形，而保留“to”。
彳列：- Would you like to go for a picnic with me ?
----- F d love to, but I can^t spare any time at present, （to 后省略了go for a picnic with you ）
3
不定式的时态与语态:
be thought / supposed / considered/ believed （据认为）to be known （知道）to 请注意：考查不定式的时态和语态，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重点和热点。
I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.据当地报纸指导，这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。
He is known to have been arrested by the police.人们都知道他曾被警察逮捕过。
4）was / were to have done ； would like to have done
wished （hoped / wanted / intended / meant） to have done
表示当时想做，而实际不能做到
I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it.
I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then.我当时真想帮助摆脱困境，可是我那时身无分文。
2.动名词作动词或介词的宾语
I can't imagine marrying a girl of that sort.我很难想象与那种女子结婚后的情形。
I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident.在那次车祸中我死里逃生。He admitted having stolen my bicycle.他承认偷了我的自行车。
There is no point in arguing any further.再争议卜去毫无意义。
1）下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语：
understand （理解）,admit （承认），keep （on）（继续）,practise （练习），finish （完成），imagine （想象），miss （错过，避免），avoid （避免）,escape （逃避），suggest （建议）,dislike （讨厌），enjoy （喜欢），delay （推迟），excuse （原谅），mind （介意），appreciate （感激）,oppose （反对）。
另外，有的词既可带动名词做宾语，亦可带不定式做宾语补足语，请区别清楚。如：allow doing （比较：allow sb. to do） advise doing （比较：advise sb. to do）
2）下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语：
be worth （值得），pay attention to （注意），object to （反对），can't help （不自禁）,devote oneself to （致力于），put off （推迟）,be / get used to （习惯于）, feel like （想要）,look forward to （盼望）,get down to （开始做,认真做某事），how / what about （....... 怎么样），There is no point （in） doing sth （做某事毫无意义）
3下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有明显的语义差别。
-remember doing回忆起过去做过的事
■
?remember to do 记住要做的事
^forget doing忘记了曾做过的事
'forget to do忘记该做的事
Vegret doing对己发生的事表示后悔
regret to do对现在要发生的事表示抱歉
"mean doing 意味着，意思是
■
?mean to do 打算，想要
"try doing试一试某种方法
■
?try to do设法去做一件事比较1?I don't mean to give up the plan.我不打算放弃这个计划。
A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours. 汽车半路抛锚
意味着我们要步行几个小时。
比较2. I have always deeply regretted selling （having sold） the farm.我一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不己。
We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100.我们很遗憾地告诉你，你
欠银行100英镑。
第四节、非谓语动词作状语
作状语的非谓语动词为：分词和不定式
1.现在分词和过去分词的区别
1）现在分词表示主动，译为“令人……”；过去分词表示被动，译为“感到…这”
是两者最重要的区别
The weather of this summer is disappointing.
My parents will be disappointed with me if I fail the exam.
描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词。
描述人的情感一般用过去分词。
I don't think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished, （it 扌旨"象
这样的坏人受到惩罚”这件事）
There was a surprised expression in her eyes.她的眼里流露出惊讶的神情。（人的表情是情感的具体表现，故应用过去分词來修饰expression）
2）现在分词通常表示动作正在进行；过去分词通常表示动作己完成。
Power stations employ falling water to produce electricity.
The ground is covered with fallen leaves.
2.现在分词的时态与语态
3.分词表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明等
a）分词做吋间、原因、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下：
doing done
having done S (Ain) + V having been done S 幺主语)+ V
（主动关系）（被动关系）
Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word.（表原因：understanding与句子主语he之间是主动关系，同谓语动词asked同吋发生）Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work.（表口寸间：make a decision 与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词set out之前）
Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into mass production.由于这一新产品已实验过多次，不久将投入批量生产。（表原因：experimented与主语product为被动关系，且先于谓语动词put之前发生）词作上述状语时，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主语之后。例：They, having made a decision, set out to work.
选择：The research is so designed that once ______ n othing can be done to change it. （02 全国）A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D? begun 本题考查状语从句的省略，难度较大。若吋间、原因、条件和让步状语从句的主语与主句主语相同，且从句部分有be吋，可省略从句主语及be。省略后的形式如下：
（1） when （while, until, once, as, if, though 等）+ doing 从句谓语动词与主语为主动关系
（2） when （while, until, once, as, if, though 等）+ done 从句谓语动词与主语为被动
关系
表示“某一事件的开始”，begin既可用主动态，也可以用被动态。状语从句表达形
式：（1） Once it beingSo这种形式，不具备省略条件。
（2） Once it is begun0具备省略条件（有be）。省略后的形式为:Once
beguno 所以本题选D。也分词作伴随状语时，其形式为：（1）doing （2） doneo究竟用现在分词还是过去分词，取决于该动作与句子主语是主动还是被动关系
“We can't going out in this weather,said Bob, looking out of the window. （04 重庆）The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling.男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的房间里，吓得浑身发抖。
注意：作伴随状语的分词，与谓语动作同时。这是判断一个动词是否作伴随状语的主要尺度。请注意下列固定短语在作状语时的表达形式：
Generally speaking 一般地说Strictly speaking 从严格意义上说
Judging from / by … 根据…判断Given / Allowing for 考虑到
Given their inexperience, they have done a good job.在缺少经验的情况I、，他们的工作算是做得不错。
4.不定式用作表目的，结果，方式和形容词原因状语
1）目的
To win over the undecided voters, they are working twice as hard. 为了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取过來，他们正在加倍努力工作。
He got up early not to miss the first bus.（ not to 也川用so as not to 或in order not to这一强调形式）
2）结果
不定式作结果状语，常见结构有：
too adj / adv to do ; too adj + a + n to do
so adj / adv as to do ; such + n as to do
The boy is too young to dress himself.
He was too shrewd （米青明*勺）a businessman to accept our oifer.
他是个非常精明的商人，不会接受我们的开价。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio ?请把收音机开小一点。
He can't have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting so long.
他不可能做岀这样糟糕的事，让你等这么长的时间。
注意：表示一种事先没有预料的结果，用不定式。不定式前可用only來加强意想不到的语气。如1：（04 福建卷）The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only to be told the film stars had left.然而，要表示在事情发展过程中必然会产生的结果，就要用分词來表达。分词前可加thus,加强必然的语气。The new machine will work twice as fast, thus greatly reducing costs.新机器的运转速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。
3）方式状语
结构：S （人，物）be + adj to do
特点（1）句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语
（2）形容词为：easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous 等。
1 .Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn.
有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很讨厌。
2.The telephone number is easy to remember. 他的电话号码很难记。
3.That man is difficult to deal with.那个人很难对付。
4.The river is dangerous to swim in.
注意：以上句子，尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系，但只能用主要形式；若不定式动词为不及物，应加上适当介词，如例4。
4）形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为表现的形容词。
I am shocked to hear the news of his sudden death.
You were silly not to have locked your cai*. （04 j胡南）第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。
? ? ? ? ? 英语中有相当一批动词必须以不定式作宾语补充语。My parents don't allow me to stay out late.
She waited impatiently for him to make up his mind. 这些动词和短语为：
wish, want, ask, require / request （耍求）；order, warn （警告）allow / permit, forbid （禁止）,expect, remind （提醒），encourage, inspire （激励）call on （号召，要求），depend on, long for sb. to do （渴望）
请特别记住下列动词的宾补形式，表达的意义及判断的依据。
1 make （使）+O + C+ f do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。
[done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。
S + be made to do主语与不定式动作为主动关系。
"done主语与分词动作为被动关系。
注：句型“O”代幺宾语，为名词或代词；“C”代表宾补。
例：Those who won't work should be made to work.那些不愿工作的人应强制他们去工作。
He couldn't make himself heard.他无法让别人听到他说的话。
2. Keep （leave） +O + C fdoing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。（使处于某种状态）
[done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。
S + be + kept （left） J doing主语与分词动作为主动关系。
[done主语与分词动作为被动关系。
例：Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day.
现在的学生被迫整天埋头读书。
His work was left undone.他丢下工作不去T。
3.find （发现）+ O 4- C Jdoing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。
[done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。
S + be +found Tdoing主语与分词动作为主动关系。
L done主语与分词动作为被动关系。
例：（03 全国）A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.
4.doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系
with + O + C < done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系
.to do （动作未发生）
例：l.He lay on the grassland with his jacket covering his stomach.他躺在草地上，把上衣盖在肚子上。
2.With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. （02上海春季）由于很多棘手的问题要解决，那为新当选的总统处境艰难。
5.catch sb. doing ; be caught doing
该句型表示（偶然或突然）撞见、发现。
例: He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger. （04北京春季）他向四周看，突然发现一个人把手伸进一
个旅客的口袋
6.「do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。
have （使）+O + cJ doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某一动作一直进行。
Ldone宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。
（表示：1）让某事由别人做。2）表达主语的遭遇。）例：1 .Whom would you like to have handle the complication problem?
2. Paul had his hand burned seriously while cooking dinner.
保罗在做饭时，手被严重烫伤。
7.get+ O + C C to do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。Get sb to do = have sb. do o [done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。get sth done = have sth. done。例：You'll never
get her to agree.
When are going to get your hair cut ?
8.感官动词hear, listen to, see, look at, notice, watch, observe, feel 等。
r do宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作全过程己结束，或经常hear + O + C 性发生
?
doing宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作正在进行。
done宾语与宾补动作是被动关系。
'to do主语与不定式动作为主动关系。该动作全过程己结束或经
S + be +heardl 常发生
doing主语与分词动作为主动关系。该动作正在进行。
、done主语与分词动作为被动关系。
例: He has never heard her sing so well before.
I didn't notice you carrying a pack when you came in.
Never before had he felt himself so powerfully attracted to the scientific
idea.
改错：
1)Now more talented young people are hoped to go to work in Western China.
A BCD
2)I demand you aH to take your work quite seriously.
A B C D
3)His aDDearancc immediately made all the children becoming excited.
A B CD
4)This song has never been heard io be sung so well.
A B C D
5 ) With much work remained to be done, we have to pul off the trip until next week.
A B C D
答案：1 )B错are hoped - * are wished hope sb. to do典型病句
2) B错to take f (should) take
demand 句型：1) demand to do 2) demand that (should)do
3) C错becoming — -become现在分词doing不能做make的宾补。
4) C错to be sung - ? sung
5) B 错remained remainingo remain “剩下”是不及物动词，只有主动
形式。
注意：以上动词的宾补形式的考查是高考的重点和难点。
第六节、非谓语动词作定语
1.不定式作定语
在三种情况下需用不定式作定语：
1)动作未发生，被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语。不定式用
主动形式还是被动形式，由句子的主语与不定式的逻辑关系决定。
It seems to me that I have nothing to take home to my children.
在我看來今天我们没有东西可以带给孩子了
She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role to play in making the earth a better place to live. （03上海春季）她会告诉我们为什么她强烈地认为在使地球成为更好住处这一点上，我们每个人都有对以发挥的作）1]..
若作定语的不定式动词为不及物动词，需加适合介词。如：
Now I feel very lonely because I can't find anyone to talk with.
2）被修饰的词为抽象名词，如need, way, reason, right等，不定式解释其内容。
There is no need to quarrel with him.
Please give your reason to refuse him.
3）被修饰的词,其前有序数词first, second, last, only作定语。
He is always the first （one） to get to school every day.
She was the only one to survive in the air crash.她是这次空难中唯一的幸存者。
2.分词作定语
以下情况常用分词作定语：
1）被修饰名词与作定语的动词为主动关系，该动作正在进行，或与谓语动作同时进行，或是经常性行为时，用现在分词。
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door reading “ sorry to miss you; will call later.”（99 全国）现在分词作定语在意义上相当于一个时态为进行时或一般时的定语从句。reading "sorry to miss you; will call late匚"=which read u sorry to miss you; will call later.”
2）若被修饰的名词与作定语的动词为被动关系，动词采用以下三种形式：
a）动作己发生或为经常性行为，用doneo
b）若动作正在进行用being done o
c）动作未发生，用to be doneo
仮ij 1: Many things __ impossible in the past are common today.
A ? considering
B ? to consider C. considered D. being considered
2： People are talking about the play ___ in two days at the theatre?
A. to perform
B. being performed
C. performed
D. to be performed 例1答案
为C。例2答案为D。
典型例题
1)They knew her very well. They had seen her __ up from childhood.
A. grow
B. grew
C. was growing D? to grow
答案：A.因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth的句型。
2)The missing boy was last seen __ near the river.
A. playing
B. to be playing
C. play
D. to play 答案：A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
第三章倒装结构
一全部倒装
(全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。)常见的结构有：
1.here, there, now, then, thus 等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：
1)There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。
2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就來了
3)Here is your letter. 这是你的信。
2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：
1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。
2)Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：
1)Here he comes.他来了。
2)Away they went.他们走了。
二部分倒装
(部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如杲句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前o)
1 ?句首为否定或半否定的词语，如I no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in
no way, not until??-等。例如：
1)Never have I seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。
2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的
答案。
3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈妈直到孩子睡看才
离开房间。
注意：当N ot until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：
1)I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。
2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离
开房间。
2.带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有：not, never, seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner ---than …等。例如：
1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sende匚他不仅拒收
了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她刚要出门时有个学生
來找她。
3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit he匚她刚要走时一个学
生来看她。
注意：只有当Notonly- but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only- but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：Not
only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。
3.表示"也”、"也不”的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：
1)Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom 能说法语，我也能。
2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去,我也不去。
注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为”的确如此“。例如：
1）Tom asked me to go to play football and so 1 did. Tom 让我去踢足球，我去了。
2）…It's raining hard. --So it is. ■一雨下得很大。■一的确很大。
4.only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分
倒装。例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。
注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。
三as, though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词，副词，分词, 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1）句首名词不能带任何冠词；2）句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。
注意：让步状语从句中，有though, although吋，后面的主句不能有but,但是though 和yet可连用。
四其他部分倒装
1.so??- that句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得动都不敢动。
2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：
May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。
3.在虚拟语气条件句屮从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if省略，把were,
had, should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：
Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再试一次。
第四章定语从句
定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有吋也可以
修饰部分或整个句子。
被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，rh关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有：when, where, why, how。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从
句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句屮的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1、关系代词引导的定语从句
1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先彳亍词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用
如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? （who/that 在从句屮作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. （whom/that 在从句中作宾语）
2）whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），
例如：Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.
3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countrysid （which / that在句中作宾语）
The package （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped, （which / that在句中作宾语）
*关系代词that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人,其用法区别：
1）不用that的情况：
a）在引导非限定性定语从句时