四级基础写作handout
第一讲：经典语汇汇总
十大功能语汇：
A：表示“观点”
－maintain/assume
—emphasize/insist
—argue/hold
造句：很多人认为，健康对于幸福生活而言是必不可少的（essential）。我同意他们的观点。
—in my point of view
—when it comes to me
—for my part
—as for me
造句：面对这种问题，我认为，我们需要考虑两点。
B：表示“重视”
—attach importance to
—give weight to
—devote much attention to
造句：政府应该非常重视这个问题。
C：表示“强调”
—lay(put/place) emphasis on
—lay(put/place) stress on
—lay(put/place) weight on
造句：政府应该强调“希望工程”（the Project of Hope）的重要性。
D：表示“赞同”；“支持”
—approve of （赞同）
—stand by (支持)
—vote for (投票赞成)
—hold with(赞成)
造句：有些人认为真正的友谊基于相似的爱好（similar interests）
E：表示“反对”
—disapprove of
—object to
—be opposed to
造句：很少有人反对这个观点。
F：表示“努力”
—make every effort to do
—many efforts should be made to do
—devote to
—endeavor to do
—do one’s utmost to do
造句：我们应该努力结束任何虚假承诺（fake promise）的行为。
G：表示“建议”
—propose
—put forward
—suggest
—advance
造句：我建议每个人都可以保护民族文化的独立性（independence）和独特性（uniqueness）
H：表示：“原因”
—owing to
—thanks to
—for the sake of
—due to
造句：鱼类数量变得极稀少（rare），因为先进渔船（advanced fishing-ship）的数量急剧增长。
I：表示“决心”
—choose to do
—resolve to do
—be determined to do
—be convinced to do
造句：各行各业的人们（people from all works of life ）决定资助（finance）那些上不起学的年轻人（youngsters who can not afford to go to school）。
J：表示“结论”
—come to the conclusion that
—arrive at a conclusion that
—conclude that
造句：因此，我们得出结论：中国文化（Chinese culture）既是国家的又是世界的（international）
有一个年轻人自以为是全才，在应聘面试中屡次碰壁，一直找不到理想的工作。他觉得自己怀才不遇，对社会感到非常失望，把自己的失败归因于没有伯乐来赏识这匹“千里马”。
痛苦绝望之下，他来到大海边，打算就此结束自己的生命。
在他争议跳入大海的时候，正好智者从这里走过，一把拉住了他。智者问他
为何要走绝路。他说自己得不到别人的承认，没人欣赏和重他。。。。。。
智者从脚下的沙滩上捡起一粒沙子，让年轻人看了看，然后随便扔在地上，
对年轻人说：“小伙子，请你把我刚才扔在地上的那粒沙子捡起来。”
“我想这根本不可能！也没这个必要。”
智者没有说话。接着又从自己的口袋里掏出一颗洁白的珍珠，也是随便扔在
了地上，然后对年轻人说：“你能不能把我扔掉的珍珠捡起来呢？”
“这当然可以！”
“那你就应该明白原因了吧？你在自己还不是一颗珍珠的时候，不能渴求别
人立即承认你。如果要别人承认，那你就要从普通的沙子变成一颗珍贵的珍珠才行。”
3 写作七大恶心语汇及替换
1）good/bad （好/坏）
人：responsible hard-working talented gifted nice kind warm-hearted gentle
学生：top brilliant outstanding
书： well-written classic provoking
建议：helpful useful
Good的替换：
味觉：tasty delicious sweet
嗅觉：fragrant delicious
视觉：beautiful handsome lovely
触觉：smooth soft
通用词：satisfied terrific encouraged positive
Bad 的替换：
Negative discouraged depressed frightful
1）in order to（为了）
for the purpose of doing
with an aim/a view/a goal to do
2）most（大多数）
the majority of people a large percent of people people in abundance 4) more and more(越来越多)
People in increasing/growing numbers increasingly
3）difficult（困难的）
tough hard complicated confusing
4）important（重要的）
significant critical crucial essential vital
5）problem（问题）
trouble headache crisis disaster issue dilemma
6）improve（提高，改善）
heighten enhance advance modify
4、高考急需掌握的表达
1）“着手解决问题” address the issue
“缓解问题的重要性” alleviate the issue
造句：有很多方法可以解决这个问题
There are a great number of approaches to address the issue.
大多数人认为，建造地下城市是缓解问题重要性的一种方法
The majority of people maintain that the approach of alleviating the issue is to build underground city.
2)“随着……” along with
造句：随着经济的发展，四家轿车越来越普及
Along with development of economy , private cars are increasingly popular .
3)“归因于” attribute to
造句：这个问题有几个方面的因素构成
The issue has attributed to several factors .
4)“集中精力“ focus/concentrate on
造句：每个学生都应该集中精力培养好的习惯。
Every student is ought to focus on cultivate/develop scientific studying habits .
5)“时常，经常” frequently more oft en than not
造句：第一印象经常会决定申请者的命运。
The first impression frequently is determined to applicants’ fate . 6)“流行” prevalent/popular (v .) prevalence (n.)
造句：假货充斥市场已经成为社会的一个问题。
Prevalence of fake goods has become a major concern in the society .
7)“交通堵塞” traffic congestion
造句：目前，很多城市都面临着交通堵塞及空气和噪音污染问题。
Currently , a great number of cities are confronted with traffic congestions , noise and air pollution
8)“破坏” damage destroy undermine rain
造句：人们卖假冒伪劣产品挣钱破坏了经济。
Those people who sell fake goods have undermined normal economic order .
9)“准备做” set out/off to do be/ get ready to do prepare to do be poised to do
make adequate preparations
10)“导致” cause bring about lead issue in result in generate
造句：量变引起质变。
Quantitative change brings about qualitative change .
5、永远的坐票
生活真是有趣：如果你只接受最好的，你经常会得到最好的。
有一个人经常出差，经常买不到对号入坐的车票。可是无论长途短途，无论车上
多挤，他总能找到座位。
他的办法其实很简单，就是耐心地一节车厢一节车厢找过去。这个办法听上去似
乎并不高明，但却很管用。每次，他都做好了从第一节车厢走到最后一节车厢的
准备，可是每次他都用不着走到最后就会发现空位。他说，这是因为像他这样锲
而不舍找座位的乘客实在不多。经常是在他落座的车厢里尚余若干座位，而在其
他车厢的过道和车厢接头处，居然人满为患。
他说，大多数乘客轻易就被一两节车厢拥挤的表面现象迷惑了，不大细想在数十
次停靠之中，从火车十几个车门上上下下的流动中蕴藏着不少提供座位的机遇；即使想到了，他们也没有那一份寻找的耐心。眼前一方小小立足之地很容易让大
多数人满足，为了一两个座位背负着行囊挤来挤去有些人也觉得不值。他们还担
心万一找不到座位，回头连个好好站着的地方也没有了。与生活中一些安于现状
不思进取害怕失败的人，永远只能滞留在没有成功的起点上一样，这些不愿主动
找座位的乘客大多只能在上车时最初的落脚之处一直站到下车。
温馨提示：自信、执着、富有远见、勤于实践，会让你握有一张人生之旅永远的
坐票。
第二讲：语法提纲挈领
五、英语写作语法汇总
1、宏观句法
1、主+谓：Time flies .
2、主+谓+宾：Time proves all .
一、简单句 3、主+系+表：Time is money .
4、主+谓+宾+宾：Time gives us experience .
5、主+谓+宾+宾补：Time makes us charming .
句子二、并列句简单句+并列连词+简单句
1、名词性从句（主从，表从，宾从，同位语从
三、复合句 2、定语从句
3、状语从句
主语从句：
1、将来的生活会是如何，对于我们而言是很难预测的到的。
What life will be like in the future is difficulty for us to predict .
2、他到底何时回来仍然是个未知数。
When he will be back is still a question .
3、无论发生怎样的变化，我都会以一颗平常心去面对它。
No matter what changes occur , I would to a normal state of mind to face it .
4、你为社会所作出的贡献于你的人生价值成正比。
How much you contribute to society is equal to you’re the value of life .
亮点句式——it 从句
公式1：it+be+a/an+名词+that
常用名词：pity shame fact honor belief
造句：1）有些年轻人不愿意赡养年迈的父母，这是一件令人遗憾的事情。
It is a pity that some youngsters are not willing to support aged parents .
2) 我相信这些孩子在灾难后会回到校园。
It is a belief that these children can go back to their campus after disaster .
公式2：it+be+adj+that
常用形容词：natural likely obvious strange fortunate
造句：1）每个人都要爱别人和被别人爱，这是很正常的。
It is natural that everyone should be loved by others and love others .
2) 幸运的是，这个国家的每一位成员都愿意帮助有困难的人。
It is fortunate that every member in this country is willing to help people in trouble .
公式3：it+be+过去分词+that
常用过去分词：reported said believed must be pointed out
造句：1）必须指出的是，养宠物可以培养孩子的责任心。
It must be pointed out that raising pats can cultivate children’s responsibility .
宾语从句：
1、很多人认为，那些著名运动员不应该得到这么高的工资。
A large number of people hold that those prestigious athletes should
not deserve such high salaries
2、高中生们认为，应该在高考中举行口试。
Senior high school students assume that a Spoken-English test should be held/taken in the college entrance examination .
3、HR（human resources）专家认为，自信在面试中至关重要。
The HR experts argue that self-confidence is vital in the interview .
4、年轻人们觉得跳槽是一件司空见惯的事情。
The youngsters believe that job-hopping is a common thing .
定语从句：
1、有很多河流被污染了。
There are great number of rivers which are polluted .
2、那些受溺爱的孩子容易被生活困难击倒。
Those children who are spoilt are easily knocked down by difficulties in life .
3、天助自助者
God helps those who help themselves .
4、没有不能走的路
There is no path that can not be traveled .
5、不是每一个面对困难都能克服，但只有面对它才有机会改变它。
All of difficulties with which you are confronted can not be overcame , but only the face of it has chance to change it . 6、世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，而有经验的人又缺乏想象力。
The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience , and those who are experience have feeble imagination .
7、大自然永远不会欺骗我们，欺骗我们的往往是我们自己。
Nature never deceives us ; it is always us who deceive ourselves .
状语从句：
1、时间状语从句：when while as
2、地点状语从句：where
3、原因状语从句：because as for since
4、结果状语从句：so……that such……that
5、让步状语从句：although though
6、条件状语从句：if unless
7、目的状语从句：in order that so that
8、方式状语从句：in the same way that
9、比较状语从句
造句：1）当社会进入了信息化的时代的时候，我们每天都要面对很多巨大的变化。
When the society enters information age ,we are confronted with many huge changes everyday .
2)失去的才是最珍贵的
A good thing is known when it is lost .
3) 所有的国家都应该重视环境保护，因为这个问题已经阻碍了人类的发展。
All of countries should attach attention to protecting environment , because this issue has been held back the development of human beings .
4) 目前，体育运动变得如此流行以至于成为一种时尚。
Currently , sports become so prevalent that it has turned out to be
a fashion .
5) 尽管我缺乏工作经验，但是我又较好的合作意识和团队精神。
Although I lack working experience ,I have excellent corporation awareness and teamwork spirit .
6)如果秋天走了，我会在雪地里等你，如果世界没了，我会在天堂里等你，如果你走了，我会在泪水中等你，如果我走了，我会找一个人照顾你。
If autumn leaves ,I will wait for you on snow ; If the world is gone , I will wait for you on heaven ; If you leave , I will memorize you in tears ; If I leave , I will find somebody else to care you .
一群年轻人到处寻找快乐，但是，却遇到许多烦恼、忧愁和痛苦。
他们向老师苏格拉底询问，快乐到底在哪里？
苏格拉底说：“你们还是先帮助我造一条船吧！”
年轻人们暂时把寻找快乐的事儿放到一边，找来造船的工具，用了七七四十九天，锯倒了一棵又高又大的树，挖空树心，造成了一条独木船。
独木船下水了，年轻人们把老师请上船，一边合力荡浆，一边齐声唱起歌来。苏格拉底问：“孩子们，你们快乐吗？”
学生齐声回答：“快乐极了！”
苏格拉底道：“快乐就是这样，它往往在你为着一个明确的目标忙得无暇顾及的时候突然来访。”
点评：原来快乐就是这么简单！还想补充一下，其实为目标奋斗的过程本身也充满了乐趣。一颗充实的心灵，哪还能容得下烦恼的影子呢？
三大高分句式：
1、双重否定句：
1）never fail to (克里，布什的竞争对手，在总统竞选时的演讲)
I will never fail to get your kids home .
造句：（1）我们一定会完成这项艰巨的任务。
We will never fail to fulfill this tough work .
(2) 人类一定会在科学技术方面取得更大的进步。
Human beings will never fail to make more progress in science and technology .
2) 主语否定+谓语否定
None of us has never made mistakes .
3) it is not uncommon for sb to do sth ……（很正常，不罕见）
造句：一个伟大学者对日常事务一无所知，这并不罕见。
It is not uncommon for a great scholar to be ignorant of everyday affairs .
2、强调句
1）是朋友和亲人帮助我度过苦海
It is parents and friends that help me get out of trouble
2) 就在那个公园里我见到了我的一位老朋友
It was in the park that I met an old friend of mine .
3) 只有通过这个手段，我们国家的经济才能富有朝气。
It is by this mean that the economy in our country can be full of vital energy .
4) 直到她摘下深色眼镜我才意识到她是一位著名的电影明星。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star .
3、插入语：
要领：紧跟住于后面，前后需用逗号隔开
1）举例式插入语：such as especially
造句：电影，像暴力电影，应该严格规范
Movies , such as ones on violence ,should be regulated strictly . 2）副词插入语：frankly indeed fortunately
造句：坦白地讲，旅游可以促进国家间的相互交流
Tourism , frankly , can promote mutual communication among nations .
3)形容词插入语：strange to say needless to say worse still
造句：更为糟糕的是，居高不下的失业率破坏了社会的稳定。
Unemployment rate , worse still , undermines social stability . 4)介词短语插入语：in fact in a sense in a word
造句：事实上，跳槽给人提供了充分发挥潜能的机会。
Job-hopping , in fact , can offer an opportunity to bring people’s potential into full play .
十大闪光点
1、开篇疑问句：
（1）一般疑问句：
Is it essential to hold a spoken English test in college entrance examination ?
(2) 特殊疑问句：
What /when/where/which/who/how
例：what is your opinion about the spoken Engilsh test in college entrance examination .
(3) 连续疑问：先写特殊疑问句，再写一般疑问句。
注：最好用名言回答。
2、巧妙回答：问的独特，答得经典
Tips:用谚语，名言回答。
凡事都有两个方面：
Every coin has two sides .
Every sword has two edges .
There is a good side and a bad side to everything .
谚语名言的主要句型格式：
As a proverb says……
As a famous saying goes……
As+名人+身份said…… eg. As Newton , a great scientist , said …… 常用名言：
Facts speak louder than words . 事实胜于雄辩
Money can not buy time .
Failure is the mother of success .
Pride goes before a fall . 骄兵必败
More haste , less speed 欲速则不达
Man proposes , God disposes . 谋事在人成事在天
Time and tide wait for no man . 时不待我
Health is better than wealth .
Diamond cut diamond 人外有人天外有天
There are plenty of fish in the sea . 天涯何处无芳草
Rest breeds rust . 生命在于运动
Penny wise and pound foolish 因小失大
As you make the bed , so you must lie in it . 自食其果
Put the cart before the horse . 本末倒置
Think big , do small . 从小处着手。
The future is now . 将来就是现在。
3、“一些人认为”的多样表达。
Some people assume
Many common people insist
Numerous scientists hold
Countless college students argue
4、写作词汇：
Tips：阅读报纸：China Daily 21st Century
杂志：《新东方英语》《疯狂英语》《英语世界》
4、理由段公式：
序列词+名词短语+动词短语+is that+从句
1）The first point to be kept in mind is that ……
2）The second merit I would like to maintain is that ……
5、路线句型
1）发展路线：Along with the development/growth/wide use of……
2）群众路线：All the social members , man and woman , old and young ……3）政府路线：The central and local government will take measures/steps/counter-measures to do ……
4）法制路线：Laws and regulations shall be issued to ……
6、结词表达：
All in all , if we take a careful consideration , it is not difficult to reach a conclusion that ……
一个培训公司里有一个小女孩销售能力很强，进入公司11个月以来，每个月都是销售冠军，月工资2万多。她不是什么名校毕业，学历也不高，中专毕业，身高1.55，不但不属于美女，而且属于让人“过目不忘”的类型。
为什么这样一个普通的女孩能够在高学历的公司中脱颖而出呢？
这个公司的老板对这个女孩进行了暗暗的观察，发现：
她每天中午和晚上都比别人多打一个小时的电话给客户。每天下班到网吧花两个小时，给客户发E-mail，把培训公司的资料发给客户。老总问她是怎么发的，她说：每天都发两个小时，我得目标就是把这个城市里所有能查到的公司的E-mail，都发一遍，我就不信没人愿意跟我们合作。
其实，我想告诉大家：勤奋是最短的成功捷径。短期内勤奋可以让你短期内成功！有些人一生都不勤奋，于是就忍受了一辈子的失败。
第三讲：英语高考写作题型及应对手法
一、写作题型
1、三大类：议论文、应用文、记叙文
2、四小类：记人、叙事、写信和通知、看图作文
二、题型
（一）议论文
议论文的段落梗概：
正方观点段反方观点段自己观点段
概述现象段原因分析段方法建议段
主观论述主题段坏处论述段好处论述段
Tips:可能混搭
1、第一篇：
要求：第一段：有人认为手机应被允许在校园使用（正方观点段）
第二段：有人认为手机不应在校园使用（反方观点段）
第三段：你的观点是什么（自己观点段）
第一段：
让学生自己写写（3min）
(1)翻译：直译提纲写作中心
Many people think that students should be allowed to use cell-phones(满分)
（2）副词、情态动词、语气词
Definitely absolutely certainly naturally normally extremely extraordinarily significantly might may probably likely
Many people certainly think that students should definitely be allowed to use cell-phones on campus .
(3)换词，词汇升级（前提：保证正确使用）
许多人：Abundant of people
People in abundance
认为：Hold argue insist advocate support state claim
People in abundance likely advocate that students should naturally be permitted to use cell-phones on campus .
(4)插入语，逻辑衔接词，条件句
People in abundance , as you can imagine , definitely believe……People in abundance , when they are asked for their opinions definitely believe that ……
（5）调整语言顺序，让英语更像英语
Students , as people in abundance likely advocate , should be permitted to use cell-phones on campus .
(6)核心要点前置
The use of cell-phones , ……，should be allowed on campus .
(7)核心前置，同时用主语后置加定从修饰
The right that students use cell-phones , as ……, should be ……
The right which allows students to use cell-phones , as……， should be given .
练习（一）
有人支持举办口语考试
基本：People in abundance definitely believe that English Speaking test should be held .
强化：Spoken English Exam that could test our language using ability , as people in abundance strongly believe , should be held .
第二段：
（1）逻辑词
However , other people also have opposite ideas .
However , there are also others who have opposite ideas .
However , others oppose .
Others , however , oppose .
Others , naturally however , oppose .
（2）主语前置
Opposite ideas , naturally however , do exist .
Ideas that are totally opposite , naturally however , do exist .
(记：不用再写上一遍什么反对学生在校园内使用手机，这样显得很赘余，要把第二段的开
头写的凝练些)
第三段：
The way I look at , I tend to stand by it.
In my point of view , I stand by the former and I resolve to ……Personally , the support and the participation should be considered .
技巧链接：
支持句群层次方法：将许多的简单句通过三大句型，非谓语动词等手法进行加工和整合。
例如：
第一段
1、先写出几个简单的小观点句
It offers information .
It is beneficial in studying .
It brings convenience .
It helps you to join ……
2、做加工
It absolutely offers huge information
Social activities could be joined .
3、把相互关联的放在一起，做不同的句子的成分。
It absolutely offers huge information , which is beneficial in studying , so that it brings convenience . Social activities could be well-joined .
第一段（完整版）
The right /of students use cell-phones on campus ,/ as people in abundance advocate ,/ should be entitled/ in that it absolutely offers huge information ,/ which is beneficial in studying/ so that it brings convenience ,/ and in that social abilities could be well-joined .
第二段：
1、几个简单的小观点句
It is bad for health
It has a lot of games , which brings distractions .
It causes the decline of study .
2、整合加工
(1)To start , they stress that/ it is bad for health /if the phone is overused .
(2)Moreover , they stress /when they pay attention to the using phones frequently /that it is bad for health /and the distractions/ brought by games /are also pointed out .
(3)The harmfulness of brain/ plus the distractions/ brought by games/ would /as you can imagine ,/ result in the decline of study /, which ……
2、第二篇
要求：第一段：大学生有必要了解校外社会
第二段：大学生了解社会的途径（大众传媒，社会实践）
第三段：自己的打算
第一段：
（1）College students , as people in abundance strongly claim , are necessary to learn the outside world of campus .
(2)University students in the contemporary , as people in abundance strongly claim , are necessary to learn the outside world of campus.
(3)The necessary /of college students learning society ,/ as people in abundance believe , /should be stressed ./ To commence ,/ it equips with huge knowledge /which are instructive to study ,/ so that an ideal job could be hunted in future . /Moreover ,/ the diversion could well enrich their life .
第二段：
途径：approaches/accesses/paths/ways/means/methods
第一句：
（1）There are , of course , abundant of accesses .
（2）Society , I believe , is accessible .
（3）Accessibility that we learn the outside world , however , do exit . （4）The society is not inaccessible to a great number of students . （5）Solutions to the question , however , do exit .
（6）Accesses exit.
（7）Accesses that students could find out , however , are there . Tips:第二段有小提纲，因此只考察你的语言的驾驭能力
支持句群：
（1）Firstly ,/ in the contemporary life ,/ the well-known mass media /ranging from TV , the Internet and newspapers/ brings huge fresh and useful knowledge to the students /and their mind are enriched/ due to the fact/ that the information /that students receive/ makes them think and rethink /so that they get into the habit of observing . （2）The media , firstly , brings huge information to keep students up-date so that we should stand by it . Moreover, experiences , which we could never find in textbook and which matters , could be achieved through the social service .
第三段：
I am determined to learn it personally . To commences , a part-time job our teachers recommend is considered as I value .
3、第三篇：
要求：第一段：城市绿化的现状（主观论述型）
第二段：城市绿化的好处
第三段：如何实现绿化
第一段：
（1）The current situation/circumstances of city greening , as we can see , are modifying rapidly .
（2）Better circumstances of city greening can be seen in today’s society. Firstly , more open parks and grass ground are being built .Secondly……（3）Better improved situation of city greening and plantation/ as we can see clearly , /are there . /To commences,/ greening-grounds of various size could be found nearby the stores , parking places and residential communities . /Voluntary planting , /moreover ,/ are also regularly organized by schools .
第二段：
优点：benefits；advantages ; positives
Positives the greening brings , of course , are in abundance . Firstly , it helps improve the climate , which makes our living conditions more comfortable . Furthermore , air is well cleaned and cleared , contributing to ideal health .
第三段：
measures we adopt to make the city greening , could be figured out. Tips:社会问题如何解决
（1）政府：预算，规划，管理，监督
It is government’s responsibility to make a budget .
To make it well-planned make it well budgeted
Work out some laws , regulations , rules , policies .
Make the government well monitored .
（2）媒体：宣传，报道，引起社会的关注
The media such as TV ……could make people aware/could help manipulate people to do
The school education can help solve it in the long run .
Schools offer long , lasting education .
第三段（完整版）
Approaches that help green the city are in abundance in that the government , firstly , should shoulder the responsibility of planning budget , making and fulfilling and in that secondly , the media should make people aware through constant report positively and negatively and in that finally , the school education have long-lasting effect .Therefore, it could be well .
（二）图表文
1、高考要求：图中数据变化的描述
2、要领：只有第一段与图表有关，数字引用多不会得高分。
3、写法：（1）宏观：只描述现象变化的方向，不用写数字。
（2）微观：写出数据变化的关系
4、变化：（1）从多少增长了/到多少，下降了/到多少
（2）增长的倍数
注意：不要只是将图中数字在语言中摆出，如数据多，建议用宏观写法，数字引用过多，得分往往偏低。
5、例题
02年6月
Student use of computers
第一段：
（1）We can see clearly from the above bar chart/pie chart/line chart/table/form that ……+图表主题现象+强调其发生变化的方向及程度+发生的时间/地点/人物等范围限制+对其进行评论+对接下来发生的趋势进行预测
（2）描述图中变化
Increase to/by decrease to/by
Be on the rise be on the decline
Grow to fall to
Climb to drop to
Jump to/shoot up to/peak up to collapse
（3）变化的程度
Significantly rapidly dramatically sharply immensely steadily consistently
宏观写法，一数不用
套句+点图：
It can be seen obviously from the above the table that+（主题现象） the average number a student work on computer per week at a certain university +（强调变化）has increased/been on the rise +(副词表示程度)significantly/dramatically/considerably/extremely+(时间、地点、人物范围)over the past decade, +(非限制定语从句)which is unexpected and amazing change+(对主题现象未来变化趋势的预测)and which is predicted to grow even further in the foreseeable future .
微观写法：
It can be seen from the above table that the average number a student operates computer each week at a certain university has increased/climbed to approximately 20 hours in year 2000 from 2 hours in 1990 and 4 hours in 1995 .
第二段：
（1）原因分析
Reasons behind , however , are in abundance .
Reasons that it has such a huge increase , as you can see，……Reasons contributing to/resulting in the growth , of course , ……
（2）带来的好处
（3）带来的问题
The downsides should not be ignored . People in abundance , firstly , overuse the computers to do ……so that ……
第三段：
（1）问题解决
Problems exist
Problems and its harmfulness are there and I have some suggestions. Problems , such as overusing and misusing , exist and I suggest ……（2）预测美好未来
（三）信件
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现代大学英语精读第二册语法点总结 Unit 1: the usages of future times；（将来时态） coordinating conjunctions（并列连词） Unit 2：“the way” in relative clauses （the way在关系从句中的用法）with + noun + preposition phrase/ participle /adjective construction （with结构做伴随状语） Unit 3: noun clauses (introduced by wh-words); （名词性从句） the gerund （动名词） Unit 4: appositive clause （同位语从句） indefinite pronoun: anybody/anyone; somebody / someone; everybody/ everyone; nobody/ no one; anything; something; everything; nothing （不定代词） Unit 5: the gerund; （动名词） the infinitive; （to do 不定式） attributive modifiers (定语) Unit 6：the present perfect continuous tense (现在完成进行时) the usage of the present participle phrase (现在分词) Unit 7：无（test） Unit 8：Comparative Degree （比较级：特别是the more….the more; bette r and better结构） Subject Complement (形容词做主语补足语：S+V+Adj.) Unit 9: with/without + noun phrase + an infinitive phrase (with、without在独立主格结构的应用) the infinitive as the subject (to do 不定式做主语) Unit 10：past participle phrase as adverbial （过去分词做定语的用法） Unit 11：part of speech （词性） Unit 12: ever/ never 的用法 比较级的用法（特别是比较级前面有副词修饰；同级比较） Unit 13：Ｖ＋Ｏ＋Ｃ宾语补足语 Could / might /should/ must +have done （虚拟语气）
基础薄弱考生进行英语四级写作训练的方法
基础薄弱考生进行英语四级写作训练的方 法 基础薄弱考生进行英语四级写作训练的方法 一、背诵：首先认真研究历年四级写作真题，分析近年来四级写作的出题规律和考试重点，从语言、结构、内容三大层面，认真研读经典写作真题范文：语言方面学习范文中的精彩词汇、词组、句型;结构方面学习范文的框架结构、内在逻辑、关联词、同义替换和代词替换;内容方面学习范文的论点、论据和论证。同时背诵精彩写作范文，要求滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善，扎扎实实提高自己的写作实力。 二、默写：背诵熟练之后默写下来，仔细对照原文，会发现你默写的文章与原文有一些语法、拼写、标点的区别，这些区别就是你的写作弱点，学习关键在于针锋突破，不要全面出击。这些弱点正是你在考试中扣分的原因所在，把这些弱点意义克服，分数自然就会提高。 三、中译英：首先将写作真题范文译为中文，或参考范文的`正确译文，然后进行中译英的工作，根据自己的理解把中文译为英文，最后对照英文原文，你会发现你的译文与原文存在较大的差别，这些差别正是你写作低分的症结所
在。同样的一个中文句子，仔细对比一下你使用了哪些词汇、词组和句型，原文使用了哪些，这样你的写作水平才会逐渐提高。 四、写作：进行完上述工作之后，在考前必须进行写作的工作，只有动笔写作，才会发现自己的问题。可以写510篇真题或模拟题，模仿自己曾经背诵过的精彩词汇、词组、句型、框架和范文，写出一篇新的文章。最初不要求速度，但考前一定要进行模考，半小时写出一篇120-150词的文章。写完之后仔细修改其中的语言错误，将其改的更加精彩。 英语写作基础不太好的四级考生，必须按照上述步骤严格进行;基础较好的考生学习顺序正好相反，首先写作，直接写作英语四级真题;其次中译英，在研读原文之前，进行中译英的工作，译完对比，找出差距;然后背诵;最后默写。同时可以准备自己的写作框架，应用文和论说文分别形成固定的写法，积累精彩句型。 【基础薄弱考生进行英语四级写作训练的方法】 1.基础薄弱如何进行英语四级写作训练 2.训练写作技巧的方法 3.关于提高中考生语文写作水平的方法 4.看图写作的方法 5.作文写作的方法
(完整版)大学英语四级阅读理解解题技巧
大学英语四级选词填空和快速阅读复习攻略 选词填空: 首先:预览选项，了解词义并把选项分为四大类词性:名词n，动词v，形容词a，副词ad，在每个选项后作词性的简要标记; 其次:精读全文开头，把握文章主题，并以三个空或一个段落为一个单位，利用前后文判断每空的词性; 第三:把对应词性的选项逐一带回原文，含义通顺，时态、主谓搭配一致的为正确选项。 记背选词填空选项的重点范围: 1.历年曾经考过的复合式听写的单词 2.历年曾经考过的完形填空的选项，仔细阅读态度题的选项 3.历年曾经考过的真题中的高频词汇 快速阅读: 建议做题方法:读题干并确定关键词(中心词)--去原文中定位关键词--分析定位句--分析题干--确定答案。 首先用“打包”方法对付乱序: 把整组题全部一次性吃透，然后去原文从头到尾定位。否则，考生如果按顺序逐题解答，时间会严重不足，最好是文章一遍看下来，能找到所有的信息。此外，考生应该注意定位原文的过程中，一定要脑、眼和手并用:眼是肯定要用的，不用脑会导致忽视同义转换，不用手(笔)会使我们处于走马观花的状态，然后会怀疑自己是不是漏掉了信息而不停地看。 其次:“吃透”题干，准确判断关键词(中心词)至关重要。如果没吃透题干，就无法准确判断关键词或中心词，就可能对原文中的重要信息没感觉。一般来说，题干关键词或中心词为实词以及一些数字、专有名词等。 最后，在解题的先后顺序上，采用先易后难的策略。采用由易到难的解题策略，可以提升考生的解题信心。对于那些答题线索较少的题干细节信息，考生可留在最后再解答。在解答这类较难的题目时，考生可快速阅读原文中仍未选过的段落的主题句(通常为第一句、第二句或最后一句)，之后根据段落大意与题干中的细节信息进行匹配。
现代大学英语听力第二册Unit 1 scripts
Task 1 Yesterday morning Gretel went to the city of London. She wanted to see St Paul?s Cathedral. She was surprised to see so many Englishmen who booked alike. They were wearing dark suits and bowler hats. They were all carrying umbrellas and newspapers. When she returned home she asked Mr. Clark about these strange creatures. “They must be typical English gentlemen,” she said. “ I have often read about them and seen photographs of them. They all look as if they are wearing a uniform. Does the typical gentleman still exist?” Mr. Clark laughed. “I?ve never thought about it,”he answered. “It?s true that many of the men who work in the city of London still wear bowler hats and I suppose they are typical Englishmen. But look at this.” Mr. Clark picked up a magazine and pointed to a photo of a young man. “He?s just as typical, perhaps. it seems as if there is no such a thing as a …typica l? Englishman. Do you know the English saying …It takes all kinds to make a world?? That?s true of all countries—including England. “Oh, just like the poem …If All the Seas Were One Sea?,” Gretel began to hum happily. “If all the seas were one sea, what a great sea it would be! And if all the trees were one tree, what a great tree it would be1and if this tree were to fall in the sea, what a great splash there would be!” Task 2 John is British but has worked in Japan.Etsuko is a Japanese student from Osaka and she is studying in Britain. New they are comparing life in the two countries. John: I found that living in Japan, people were much busier. They seem to work the whole day. Etsuko:Yes, that?s right. We work from Monday through Saturday, even in summer. You know, summer in Japan is just horrible. It?s very very humid and hot, and you need to shower three times a day. John: So you find it cooler in England? Etsuko: Yes, that?s right. John: where I was living in Japan in the north, it was much colder than England, especially in winter, minus thirty degrees centigrade. Does the winter in Osaka last longer than the winter in England? Etsuko: No, I don?t think so. December, January, February, Marc h… John: Yes, it?s a bit shorter if anything. Etsuko: Ever since I came here., I noticed that the countryside in England is really beautiful. John: It?s much flatter than in Japan. Etsuko: Yes, Japan is a mountainous country and our cities are full of people. There are lots of people in a limited area. John: Yes, I found Japan much more mountainous than Britain, especially in the north. The mountains are much higher and much more rocky. I found it more beautiful than Britain. Etsuko: Yes, if you like mountains. John: Therefore the towns and villages tend to be more crowded.
现代大学英语基础写作(下)笔记
Writing Unit 1 (1) 1. Narration (Personal Narratives) (P1-2) (1) 2. Coordination & Subordination (P12) (1) Coordination (1) Subordination (2) Unit 2 (2) 1. Decription (Places)(P21-22) (2) 2. Parallelism (P31-32) (3) Unit 3 (3) 1. Narration (Objective Reports) (P42) (3) 2. Action verbs &Active verbs (P52) (3) Circumstances of using passive voice (3) Unit 4 (4) 1. Description: objects (P64) (4) 2. Variety(多样性)（P76） (4) Unit 5 (5) 1. Narration: chain of action (P82) (5) Showing &telling in narration (5) 2.Task 未教（P93） (6) Unit 6 (6) 1. Description: People (P102) (6) 2. Effective Sentences: Conciseness 简明，简洁(打印) (6) Unit 7 (7) 1. Narration: Historical Narratives (P126) (7) Unit 8 (8) 1. Personal Letters (P150) (8)
四级培训基础班写作2--我的讲义汇总
四级培训基础班作文2 结构意识的培养和行文思路的提炼 1. 应试作文仍然应该保持三段式的作文模式,即开头段、中间段和结尾段。(注:详略得当,开头段和结尾段2-3句。展开段4-5句。 2. 每段话都可以遵循这样的模式,即主题句+展开句。 3.针对不同类型的作文,展开作文的思路也略有不同,有可能是从现象描述展开,有可能是观点阐述展开。(七类四级常考作文类型 4.在审题完毕之后就应该整理好作文思路,然后列出提纲,有的放矢。 开头段(opening paragraph 开头段虽短,但却是文章成败的关键,举足轻重。该段目的在于引出文章要探讨的核心问题和现象,从而起到统领全文的作用。因此,开头段,主要用于引入文章主题、介绍相关背景(原因、影响、结果等并引导正文内容。一般情况下不对内容进行深入的探讨和总结,两三句点题即可。 开头段之句式参考 一、描述现象 1. Nowadays, it has already become a common phenomenon /Currently it is not a rare phenomenon/occurrence that college students apply for a credit card. 现在,大学生办信用卡已经非常常见。 现如今,在新生入学时好几个家长打包小包簇拥着一个孩子已经变得非常常见。Nowadays,it has been a common occurrence that on the enrolling day of a college, almost every freshman is crowded around by several relatives who are holding all kinds of packages, big and small.
现代大学英语精读1第二版
Page 39 6. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.It seemed impossible to me, but all the others looked very confident. Sth. seems (to be) + adj.(表) + to sb. 2.We looked around. There wasn't a building standing in sight. The earthquake seemed to have destroyed everything. Sth. /sb. +（seem + to do）复合谓语3.He seems to be in low spirits these days. Sth./Sb. + seem to be + 表语 wonder why. I think it's because he doesn't seem to be making much progress in his studies. He is afraid of being looked down upon by his classmates. Sb. + seem to do sth There seems to be 4.What are you looking for, Dick? I seem to have lost my key. How annoying! 5.If you find that a word doesn't seem to
make any sense in the sentence, you should look it up in the dictionary. That's the only way to learn to use a word. 6.They went on arguing for hours. Neither of them seem (to be) willing to listen to each other. I suddenly remembered someone saying "Discussion is an exchange of knowledge while argument is an exchange of ignorance." 7.The situation there seems to be very complicated. The government has promised to look into it. 8.My grandpa seems to be getting better and better, but he still needs somebody to look after him. 9.Economists have already come to the conclusion that the crisis seems to be coming to an end. W orld economy is looking up. 10.When I got well I looked at my bank account. To my sadness, I found my balance was almost zero. All my savings in
四级基础写作handout
第一讲：经典语汇汇总 十大功能语汇： A：表示“观点” －maintain/assume —emphasize/insist —argue/hold 造句：很多人认为，健康对于幸福生活而言是必不可少的（essential）。我同意他们的观点。 —in my point of view —when it comes to me —for my part —as for me 造句：面对这种问题，我认为，我们需要考虑两点。 B：表示“重视” —attach importance to —give weight to —devote much attention to 造句：政府应该非常重视这个问题。 C：表示“强调” —lay(put/place) emphasis on —lay(put/place) stress on —lay(put/place) weight on 造句：政府应该强调“希望工程”（the Project of Hope）的重要性。 D：表示“赞同”；“支持” —approve of （赞同） —stand by (支持) —vote for (投票赞成) —hold with(赞成) 造句：有些人认为真正的友谊基于相似的爱好（similar interests） E：表示“反对” —disapprove of —object to
—be opposed to 造句：很少有人反对这个观点。 F：表示“努力” —make every effort to do —many efforts should be made to do —devote to —endeavor to do —do one’s utmost to do 造句：我们应该努力结束任何虚假承诺（fake promise）的行为。 G：表示“建议” —propose —put forward —suggest —advance 造句：我建议每个人都可以保护民族文化的独立性（independence）和独特性（uniqueness） H：表示：“原因” —owing to —thanks to —for the sake of —due to 造句：鱼类数量变得极稀少（rare），因为先进渔船（advanced fishing-ship）的数量急剧增长。 I：表示“决心” —choose to do —resolve to do —be determined to do —be convinced to do 造句：各行各业的人们（people from all works of life ）决定资助（finance）那些上不起学的年轻人（youngsters who can not afford to go to school）。 J：表示“结论” —come to the conclusion that —arrive at a conclusion that —conclude that