2013人教版八年级英语下及上学期11到12单元期末总复习提纲
初二下英语期末总复习资料(2013)
Unit 1 Will people have robots?
一般将来时.(P96)1.由―Will/Shall+动词原形‖构成的一般将来时.系动词am、is、are的原形都是be.如：It will be very hot tomorrow. Shall适用于第一人称I、We; Will适用于所有人称，通常可以用will来代替shall. Will、Shall均可缩写为’ll.如I will=I’ll; she will=she’ll.否定句形式：will not=won’t, shall not=shan’t .
2.与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：tomorrow、the day after tomorrow、next week、soon、in the future、in three days、some day.
3.There be句型中的一般将来时.There will be+名词+其他成分如：There will be fewer cars.
4.形容词more、fewer、和less的用法.
More 更多的原形many和much. 修饰C复数或Un. .Fewer 更少的原形few. 修饰C复数. Less 更少的原形little. 修饰U.重点语法：一般将来时态的应用
do/does 的一般将来时态形式：(shall/will) do
do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态：(shall/will) be done
一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：肯定句例句：People will have robots in a few years.否定句例句：People will not/won't have robots in a few years.一般疑问句例句：Will people have robots in a few years?特殊疑问句例句：What will people have in a few years?
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)Look at the title and picture, and predict what you will read about. (看着标题和图片，预知你要阅读那些方面的内容。)This helps you get ready to acquire new information. (这样可以帮助你获得一些新的信息。)
Unit 2 What should I do?
1.情态动词should.(P95)
Should和can、may、must等情态动词一样，无人称和数的变化，后接动词原形，能独立构成疑问句和否定句.如：Who should pay the taxes? You shouldn’t play football in the street. 2.情态动词could.
单独的情态动词，表―能，可以‖.用来提供建议，后跟动词原形.它和should都用来提供建议.如：----I will take part in a party tomorrow night，but my clothes are out of style. I need some money to buy some clothes in style. What should I do?----You could borrow some money from your friends.----No，I don’t like to do that.----Then you should get a part-time job and make some money.3.提建议.○1You should/could +do … 你应该/可以…○2Why not +do…? 为什么不…？做…怎么样？○3Why don’t you +do…? 你为什么不…？○4What/How about +doing …? …如何？Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
You will learn to use new words better if you use a learner's dictionary. (时刻学着应用新单词来学习比时刻使用字典这种途径方法更好。)A bilingual dictionary sometimes gives the wrong meaning for the situation you want. (在某些你需要的场合下，一本双语字典有时会给你错误的解释。)重点语法：过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法）
do/does 的过去将来时态形式：(should/would) do
do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态：(should/would) be done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：肯定句例句：You should write a letter to him. 否定句例句：You shouldn't write a letter to him.一般疑问句例句：Should I write a letter to him? 特殊疑问句例句：What should I do?
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
过去进行时.1.过去进行时表在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作.是由―was/were+现在分词‖构成.was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他人称.与过去进行时连
用的过去时间状语有：at this/that time、yesterday morning、at that moment、at 10 o’clock last night等.2. 过去进行时还可表在过去某个时间即将发生的动作.主要限于come、go、leave、meet、arrive、take off等动词.
3. 判断句子是否用过去进行时.
○1根据时间状语判断：at eight/ten o’clock last night、at this/that time yesterday、at ten yesterday evening、from 7 to 10 yesterday evening等.
○2根据when或while引导的状语从句判断，如：I was reading the newspaper when my father got home.3根据上下文的意思判断，如：Last night，I was watching TV. Suddenly(突然) the light was out.4.when与while在过去进行时中的句型结构.
(1) when的用法：◇1when从句(一般过去时)+主句（过去进行时）
动作：fell into the sea、fishing.例句：When one of them fell into the sea，the boys were fishing. 意义：主句动作正在进行过程中，又发生从句动作.◇2when从句（过去进行时）+主句（一般现在时）动作：walking、dropped down to.
例句：When I was walking in the park，my wallet dropped down to the ground.
意义：从句动作正在进行时，又有主句动作发生.
(2) while的用法：◇1while从句（过去进行时）+主句（一般现在时）
动作：watching、began to rain.例句：While I was watching the football game，it began to rain. 意义：从句动作正在进行时，又发生主句动作.◇2While从句（过去进行时）+主句（过去进行时）动作：washing、cooking.例句：While Dad was washing his car，Mum was cooking.
意义：从句动作正在进行的同时，主句动作也在进行中.
5. 特别提示.
When引导的从句既可表某一点时间，后接瞬间性动词（when句型◇1）；又可表某一段时间，后接延续性动词.也就是说:当指一段时间时，when可用while代替；但当指一点时间时，when不能用while代替.如：
When we arrived in shanghai，it was just eight o’clock.(when指一点时间)
When/while we were watching TV，he came in.(when与while指一段时间)
！注意：while (×)we arrived in shanghai…
重点语法：过去进行时态
do/does 的过去进行时态形式：(was/were) doing
do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态：(was/were) being done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.
否定句例句：I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.
一般疑问句例句：Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?
特殊疑问句例句：What were you doing when a UFO landed?
动词when 和while 的选择：when 后加瞬间动词，while 后加延续性动词。
例句：The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.
=While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.
感叹句结构：(1) How + adj. + the + 主语+ 谓语动词=(2) What + (a/an) + [adj.] + n. + 主语+ 谓语动词例句：What a beautiful flower [it is]! =How beautiful the flower is!
What beautiful flowers [they are]!=How beautiful the flowers are!
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
The title can be helpful for you to understand a text. (一篇文章的标题可以帮助你理解整篇文章。)It's also a good idea to read the first sentence of each paragraph before you read. (在阅读整篇
文章之前，阅读每段的第一句话也是一个很有效的方法。)
Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
直接引语和间接引语.(P100-101)
1. 含义：引述别人的话时，采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，两边用引号标出，称为直接引语；二是用自己的语言转述别人的话，称为间接引语.引述或转述要由动词来承担，有：say、tell、ask、think、write等.
2. 直接引语变间接引语的方法.(1) 从句人称的变化.
○1直接引语的主语是第一人称变化时要和主句的主语保持一致.
○2直接引语的主语是第二人称变化时要与主句的宾语保持一致.
○3直接引语的主语是第三人称变化时人称不变. 如：
They said，―We will go there by bus.‖——They said they would go there by bus.
She said to me，―Are you interested in science?‖——She asked me if I was interested in science. His mother told me that s he couldn’t go to school.
(2) 从句动词时态的变化.○1主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，直接引语变化时，从句时态保持一致.如：He says，―I have finished my homework.‖——He says that he has finished his homework. She will say，―I’ll do it tomorrow.‖——She will say that she’ll do it the next day.○2主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态要作相应的变化，即：
◇1一般现在时——一般过去时.◇2一般过去时——过去完成时.
◇3现在进行时——过去进行时.◇4现在完成时——过去完成时.
◇5过去完成时——过去完成时（不变）.◇6一般将来时——过去将来时. 如：
The girl said，―I’m sorry for being late for class.‖——The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.He said to me，―I am writing a letter.‖——He told me that he was writing a letter. (3) 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变化时，从句时态不变. 如：
The teacher said，―The earth moves around the sun.‖——The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.3. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化.
（1）指示代词变化：this——that. these——those等.
（2）时间状语变化：now——then. today——that day. yesterday——the day before. tomorrow——the next day等.（3）地点状语变化：here——there.
（4）动词变化：come——go. 如：
She said，―I will come this evening.‖——She said that she would go that evening.
He said，―M y sister was here three days ago，but she is not here now.‖——He said that his sister had been there three days before，but she was not there then.
4. 间接引语的语序及引导词.
直接引语变化时，间接引语应用陈述句语序.直接引语如是陈述句，主句与从句之间用that 引导，有时可省略；如是特殊疑问句，主句与从句之间就用原来的疑问词引导；如是一般疑问句，主句与从句之间用if或whether引导. 如：
My teacher said，―I come from shanghai.‖——My teacher said that he came from shanghai.
He asked me，―Where do you come from?‖——He asked me where I came from.
I asked her，―Did you watch the game yesterday?‖——I asked her whether she had watched the game the day before.
重点语法：宾语从句,状语从句（P101-102）
结构：主语+ 谓语动词+ 宾语从句(主语+ 谓语动词+ 宾语/表语)
例句：----I'm good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says I'm good at English.
注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。
例句：He says I'm good at English now.
He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.
②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。
例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.
He said I was good at English now yesterday.
③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。
例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.
Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.
④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其-ing 形式。
例句：She said helping others changed her life.
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
First read for meaning, not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。)You can understand the meaning of a word you don't know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，你可以通过上下文来寻找它的正确释义。)
Unit 5 If you go to the party, you'll have a great time!
If引导的条件状语从句.1. 含义与结构.If意为―如果‖，可用来引导条件状语从句.条件状语从句属于复合句，从句表主句动作发生的前提或条件.if引导的从句在句中的位置比较灵活，可放在主句之前（这时要和主句用逗号隔开），也可放在句子的后面（不使用逗号）.其结构：If+陈述句，主句+谓语=主语+谓语+if+陈述句.意为―如果…，就…‖.如：If you ask him，he will help you.2. 用法.(1)条件状语从句通常由连词if引导，意为―如果、假如‖.主句不能用be going to表将来，而应该用shall、will.○1If you leave now，you are never going to regret it.(×) ○2If you leave now，you will never regret it.(√)(3) if引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时（主将从现）.注意宾语从句中的if与条件状语从句if的区别.宾语从句中的if―是否‖相当于whether，引导宾语从句，时态需根据语境确定.如：I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow.重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句结构：主句+ if + 条件状语从句if + 条件状语从句+ [(comma)] + 主句注意：在if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句应用将来时态，状语从句用一般现在时态。例句：You'll have a great time if you go to the party.=If you go to the party, you'll have a great time.
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
现在完成进行时的用法.(P99)1. 概念及构成:现在完成进行时表从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作，而且还要继续下去，其结构：助动词+have/has been+动词ing.现在完成进行时的句子中多用延续性动词，如：live、learn、study、work等.常与for two hours、since 1996、all this morning、these few days等表示一段时间的状语连用.如：
I have been cleaning the room all this morning.我今天一上午都在打扫房间.
I’ve been studying English since I was 4 years old.自从4岁起我就一直学英语.
2. 现在完成进行时的句型.(1) 肯定句：主句+have/has been+动词ing+其他.如：
I have been learning English for ten years.我学英语已经十年了.I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old.我从十岁起就一直在集邮.(2)否定句：主语+have/has +not +been+动词ing+其他.如：I haven’t been seeing fi lms for a long time.我有很长时间没有看电视了.
I haven’t been doing my homework since eight o’clock.从8点钟我就一直没做作业.
（3）一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+been+动词ing+其他？
肯定回答：Yes,主语+have/has.否定回答：No,主语+haven’t/hasn’t.如：——Have you been doing your homework since this morning?从今天早上你就一直在写作业吗？——Yes，I
have.——Has he been writing the letters to his friend?他一直在给他的朋友写信吗？——No，he hasn’t.(4) 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？如：How long has it been raining? 雨下多久了？What book have you been reading recently? 最近你在看什么书？
3. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别.
（1）现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时侧重的是动作的持续进行.如：
I have read a book about birds. (已经读完)
I have been reading a book about birds. (一直都在读，现在还在读，还会继续读下去)
（2）两种时态都有延续性，但现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，无感情色彩；现在完成进行时表一个动作的延续，重复，有时有一定的感情色彩.如：
She has been singing all the day.她都唱了一整天了.(抱怨，厌烦)
重点语法：现在完成进行时态do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式：have/has been doing do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态：have/has been being done
现在完成进行时态所应用的场合：①某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做
②过去发生的动作对现在造成影响例：我已上了三年初中。
I have been in Junior School for 3 years. 自从那次他与我谈过心后，我天天都在进步。
I have been making progress since he talked with me that time.
现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I have been skating for five hours.否定句例句：I haven't been skating for five hours. 一般疑问句例句：Have you been skating for five hours?特殊疑问句例句：How long have you been skating?注意：瞬间动词不能和一段时间连用。例句：你借这本书已经多长时间了？
How long have you been keeping this book?
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
Let your eyes "scan" the text quickly to find details that you're looking for. (在阅读文章之前，用眼睛―横扫‖整篇文章，快速寻找你需要的文章要点。)You can find information quickly without reading the whole text. (这样你就不用细读整篇文章，就能寻找到你需要的一些信息。)
Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?
1.Would you mind…？的用法.Would you mind…?意为―你介意…吗？‖，mind后接动词ing形式.如：Would you mind moving your bike? Would you mind not singing here?
（1）在Would you mind +doing…?结构中，doing为动名词，用来提出客气的请求.动名词是由动词原形加词尾ing构成，其构成法与现在分词一样.
（2）Would you mind…?之后接sb.’s doing形式，用来询问，征求对方的意见（在非正式的文体中，doing形式之前的所有格可换成宾格形式）.如:
Would you mind my(me) smoking here.（3）在某些动词后只能用动名词，而另一些动词后只能用不定式.目前我们学过的有：mind、finish、enjoy等.如：He enjoys walking in the park. I finished reading the book yesterday. Would you mind opening the window.
2.动名词的否定式：Would you mind not doing…?如：Would you mind not shouting?
3.回答带有mind的问句时应该注意yes或no都是针对mind选用的.表―介意，在乎‖时，选用yes,后面跟句子，意思是不让对方做某事.表―不介意，不在乎‖时，选用no，后面跟句子，意思是允许对方做某事.如对Do you mind my smoking here?的回答，用Yes，you’d better not.是的，你最好别抽.用No，certainly not.不介意，你当然可以抽.
4.情态动词shall、will及should的用法.(1)shall1.表说话者的意图、允许、警告、命令、决心等.用于陈述句的第二、三人称中，有―必须、应、可‖之意.如：You shall buy that book tomorrow.你应该明天买这本书.2.询问、征求意见.如：Shall I close the window? 我关上窗户好吗？（2）should表义务、责任或劝告.有―应该、应当‖之意.如：You should learn from each other.
你们应该互相帮助.(4) will表意志、意愿.有―愿、要‖之意.如：Will you help me with my work? 你愿意帮我做作业吗？（5）would是will的过去式，表请求个人想法，语气比较婉转.如：I would like to express(表达)my thanks to you.我非常感想你.重点语法：mind [one's] doing sth. 介意（某人）做某事Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
As we read, we need to find "topic sentences".(在我们阅读的时候，我们需要寻找―主题语句‖，也就是和文章中心最相关的语句。) These sentences usually gives us a "summary", or overall meaning of each paragraph and help us understand what the paragraph is about.(这些语句通常会给我们一些文章的―概要‖，或者每个文段的全部意思，来帮助我们理解段落大意。) After the topic sentence comes more detail and explanation.(当―主题语句‖出现后，该段的一些解释和细节也就会随之出现。)
Unit 8 Why don't you get her a scarf?
1.提建议.常用的提建议的方法：
（1）Let’s+动词原形.如：Let’s go out for a walk.(2) shall we+动词原形.如：Shall we meet outside the school gate(大门)？（3）How/What about+名词或动词ing形式.如：What about this one? How about playing football? （4）You’d better(not)+动词原形.如：
You’d better catch a bus. You’d better not take in class.(5)Why don’t you+动词原形？或Why not+动词原形？.如：Why not make it earlier? Why don’t yo u come with us?（6）Would you like+名词或动词不定式？如：Would you like a cup of tea?
如同意对方的建议，回答：Good idea/Great/Cool/Certainly/OK/Of course/Yes，please/Yes，I think so/All right/I agree with you/I’d love to.
如不同意，回答：NO，let’s…/I’m afraid not/No，thanks/I don’t think so/I don’t agree.
重点语法：询问别人为什么要做或者不做某事why don't you do sth. = why not do sth.
例句：Why don't you get her a camera? = Why not get her a camera? what about = how about 例句：How about some tennis balls? = What about some tennis balls?
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
To understand the important ideas from the text, we must "summarize".(为了了解文段最主要的意图，我们必须要进行总结。) Do this by answering "who, what, where, why" questions as you read.(在阅读时，常注意回答时间、地点、人物这些基本要素问题，达到总结的目的。) Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement?
1、现在完成时(P98)：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或保存的状态，强调的是现在的情况，常用for和since 表示一段时间的状语或so far，now，today，this week (month，year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。不能和表示过去的时间状语连用（如：in 1990，last Sunday 等）。例如：He has studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 2001.
Now I have finished the work.
注意：表过去某一时间发生的动作或状态一直延续到现在（强调现在），动作或状态一般是延续性的，因此要用表延续性的动词或表状态的动词。表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。也不能用于how long引导的疑问句中。如不能说：He has borrowed the book for two months.(ⅹ)
但可以说：He has kept the book for 2 months.或：It has been 2 months since he borrowed the book. 或：Two months has passed since he borrowed the book.
这些瞬间动词常与它对应的可以表示时间段的词语进行互换。
become—be, borrow—keep buy—have, begin (start)—be on ,open—be open die—be dead, leave--be away ,come--be here/in ,go out—be out, join--be a member/be in ,begin to study--study
注明：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用于现在完成时态：
I haven’t bought anything for two days.
2、现在完成时的结构：have / has + 过去分词否定结构：haven’t / hasn’t + 过去分词一般疑问句中：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词
重点语法：现在完成时态
do/does 的现在完成时态形式：(have/has) done
do/does 的现在完成时态的被动语态：(have/has) been done
现在完成时态主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。
例句：我去年去过美国，那是我第一次出国。
I have ever been to America. It's the first time for me to go abroad.
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
After reading, write down three or more things you have learned. (在阅读整篇文章之后，把你学到的三样或更多事物写下来。)We always remember things better if we take time to reflect. (如果我们花时间去思考一些问题的话，那么我们就能更容易地记住一些事情。)
动词的过去分词的规则变化
1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1）、一般动词，在词尾直接加― ed ‖。
work---worked---worked, visit---visited---visited
(2）、以― e ‖结尾的动词，只在词尾加― d ‖。live---lived---lived,
(3）、以―辅音字母+ y ‖结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加― ed ‖。
study---studied---studied, cry---cried---cried
(4）、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加― ed ‖。
stop---stopped---stopped, drop---dropped--dropped
1.Have you ever been to an amusement park?have been to ...
have been to + 地点：去过某地（已回）
have been to表示―到(去)过某处‖，现在已不在那个地方。
如：He has been to England．他曾到过英国。(现在已经不在英国了)
Have you ever been to the Great Wall？你到过长城吗?（现在已经不在长城上）
have gone to + 地点：去了某地（未回）
have gone to表示―去了某处‖，―到某处去了‖，现在已不在说话的地点了。
如：He has gone to England。
他已去英国了。(已经不在说话的地方，到达英国或者在去英国的路上)
2、never, yet, ever，still ever, already常用于否定句.疑问句中。ever常用于现在完成时中。 ever用于强化比较级和最高级。What's the best gift you have ever received?
ever since：自那时起The shop has been open ever since.
forever：永远的（地）★never：从不-Have you ever been to an amusement park?
-No, never.★already：已经（肯）
-- yet：已经，还（否、疑）He has already been to Beijing twice.
He hasn't been to Beijing yet. --Have you been to Beijing yet?
--No, not yet.★still：仍然，还；常用于肯定句中
3、neither(1) Neither Jenny nor I own a car. (2) Leon neither drinks nor smokes.
(3) My husband doesn’t want to see a movie tonight, and neither do I.
(4) A: Which of the dresses did you like?B: Neither of them.
(5) A: I haven’t seen that movie. B: I haven’t ，either.
neither
neither... nor ...；either ... or ...；not only ..., but also ...连接两个并列结构,句型中使用就近原则，both ... and ...句型中，谓语动词用复数形式。
--I do n't like this dress.--Neither do I. -- 我也不喜欢。(I don't like this dress, either)
I haven’t been to an amusement park.Me, neither.(对应：Me, too.)
=I have n't been to an amusement park, either.(not... either = neither)
=Neither have I.
If you can't solve it, neither can he. (He can't solve it, either.)
I am not interested in it, neither is he. (He is not interested in it, either.)
练：If you don't help me, neither ___ others.
4、neither, nor, so引导的倒装句：
1)句式：Neither/Nor/So + 助动词/be动词/情态动词+ 主语. 表示―...也/也不‖。
Neither do I. = Nor do I. --我也不。
So do I. --我也是。So + 主语+ 助动词/be动词/情态动词. 表―确实如此‖，用于同意上文中的对方的观点。-- It is a nice day.-- So it is. --它确实是个好天气。
Unit 10 It's a nice day, isn't it?
反义疑问句（1）反意疑问句要点简述
反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句，是在陈述句后，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出的疑问。其基本结构有两种：一是“肯定陈述句＋简略否定问句”；二是“否定陈述句＋简略肯定问句”。反意疑问句后一部分的主谓与前一部分的主谓要保持人称及助动词等方面的一致。这种疑问句的回答要根据事实，肯定的用“Yes, …”。否定的用“No, …”。如：
It looks like rain, does’’t it? He doesn’t need to work so late, does he?
（2）学习反意疑问句，特别要注意的问题
1）陈述部分的主语是this, that时，疑问部分的主语多用it；陈述部分的主语是these, those 时，疑问部分的主语多用they。如：This is a dictionary, isn’t it? Those are shelves, aren’t they?
2）陈述句如果是there be结构时，疑问句部分仍用there。如：There once was a man named Saint Nicholas, wasn’t there?
3）在英语口语中，“I am +表语结构”，后面的反意疑问句多用aren’t I来体现。如：
I am very interested i n learning English, aren’t I?
4）陈述句的主语是动词不定式，动词的-ing形式或从句时，疑问部分的主语多用it来体现。如：Taking care of our environment is very important, isn’t it? What he said is right, isn’t it?
5）陈述句中含有not, no, hardly, neither, never, few, little, too …to等否定词或具有否定意义
的词时，疑问部分常用肯定形式。如：
Few people knew the news, did they? Tom has never been to England , has he?
但陈述句中如果带有否定意义的前缀和后缀的单词时，整个句子仍视为肯定句，反意疑问部分多用否定形式。如：She is unhappy, isn’t she?
6）陈述句的主语是nobody, no one, everyone, somebody等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语多用they（当强调全体时）或he（当强调个体时）。如果陈述句的主语是something, nothing, anything, everything等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语多用it。如：
No one knows him, do they? Someone is waiting for you, isn’t he? Nobody says a word about the accident, do they?Everything seems all right, doesn’t it?
7）陈述句是主从复合句时，如果主句的谓语动词是think, believe, expect, feel, guess等词，且主语是第一人称I或we时，反意疑问部分的人称、时态与宾语从句保持一致，同时还要考虑到否定的转移（否定前移）。如：
I believe that the boy can get a ticket for you, can’t he? I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
若是第二第三人称的话，反义疑问句应该看主句：She thought it is meaningless，didn't she？如果是转述的要注意：He said that you were in hospital，weren't you?（这里是对着那个you 说的）
8）祈使句的反义疑问句中：let's 的要用shall we；let us 的要用will you；其他形式的都用will/won’t you。如：Go and get it for me, won't you?去帮我取个东西，好吗？
Let's meet at the airport, shall we ? 我们在机场碰头，行不行？Have a little more wine, will you ? 喝点儿酒，好吗？
9）must的反义疑问句：陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
A．must表示“应该”，其疑问部分用mustn't（不应该），如：
You must work hard next term, mustn't you ? 下学期你应该努力学习，对吗？
B．must表示“必须”，其疑问部分用needn't（不必），如：
They must finish the work today, needn’t they? 他们今天必须要完成这项工作，是吗？
C．陈述部分含情态动词mustn't，表示禁止时，疑问部分就可以用must或may，如：You mustn’t stop your car here, must you? (may we?)你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？
D．must表示推测，其疑问部分必须与must 后面的主要动词相呼应。如：
①对现在动作或存在的情况的推测：
You must know the answer to the exercise, don't you? 你一定知道这项练习的答案，是不是？That must be your bed, isn't it? 那一定是你的床，是吗？
②对过去发生的动作或存在的情况的推测：句中陈述部分没有表示过去的时间状语，这时疑问部分中的动词就用现在完成时。（haven’t / hasn’t + 主语）
You must have told her about it, haven’t you? 你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？
10）have作为动词的反义疑问句：
①have to 的短语，且只充当一般动词的作用，助动词为do, does,和普通的一般疑问句没有任何差别，提问还是用do, does引导。
We have to finish it ,don't we?
②当用have, has做助动词的时候，疑问句才用它们引导,如：
She has seen it, hasn’t she？这里的助动词就是has
③当陈述部分有had better,或其中的have表示完成时态时，疑问句应用hadn’t等开头：
You’d better get up early, hadn’t you?
④其他情况句中有have时疑问句应用don't等开头；如have表示“有”的时候，有两
种形式：do或have. He has two sisters, doesn’t he? =He has two sisters, hasn’t he? He doesn't have any sisters, does he?
⑤当must+have done表示对过去的情况进行推测（一般句中有明确的过去时间状语），问句要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didn't+主语”或“wasn't/weren't+主语”；
如果强调动作的完成（一般没有明确的过去时间状语），问句要用“haven't/hasn't+主语”。
She must have read the novel last week, didn’t she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说，是吗？You must have told her about it, haven't you?你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？
11）带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ? He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do/does + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
12）感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。
What colors, aren't they?What a smell, isn't it?
13）陈述部分由neither…nor, either…or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
14）陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
15)含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
16)陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
17)陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
18)陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes 或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成―不‖，no要译成―是‖。
例---He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球，是吗？
---Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。
---His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？
---Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加。
重点语法：反意疑问句
反意疑问句由肯定陈述句加否定问句构成，或者由否定陈述句加肯定问句构成。
例句：He's a student, isn't he? She's not his mother, is she?
回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实来回答。若事实是肯定的，则必须用yes 回答。若事实是否定的，则必须用no 回答。例句：你还没有准备好，对吧？You're not ready, are you?
是的，我没有准备好。No, I'm not.不，我准备好了。Yes, I am.
八年级上
Unit 11Could you please clean your room
一.Grammar focus
Could you please clean your room? 请你打扫一下你的房间好吗？
Yes, sure.可以，没问题。
Could you please do the dishes? 请你清洗一下餐具好吗？
Sorry, I can’t have to do my homework.对不起，不行。我得做家庭作业。
Could I please go to the movies’? 我可以去看电影吗？Yes, you can.是的，你可以。
Could I please use the car.我可以用一下你的车吗？No, you can’t. I have to go out.不，你不能。我必须得出去。
Could 的用法
1）本单元的语法主要涉及用来表示请求常交际用语
Could you please do sth…..?Could I please do sth…..?
2)could 并非表示过去，只是语气上比can更委婉Li Mei, could you please help me?
Could I please come in?
3)对于请求肯定回答常用语Certainly /of course/with pleasure/no problem/yes, sure
4)否定回答时常用语：
No, can’t/certainly not/no, I’m afraid I can’t.
Have to must区别have to 强调客观原因，用助动词进行各句式转换；回答时用助动词must 强调主观原因，must 是情态动词，通过自身的改变进行句式的转换；回答时用must 或needn’t。
Do you have to get up early? Yes, I do./no, I don’t
Must you do that? Yes, I must./no, I needn’t.
3.i need to eat breakfast.
Need做实义动词‘需要’，多用语陈述句，后跟动词不定式to do; need情态动词‘需要’多用语否定句和一般疑问句，后面直接跟动词原型。
She needs to have a good sleep. Need you go home now?
4. Sorry, I am going to work on it now. Work on从事，忙于
5.i don’t like doing the dishes because it’s boring.
“阅读理解”五步曲
阅读理解是对学生所学的英语知识的理解和运用能力的综合测试。一般应该采取以下 方法：
1.带着问题读文章
尽快地把文章后面的问题先看一遍，做到心中有数，然后带着问题去阅读短文，边读边
捕捉文中与问题相关的信息点，初步掌握文章大意和作者意图。
2.把握五个―W‖和一个―H‖
在速读全文，了解文章的基础上，理顺思路，摸清脉络，然后把着眼点转到文章的每一个段落上，尽快地把握住文章的五个―W‖（who, where, when, what, why）和一个―H‖(how)。
3.抓住文章的主题。一般来说，每段文章的中心意思多会出现在首句或末句。
4.阅读必须讲究速度。生词率少于5%的材料中，一般阅读速度在每分钟60~80个单词。
5.猜测词义要有方法
①利用构词法知识猜测词义。②根据同位语、定语从句等说明性词语来猜测。③利用本句前后关联词来猜测。
Unit 12 What's the best radio station?
1. 形容词的比较级和最高级
A. 我们都知道形容词的级有三个级，分别是原级，比较级，最高级。
（1）形容词的比较级（用于两者之间的人或事物的比较）。构成：形容词比较级+than …
如：He is taller than I . 他比我高。
（3）形容词的最高级（用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较），其结构为：the + 形容词的最高级+ of / in …
如：He is the tallest of the three . 他是这三个人中最高的。
He is the funniest in his class . 他是他们班最有趣的。
B. 形容词、副词比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
（1）规则变化
<1>一般情况下，单音节或双音节的形容词（或副词）比较级+er , 最高级+est
如：clever-cleverer-cleverest few-fewer-fewest small-smaller-smallest等
<2>以e结尾的词，比较级+r,最高级+st即可
如：nice-nicer-nicest cute-cuter-cutest large-larger-largest
<3>以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i,然后+er或est
如：easy-easier-easiest happy-happier-happiest
<4>双写最后一个辅音字母+er或est的词同学要用心去记。
1. fat - fatter - fattest
2. thin-thinner - thinnest
3. hot - hotter - hottest
4. red-redder - reddest
5. wet - wetter - wettest
6. big-bigger - biggest
<5>多音节和部分双音节的词需要在形容词原级前+more构成比较级，+the most构成最高级。如：beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful .又如：delicious , popular , important , interesting , expensive ,creative等也是如此。双音节的词如
careful - more careful - the most careful, useful - more useful - the most useful .
少数单音节词也是这样如：pleased - more pleased - the most pleased tired - more tried - the most tired
（2）不规则变化：
good - better - best well - better – best, bad - worse - worst many, much - more - most far-farther-farthest（距离远） far - further - furthest（程度深）
old - elder（长幼）-eldest old - older（年龄）-oldest
八年级英语期末复习提纲
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八年级英语期末考试试卷 班级姓名学号成绩_________ 第一部分:听力试题 一、听力选择 A)句子理解,选择与所听句子意义相近的答案,句子读两遍。(5%) 1、A、My mother is a worker、 B、My mother is a teacher、 C、My mother is a doctor、 2、A、Tom doesn't like eggs at all、 B、Eggs are Tom's favourite food、 C、Tom usually has eggs for breakfast、 3、A、Lucy does well in Chinese、 B、Lucy can’t speak Chinese at all、 C、Lucy doesn’t study Chinese、 4、A、I went to the party first, and then, the cinema、 B、I went to the party, not the cinema、 C、I didn't go to the party, instead, I went to the cinema、 5、A、 We arrived after two o'clock、 B、We arrived at two o'clock、 C、We arrived before two o'clock、 B)对话理解,根据所听对话选择正确答案,对话读两遍。(5%) 6. A、Jack B、Simon C、Amy 7、A、Seven hours B、Six hours C、Eight hours 8、A、Comfortable B、Exciting C、Terrible 9、A、It’s raining、B、They’re coming home、C、There’s going to be a storm 10、A、Go to the theatre with the man B、Go out with his grandfather C、Stay at home C)短文理解,根据所听短文选择正确答案,短文读两遍(5%) 11、An elephant can see something clearly if_________、 A、it is big enough B、it is close to it C、it is in the daytime 12、There are ________ elephants in the world、 A、only two kinds of B、more than two kinds of C、three kinds of 13、It is _________ for people to catch the elephants in Africa、 A、easy B、pleasant C、difficult 14、In the story, ___________ are able to know people’s voice、 A、elephants B、the elephants in Africa C、the elephants in India 15、The elephants in India are _______ the elephants in Africa、 A、cleverer than B、different from C、not so clever as D)短文填空,根据所听短文填入所缺的单词,短文读两遍。(5%) Killing and____16____ wildlife is a great problem these days、We must take ___17___ as soon as ____18____、Everyone can do something, I think、 First, I think it’s ___19____ to stop people from cutting down trees in order to protect the living ___20____ of wildlife、Second, people should not hunt wildlife for their ___21___、I also think it’s bad to wear____22_____、But the most important thing is that we should tell more people the___23____of ____24___ wildlife、If we do nothing, there will be no wildlife in the ___25___、So let’s begin to do something to help before it’s too late、
八年级英语上期末总复习
2.把三个香蕉剥皮 3.把香蕉切碎 4.把香蕉和冰淇淋放进果汁机里 5.把牛奶倒进果汁机里 6.打开果汁机 7.喝奶昔 8.我们需要多少个香蕉 9.我们需要三个香蕉 10.我们需要多少酸奶 11.我们需要一杯酸奶 12.咱们做水果沙拉吧 13.让我想想 14.你是怎样做水果沙拉的 15.两茶匙蜂蜜 16.最后把它们都混合在一起 17.首先，把爆米花放进爆米花机里面 18.首先，把西红柿和牛肉切成块 19.接着，煮面条 20.往面条里面加佐料 21.在我的三明治里，我喜欢西红柿 22.你喜欢在三明治里面放生菜吗 23.在一片面包上放些佐料 24.多少佐料 25.大约一茶匙 26.超级鸡肉三明治 27.两片面包 28.一茶匙黄油 29.在一片面包上涂上黄油 30.在面包上放些生菜和鸡肉片 31.最后，在上面放上另一块面包 32.这儿是一份制作超级火鸡三明治的食谱 33.我需要一些帮助 34.请问你能把这些西红柿切碎吗 35.下一步你需要把原料放进果汁机里面 36.加一些蜂蜜并且把原料混合 37.打开果汁机大约两分钟 38.首先，检查所有的配料是否准备好 2.在上次的学校旅行中你做了什么 3.列一张表 4.去海滩 5.你去动物园了吗 6.没有，我去了水族馆 7.那儿有鲨鱼吗 8.不，没有鲨鱼，但是有一些相当 聪明的海豹 9.去水族馆 10.和他的朋友们一起闲逛 11.拍照 12.去动物园 13.看见一些海豹 14.吃汉堡 15.买纪念品 16.吃冰淇淋 17.看见一些鲨鱼 18.劳拉买纪念品了吗 19.你买那顶帽子了吗 20.你还做别的事情了吗 21.你看见鲨鱼了吗 22.你赢得那顶帽子了吗 23.你得到他的亲笔签名了吗 24.那里有海豹吗 25.你照相了吗 26.蒂娜遇见了以为著名的演员 27.蒂娜得到了杰克·迪恩得亲笔 签名 28.蒂娜赢得了一顶帽子 29.在水族馆里有许多演员 30.蒂娜遇见一名著名得演员了吗 31.过得愉快 32.在学校旅行期间 33.他们去蓝水水族馆了一天 34.他们首先参观了游客中心，并 看了一部关于鲨鱼的电影 35.一场海豚表演 36.随后，他们去户外水池，并且 看到了一大条章鱼 37.礼品店 38.疲倦但很开心 39.他们乘公共汽车赶回了学校 40.在当天结束时 41.学生们在学校旅行中玩的很不 开心 42.他们乘地铁返回了学校 43.我去芝加哥旅游了 44.真的吗？那听起来很有趣 45.你看见什么了 46.她住在加利福利亚 47那里天气很好 48.和朋友们一起看电视 49.睡懒觉 50.开车去兜风 51.上课 52.帮助爸妈（做事） 53.在我的下一个休息日 54.那听起来很无聊 55.天气非常糟糕 56.听起来像一个忙碌的休息日 57.你会相信吗 58.你的休息日过的怎么样啊 59.你野营过得很愉快吗 60.在庭院旧货出售 61.没有一个人 62.淋湿 63.谢谢你的来信 64.希望能尽快见到你 65.她在昨天的唱歌比赛中获得了 一等奖 66.我中午吃了一碗面条 67.你去了那里 68.和你的家人一起去的吗 69.你做了什么 70.天气怎么样 71.食物可口吗 72.你买东西了吗 73.我刚刚从宜昌回来 2.她是一位优秀的中国乒乓球运 动员 3.她什么时候出生的 4.她出生与1973年 5.世界纪录大全 6.打嗝的世界纪录 7.打喷嚏的世界纪录 8.她从什么时候开始打嗝的 9.她打嗝打了69年5个月 10.他从什么时候开始打嗝的 11.他从1922年开始的 12.他什么时候停止打嗝的 13.他于1990年停止打嗝 14.你多早开始做事都不为过 15.开始做某事 16.秀兰·邓波儿是谁 17.她什么时候成为一名电影明星 的 18.学骑自行车 19.开始学英语 20.第一次去看电影 21.第一次举行聚会 22.他所有的空闲时间都是和他的 孙子一起度过的 23.她是一位著名的小提琴家 24.她四岁时开始滑冰 25.她是一位慈祥和蔼的奶奶 26.她十岁时成为了一名滑冰冠军 27.看见某人做某事 28.看见某人正在做某事 29.著名的 30.较难的音乐 31.开始做某事 32.在（某人）几岁的时候 33.参加 34.赢得第一名 35.第一个做···的人 36.70年的历史 37.第十四届肖邦国际钢琴大赛 38.写一写你敬佩的一个人 39.这个人是男人还是女人 40.他还活着吗 41.他是一名运动员吗 42.你开始学习英语的时候有多大 43.我能做什么才能变得出名 44.由于背痛他停止了踢足球 45.中国足球队去年在亚洲旅游了 46.约翰在演讲比赛中获得了第一 名 47.加入国家乒乓球队 48.清华大学 49.主修英语和管理专业 50.国际乒乓球联合会女子单打一 号选手 2.我打算做一名电脑程序设计师 3.你打算怎么样做呢 4.我打算学习计算机科学 5.职业篮球运动员 6.上表演课 7.每天练习打篮球 8.十分努力地学习数学 9.程汉打算搬到哪里去 10.他打算搬到纽约去 11.我理想的工作 12.当我长大的时候我打算做我想 做的事情 13.某个有趣的地方 14.听起来像 15.我想做一名艺术家 16.一份兼职工作 17.攒钱 18.一两年 19.同时 20.我打算举办艺术展 21.周游世界 22.到此时我还不确定 23.新年的决心 24.学会弹奏一种乐器 25.组建足球队 26.取得好成绩 27.吃更有益于健康的食品 28.多锻炼 29.上吉他课 30.我打算学习一种外语 31.新年决心调查结果 32.收到某人的来信 33.保持健康 34.与某人沟通、交流 35.中学毕业之后我打算从大连搬 到北京 36.长大后我想为国际杂志些文章 37.我想去有趣的地方旅行，看一 些新的事物 38.我想做一名记者，因为我喜欢 与人们交谈 39.我们打算举办一场迎新会 2.洗餐具 3.扫地 4.整理你的床铺 5.打扫起居室 6.叠衣服 7.去看电影 8.在外面呆到很晚 9.使用小汽车 10.搭车 11.我必须去参加一个会议 12.你必须打扫你的房间 13.我需要吃早饭 14.明天你有个测试 15.我可以用你的电脑吗 16.我现在要用它工作 17.讨厌做某事 18.做家务 19.洗衣服 20.我同意 21.因为我喜欢烹饪 22.我喜欢擦自行车因为我可以呆 在外面 23.买些饮料和小吃 24.借些钱 25.邀请我的朋友参加聚会 26.去商店购物 27.用你的CD播放器 28.感谢你照看我的狗 29.请你每天做这些事情好吗 30.带他去散步 31.和他一起玩耍 32.别忘了打扫他的床铺 33.祝你愉快 34.下周见 35.我需要一些帮助 36.顺便来访 37.我将要搬进一所新房子 38.我讨厌洗餐具，那令人厌烦 39.我打算从事我的英语课题，然 后与我的朋友们会面 40.当我忘记打扫我的房间时，我 妈妈真的很生气 41.我度假时请你照看我的猫好吗 42.我和我父母明天要去度假 2.大屏幕 3.友好的服务 4.新影片 5.离家近 6.在城区好玩的地方 7.城镇电影院 8.影视城 9.影视宫 10.它有最大的屏幕 11.它是最受欢迎的 12.它离家最近 13.它最便宜 14.它有最友好的服务 15.它有最舒适的座位 16.最好的电影院是哪一家 17.时代电影院 18.黄金剧院 19.格林市调查 20.最好的服装店是哪一家 21.牛仔专卖店 22.贾森服装店 23.时尚少年服装店 24.流行时装店 25.哪个电台最好 26.我是一名记者 27.我可以问你一些问题吗 28.镇上最好的服装店是哪一家 29.你为什么这么认为 30.思考，认为、 31.对···做调查 32.就···而言，至于 33.我认为少年世界有最好的服务 34.我认为折扣店的质量最差 35.一顿饭多少钱 36.离学校有多远 37.服务好吗 38.食物可口吗 39.褒义词 40.贬义词 41.最有创造力的 42.最令人厌烦的 43.谁是最佳表演者 44.上周的才艺表演是非常成功的 45.获得最佳演员奖 46.她弹奏了一首优美的钢琴曲 47.他跳了一支没有音乐伴奏的舞 48.因···而获奖 49.名人才艺表演 50.你认为谁是最有趣的演员 51.最有趣的演员 52.最有创造力的音乐录像 53.最喧闹的音乐组合 54.最令人厌烦的电视节目 55.最差的电影 56.最好的书 57.你今天在学校学了什么 58.我们针对学生喜欢看的电影做 了一个调查 59.听班上的同学对动作片的看法 很有趣 60.你会跳舞吗 61.我们需要更多的演员参加才艺 表演 62.旅馆房价的价格大约是每晚 320元 63.冰雪节
人教版八年级上册英语《期末考试试卷》(附答案)
2020-2021学年第一学期期末测试 八年级英语试题 学校________ 班级________ 姓名________ 成绩________ 第Ⅰ卷 Ⅰ. 听力测试。 第一节 听一遍,根据你所听到的句子,从A、B、C三个选项中选出最恰当的答语,并把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。 1. A. Sure. B. No, she can’t. C. Never mind. 2. A. Yes, he will. B. No, they won’t. C. Y es, they do. 3. A. First, peel an orange. B. It’s easy. C. Finally, drink it. 4. A. For two hours. B. Every day. C. Twice. 5. A. Not at all. B. Sorry. C. Thanks. 6. A. In a week. B. Last week. C. On the weekend. 第二节 听一遍,根据你所听到的对话和问题,从A、B、C三个选项中选出正确答案,并把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。 7. A. She watched TV. B. She went somewhere. C. She prepared for a test. 8. A. a piano lesson. B. A big dinner. C. A soccer game. 9. A. In the school. B. In the hospital. C. In the bookstore. 10. A. On foot. B. By train. C. By air. 11. A. The woman. B. Tom. C. The winner. 12. A Monday. B. Tuesday the 1st. C. January 1st. 第三节 听两遍,根据你所听到的长对话,从A、B、C三个选项中选出正确答案,并把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。 听下面一段材料,回答第13和14小题。
人教版八年级下册英语《期末考试卷》及答案
人教版英语八年级下学期 期末测试卷 学校________ 班级________ 姓名________ 成绩________ 第二部分基础知识运用 一、请从下面各题A、B、C.D三个选须中选择正确答案。 1.The old man still keeps an aye on the whole company. A. look after. B. takes care of C. watch. D. sees 2.Rick became a member of the Irish rock band when he was 15. A. got involved in. B. took part in. C. went to. D. joined. 3.Billie Schacht returned to Millville and started teaching in the same school that she had gone to school in. A. went. B. come back. C. came. D. went back. 4.Although she is quite young, she can solve the problem in her own way. A. is able to. B. able to. C. has the ability. D. have the ability to. 5.Sammy went to study abroad between the years of 1940 and 1949. A. in the 1940's B. in her 40s C. in the 1940s D. in her 40's 二．单项选择。请从下面各题A、B、C.D三个选须中选择正确答案。 6.The small shop stays ____ for 12 hours every day,and it ____ at 10:00 in the evening. A. Open,closes B. to open,closed C. opened,closes. D. open,is closed. 7.What ______interesting news he told us this morning! A. a B. / C. an D. the 8.When I arrived at the conference center,everyone else ________. A. was seated B. was sat. C. seated. D. sit. 9.Please stop ________,It's time to enjoy the wonderful movie. A. to talk. B. talk. C. talking. D. talks. 10.Nowadays we have many different ways of paying,As well as paying ______cash,and ______ credit card,we can also use all-pay and we-chat to pay in our everyday life. A. by,by B. in,in C. by,in. D. in,by. 11.Sometimes the questions asked by little children can be _____difficult ______people can answer them. A. so,that few. B. so,that many. C. too,that few. D. too,that little.