大学英语语法 第四讲 介词.doc
第四讲
介词
一、分类
1 . 简单介词
指由一个单词构成的介词, 简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、名词、连词等转变而来, 常用的有:
by, in, after , on, at , past , since, till , until , over, opposite, off, near , of, with, up, under
, toward( s) , through , like, from, for , down , during, except , but , beyond, between , besides, beside, beneath, below, behind, before, among, along, against , above, across , about , amid( st) , onto, underneath , unlike, round, next , despite, than, save 除..之
外, 等。
.. 这些介词有静态和动态之分, 或兼有两态。比较:
in →静态(在..内)
into→动态(进入)
across
→静态(在..的另一边)
→动态(从..一边到另一边)
2 . 以-ing 结尾的介词
这类介词由现在分词演变而来, 常用的有:
excepting 除..外, including 包括, regarding 关于, barring 除..外, concerning 关
于, touching 关于, considering 就..而言, saving 除外, respecting 关于, pending 在
..之中(到..为止) , failing 如果没有(若无..时) , following 在..以后, 等。
3 . 合成介词
这类介词由两个单词组合而成, 凝聚力强, 连写, 已成为独立的单词, 常用的有:
into 进入, outside 在..外, within 在..内, without 没有, throughout 遍及(贯穿) ,
inside 在..内, upon 在..上, alongside 在..旁边(沿着) , notwithstanding 虽然,
等。
4 . 短语介词
这类介词是短语性的固定介词搭配, 可以是介词+ 名词, 介词+ 介词, 介词+ 分词, 介词+ 动词, 介词+ 形容词, 介词+ 副词等构成, 常用的有:
out of 从..里面(从..中) , but for 要不是, ahead of 在..前, according to 根据,
apar t from 除..外, along with 同..一起, because of 由于(因为) , together with 同
..一起, as regards 关于, as to 关于(至于) , due to 由于, in front of 在..前面, in
place of 代替, on behalf of 代表, near to 靠近, instead of 替代(而不) , next to 紧靠旁边(贴近) , on account of 由于(鉴于) , owing to 由于(因为) , with regard to 关于, in regard
to 关于, prior to 在..前, in view of 考虑到, in spite of 尽管, in accordance with 根据,
by means of 用(依靠) , as f rom 自..起, as for 至于, apar t from 除..外(若无) , except
for 除..外, as concerns 关于, as compared with 同..相比, for want of 因为缺
乏, at the cost of 以..为代价, over against 在..对面(正对着) , down to 下至( 直
至) , away from 离开, irrespective of 不顾, with a view to 旨在(目的是) , on the point of 正要..之际, in the event of 如果发生(万一) , for the sake of 为了, by way of 经由(通
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过) , up to 一直到, thanks to 由于(多亏) , previous to 先于, due to 由于, 等。
.. 要注意的是, 短语介词中的搭配都是固定的, 不可随意变更, 如by means of 不可说成by means to。
..考察下面两句:
Henry always does whatever
A
he pleases
B
, without regard for
C
the feeling of others
D
.
(C 项有问题)
They had spent
A
endless hours in
B
discussing the matter previous of
C
drawing a
conclusion .(C 项有问题)
Note: 短语介词不同于介词短语。短语介词是用作介词的短语(如with a view to) , 不可独立使用, 本身不能作句子成分, 后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等; 介词短语是由介词
+ 宾语构成的短语(如with a view to buying a car ) , 本身可作句子成分, 如作定语、
状语等, 可独立使用。比较:
I will help you for the sake o f our f riendship . 为了我们的友谊, 我是愿意帮助你
的。
( for the sake of 是短语介词, for the sake of our friendship 是介词短语, 作状语)
They lived among the hills . 他们住在山中。( among the hills 是介词短语, 作状语)
I..ll take this one for want of a better . 没有更好的, 我就拿这一个。( for want of 是
短语介词, for want of a better one 是介词短语)
5 . 从“天边的草原”看英语介词使用的复杂性
1)英语介词虽然数量不多, 但用法还是颇为复杂的。就以汉语中的“的”为例, 英语中没有固定的与之相对应的词, 绝不等同于of 或..s 所有格, 在不同的词组结构中,“的”字往往要译为不同的介词(或其他词) , 视其所表达的内在含义而定。比如:“天边的草原”要译为
the grassland on the horizon, 用on, 而“南山的竹”要译为the bamboos at South Hill, 用at
.. 比较下面“的”的译法:
路旁的野花.. the wild flowers on the roadside
哈尔滨的夏天.. the summer in Harbin
墙上的窗户.. the window in the wall
穿过森林的小路.. the path through the woods
博物馆的入口.. the entrance to the museum
柏拉图的著作.. the works by Plato
英语写的论文.. the paper in English
作诗的天赋.. the talent for writing poetry
水中的月.. the moon reflected in water
早晨的太阳.. the rising sun in the morning
历史的见证.. the witness to history
描述自然风光的书.. a book on natural scenery
岸边的垂柳.. the willows on the shore
汉白玉的雕像.. a statue in marble
山中的寺庙.. the temple in the hills
脾气暴躁的人.. a man with a hot temper
追逐名利的人.. a man after fame and gain
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119 一、分类
不屑一顾的人.. a man beneath notice
复原无望的人.. a man beyond hope of recovery
树上的鸟儿.. the birds in the tree
两国间的战争.. a war between the two countries
对自由的渴望.. a longing for freedom
对她不利的证据.. the evidence against her
月光下的散步.. a walk in the moonlight
河对岸的村庄.. the village beyond the river
年轻时的梦想.. the dream in youth
蓝天下的群山.. the mountains against the clear blue sky
山脚下的小溪→the st ream at the foot of the hill
地下的财宝→the treasure beneath the ground
年逾古稀的老人→an old man past seventy
他身后的好名声→a good name behind him
废墟中的野花→the wild flowers amid the ruins
2)同一介词可以与不同的动词搭配, 不同的介词也可以与同一动词搭配He lives
She sat
A car ran
She went
They came
He entered
They travelled
He worked
The price fell
They sell
by
the river . 他住在河边。
the window . 她靠窗坐着。
them . 一辆车从他们旁边驶过。
him without saying anything . 她默默无言地从他身边走过。
the nearest road . 他们抄近路来。
the back door . 他从后门进入。
land . 他们陆上旅行。
day . 他白天工作。
3 percent . 价格下降了3%。
the pound . 他们按磅出售。
The ship sailed
on the sea . 船在海上航行。
out of the harbour . 船驶出码头。
into the harbour . 船驶进码头。
under the bridge . 船在桥下航行。
across the Atlantic . 船横渡过大西洋。
towards the island . 船驶向那个岛。
up the river . 船驶向河的上游。
by the river . 船靠岸行驶。
down the river . 船驶向下游。
past the lighthouse . 船从灯塔旁驶过。
against the wind . 逆风行船。
before the wind . 顺风行船。
for Shanghai . 船驶向上海。
to New York . 船驶往纽约。
with the tide . 涨潮时开船。
6 . 从“从..开始”看英语介词表义的精确性
“从..开始”无论是“从今天开始”,“从8 点钟开始”,“从南京开始”, 汉语中一个“从”
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字足矣, 但这个“从”字绝不可一概译为英语的“from”。英语中介词的使用是非常严格
而精确的, 汉语中的同一个词往往要用不同的英语介词表述, 试以“从”字为例。
The winter vacation begins f rom today . 寒假从今天开始。
The meeting began at eight o..clock . 会议从8 点钟开始。
The mid-term examination will begin on Monday . 期中考试将从星期一开始。
He began his career by doing odd jobs . 他是从打工开始起家的。
Let..s begin with this lesson . 让我们从这一课开始。
The movement began at Beij ing . 这次运动是从北京开始的。
Our school begins in September . 我们从9 月份开学。
二、位臵
1 . 介词通常位于名词或代词前
The book is beyond her .
The man is beneath contempt .
2. 在某些结构中, 介词可以放在句尾
1)在介词+ whom/ which/ what/ whose 结构位于句首的疑问句中, 介词常可放在句尾Who is she talking to ?
Which desk did you put the book on ?
Which hotel did you stay at ?
2)定语从句中位于that/ whom/ which 之前的介词也可以放在句尾
在这种情况下, 关系代词可以省略。但介词不可放在that 前面, 而必须放在句尾, that 可省略。例如:
She is the teacher ( whom, that ) I once worked together with . ( = She is the teacher
with whom . . ., 但不可说with that)
This is the kind of life ( that , which) he is used to .
3)某些wh-词引导的名词性从句中, 关系代词为介词宾语位于从句句首时, 介词应后臵
I don..t know what you are driving at .
Money is what he is badly in need of .
I wonder whose room he was in .
I don..t know what he looks like .
4)动词不定式作状语, 需要介词同句中主语构成介宾关系时, 介词应后臵
The lake is safe to swim in .
The table camp is bright enough to read by .
5)动词不定式作定语, 需要介词同动词不定式所修饰的名词构成介宾关系时, 介词应后臵It..s a nice place to live in .
It is the key to open the box with .
In those days he even didn..t have any money to buy food with .
3 . 在某些“(不及物)动词+ 介词”结构中, 介词紧跟动词后
在这种结构中, 宾语不可放在动词和介词之间, 只能放在介词后面
The thief broke into the house .
She was looking a f ter her brother .
He takes a f ter his mother . 他像他母亲。(不可说He takes his mother after . )
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
121 三、介词的宾语
三、介词的宾语
1)介词的宾语不仅限于名词和代词, 还可以是其他词类或句子等
名词
The car ran into a wall, and two men were killed .
He is walking along the river .
I shall answer you concerning your request .
代词
Wherever he went , he car ried the photo with him .
She is interested in it .
形容词
Your plan is far f rom per f ect .
I have advised him in private .
In short , I have done my best .
副词
I can..t see the tower clearly f rom here .
She came f rom a far .
He shouted f rom below .
We have t rusted her till recently .
They have never seen each other since f ive years ago .
动名词
He entered the room without taking off his hat .
She spent the morning in reading .
He insisted on doing it that way .
不定式
He did nothing but cry.
I would sooner die than yield .
He knew better than to trust the hypocrite .
She could do no otherwise than ( to) wait .
He couldn..t do anything except wait for the reply .
介词短语
She often studies till af ter midnight .
They came f rom across the river .
He suddenly appeared f rom behind the door .
She read till into the night .
数词
In nine out o f ten he won..t come .
The students walked there in twos and threes .
疑问词+ 不定式
That depends on which method to take .
The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle .
I have informed her of when to start .
疑问词引导从句
He does not care about who will be promoted .
She asked to be informed of which university was the best for her .
I have no idea as to what he will do there .
That depends on whether he has persistence .
The night was dead quiet save ( except) that a bird flew from tree to tree occasionally .
that 引导的从句
Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak .
I would go with you but that I am too busy .
She is not happy notwithstanding that she is rich .
2)介词后的其他结构:
He is away from home with his children alone . (名词+ 形容词)
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With the sun down , night came on . (名词+ 副词)
He left home without a cent in his pocket . (名词+ 介词短语)
The night was beautiful with the moon shining brightly . (名词+ 现在分词)
His success depends on him (或his) working hard . (代词+ 现在分词)
They parted f rom each other without a word said . (名词+ 过去分词)
The soldiers returned with a man bound up in rope . (名词+ 过去分词)
He wandered about without anything to do . (代词+ 不定式)
She stayed late with a lot o f letters to write . (名词+ 不定式)
He stayed there three years with Jim his only f riend . (名词+ 同位语)
3)值得注意的是, 除了in that , except that , save that , but that , notwithstanding that 外, that 引导的从句不可直接作介词的宾语, 必须在介词和that 之间加上先行词, 一般是it You can count on that your needs will be satisfied . (误)
You can count on it that your needs will be satisfied . (正)
We may depend upon that they will do as they have promised . (误)
We may depend upon it that they will do as they have promised . (正)
4)能作介词宾语的形容词是不多的, 常见于下列固定词组中:
in common 共同, in common with 与..相同, in the open 在户外(公开地, 在露天) , in
full 充分地(全部地) , far from+ adjective 远远不.., for the better 好转, in earnest 认
真地, in brief ( short )简言之(总而言之) , for the worse 恶化(变坏) , for sure ( certain) 肯定地, at ( the) most 至多, at least 至少, for short 简称(缩写) , in bad( with sb . ) 失去
..欢心, for good 永久地(一劳永逸地) , at ( the) longest 至多( 指日期) , from bad to worse 越来越坏(每况愈下) , to the full 尽量地(充分地) , of late 最近, on the whole 总的来说(大体上) , to the good 有好处(净增) , on the sly 偷偷地(秘密地) , to the cont rary 相反的(地) , in the wrong 错的, in the right 正确的( 有理的) , in the rough 大体上( 未完成) , in the red 亏损(出现赤字) , of late 近来, in the raw 处于自然状态的(裸露的) , in vain 徒劳(无效) , in particular 尤其(特别) , for better or worse 不论好坏(不管怎么样) ,
at ( the ) latest 最迟, at one..s ( it..s ) + best . . .处于最..状态, at large 逍遥法外(一般
的) , in the clear 按(两边之间的)内宽计算(无嫌疑, 无罪, 还清债务) , of old 昔日的(很久前)
They pledged to stand together f or better or worse .
The project will be finished in a month at the longest .
The hall is 50 meters in the clear . 大厅内宽为50 米。
Having paid the money, she is now in the clear . 钱已还清, 她现在不欠债了。
The suspect is now in the clear . 那个涉嫌者已被解除了嫌疑。
He is 200 dollars in the red this month . 他这个月亏损200 美元。
With that business he netted 1, 000 dollars to the good . 那项业务他净赚了1 000 美元。Note: 介词短语作另一介词的宾语是常见的语言现象, 如: f rom behind the hill 从山后面,
till after dinner 到晚饭后, since before the war 自战前以来, from below the river 从
河的下游, from behind the tree 从树后面, till after sunset 太阳落山后, from among
the crowd 从人群中, till after examination 到考试后, from under the table 从桌子下面, up to about midnight 大约到午夜, till about last Sunday 直到大约上星期天, till after six 直到6 点钟后, for above ten days 10 多天, from before sunrise 从日出前, buy it at over five dollars 用5 美元多买它, drive at from 80 to 100 miles an hour 以
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
123 五、常见介词用法例解
每小时80 公里到100 公里的速度行驶, be done by from ten to twenty students 由
10 名至20 名学生做的, from behind the cur tain 从幕后, sell for under twenty
dollars 以低于20 美元的价格卖。
比较:
What is he drawing ? 他在画什么? (what 作动词宾语)
What is he drawing on ? 他在什么上面画? (what 作介词宾语: 在..上画)
四、介词的语法功能
介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分, 构成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语(须后臵)、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一介词的宾语, 间或作主语等。例如: He is a man o f integrity . (定语)
The skyscraper in the distance is a five-star hotel . (定语)
Her eyes were tired f rom long reading . (状语)
In all probability , he will decline your invitation . (状语)
The decision is o f great importance to me . (表语)
Hundreds of new products are on display in the shop windows . (表语)
A conceited man always thinks himself above others . (宾语补足语)
They found the machine in a bad state . (宾语补足语)
The dog ran out towards the criminal . (介词宾语)
A pretty girl appeared f rom behind the curtain . (介词宾语)
On purpose or not on pur pose is of great difference . (作主语)
Between f ive or six ( chairs) will be enough for them . (主语)
From f reezing to boiling is 180 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale . 在华氏温度表上从冰点到沸点相差180°。(主语)
五、常见介词用法例解
1 . about
They gathered about the desk . 在..周围
He felt weak about the knees . 在..部位
She left on or about the eighth of May . 在..前后, 大约( a little more or less)
I haven..t enough money about me then . 在..身边
There is something queer about him . 状貌, 属性
He has read about the adventure . 关于
What the hell are you about ? 从事
There is a mature wisdom about him . 这人颇有大智。(在..性格中)
.. about 构成的惯用短语:
(1) be about to 正要.., 正打算..
They are about to leave .
(2) How about . . . ? (你觉得)..怎么样? (你认为)..好吗?
How about a cup of tea ?
(3) What about . . . ? ..好吗? 怎么样了? (建议或询问消息)
What about a walk ?
What about your new job ?
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2 . above
The water was already above our knees . 在..的上方
The coat cost above..10 . 多于, 超过
He is above me in rank . (在级别上)高于, 优于, 重于
The book is above my understanding . 超乎..之所及
He is above doing such things . 不屑于
Oxford is above Henley on the Thames . 从..往上游
The ship sank just above the island . 船在群岛正北方沉没。(在..北方)
He ran to the first building above the factory . 他朝工厂前方的第一幢楼房跑去。( 比..更远)
.. above 构成的惯用短语:
above all 尤其是, 最重要的是above suspicion 无可怀疑
above praise 赞美不尽above criticism 无可指责
above reproach 无可厚非above price 价值连城
above the average 超过一般水平be above oneself 兴高采烈
above one..s head ( understanding) 不可理解
above one..s income (means) 入不敷出
3 . after
He will return af ter three o..clock . 在..以后(时间)
Shut the door af ter you, please . 在..后面(位臵)
Day a f ter day he worked on . 接着
Af ter water, food is the most important for human life . (地位, 重要性)低于, 次于
A f ter what has happened, he refused to accept it . 鉴于, 由于
A f ter all his effor ts , he failed at last . 尽管
All men seek af ter happiness . 追求, 追赶, 搜寻, 询问
She asked a f ter your health . 关于
It is a large hall fitted up af ter the Roman style . 以..为模仿对象
Jim was named af ter his father . 按照
His actions are not a f ter our expectations . 与..一致, 符合
He takes a f ter his mother . 像
.. after 构成的惯用短语:
after all 毕竟, 到底(作状语) day after day 日复一日
one after another 接二连三page after page 一页又一页地
year after year 年年岁岁wave after wave 一波又一波地
bus after bus 公共汽车一辆接一辆time after time 一次又一次
4 . against
My house stands against the church . 向着, 正对着
The resolution was adopted by a vote of 92 in favour to 9 against it. 逆, 反
Can you show any evidence against him ?对..不利
It was a race against time. 以..为竞争对手
The building was insured against fire. 以..为抵御(抵抗)对象
He saw a woman leaning against a pine t ree . 倚, 靠
The sunset was charming against the clear blue sky. 以..为背景
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125 五、常见介词用法例解
Our steel output is 3 , 000 tons this month as against 2 , 500 tons last month. 和..对比You should balance what you spend against what you earn . 以..为标准
The rates against U . S . dollars have dropped. 以..为交换对象
5 . at
She lives at 15 Alley 20 Lane 150 Park Street. (地点)在..里, 在..上
(比较: She lives on Park Street . )
The dog barked at the old man . 向, 朝
He retired at 60 . (时间)在..时刻, 在..岁时
The storm was at its worst. 处于..状态
He drank the wine at a gulp . 以..方式
Please go out at the back entrance . 经由, 通过
I found her at her desk . 忙于, 从事于
He was not at the garden party last night . 出席, 参加
The tea is sold at the rate of 60 dollars a pound . 以.. 价格
The boat went at a speed of eighty miles an hour . 以..速度(程度)
The parents rejoiced at the news of his success . 因为, 由于
At a sign from him, she stopped talking . 作为对..的反应
He did it at her request . 按照, 应
We can see the tower at a distance . 从相隔(一段距离)的地方
She is a genius at music . 在..方面
.. at 构成的惯用短语:
affected at 感动moved at 感动
at the sight of 看到at the news ( sound) of 听到
at (one..s) ease 在安乐中, 放心at ( one..s) leisure 在闲暇时
at the thought of 想到at a drought 一口气
at liberty 闲暇, 自在, 随意at peace 和平, 心情平静
at large 自由自在at home 安适
at one..s height 酒酣at stake 在危险中
at bay 陷入绝境at one..s wit..s end 智穷才尽
at the zenith 在高峰状态at one..s convenience 在..方便时
at anchor 停泊at a standstill 停顿
at an end 结束at rest 休息, 静止
at a loss 迷惑, 茫然at sea 茫然
at fault 迷惑at sixs and sevens 混乱
at one..s will 随意at one..s beck and call 任人支配
at (one..s) command 依..的命令at one..s discretion 随..之意
at random 随便地at one..s disposal 任人支配
at intervals 时时at one..s summons 听凭使唤
at one..s mercy 任人支配, 由..摆布at the expense of 以..为代价
at dusk 黄昏at one..s service 任人使用
at length 详细地at hand 不远, 在身边
at least 至少at the risk of 冒险
at half price 半价at any rate 至少
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at most 至多at cost 照原价
at a cost 亏本at all events 不管怎样
at one stroke ( blow) 一下子at a bargain 廉价
at full speed 以全速at the earliest ( latest ) 最早(迟)
at a trot 快步at a profit 获利
at the risk of 冒..的危险at the point of 就要
Note:“敲门”既可以说knock at the door , 也可以说knock on the door, 但knock at 多用于
“门”, 而knock on 还可用于其他事物, 如: knock on the desk , knock on the window。
6 . before
He died be f ore the war . (时间)在..之前
We should put quality be fore quantity . (顺序, 重要性)先于
He paused be fore the door . (位臵)在..前面
True men choose death be fore dishonour . (宁可..而)不愿..
A bright future lies be f ore you . 等待着
比较:
before long 不久He will return be f ore long .
long before 很久以前He left his hometown long be fore .
7 . beyond
There is a village beyond the river . (空间)在..的那一边
He has gone beyond seas . (空间)在..以外
He stayed beyond the hour of welcome . 迟于, 晚于
The situation is beyond his control . 超出, 非..可及
He is beyond this kind of thing . (品质, 习性)超脱于
He did nothing beyond what he was told to do . 除..以外
The stars are beyond number . 星星无数。
The villa is beyond my means . 这幢别墅我买不起。
Good advice is beyond price . 良言无价。
.. beyond 构成的惯用短语:
beyond words 难以言喻beyond cont rol 难以控制, 不受控制
beyond all hope 毫无希望beyond belief 难以臵信
beyond all comprehension 不可理解beyond dispute 无可争议
beyond all comparison 无可比拟beyond doubt 无可怀疑
beyond one..s grasp 力所不及beyond cont roversy 无可争论
beyond criticism 无可非议beyond reproach 无可厚非
beyond human endurance 非人所能忍受beyond redemption 不可救药
beyond belief 不可信beyond the help of the doctor 无法医治
beyond description 无法描绘
8 . but (常用在no, nothing, nobody, all 等词后, 与except 同义, 表示“除..以外”) Nobody saw it but me .
He is the best student but one in the class . (第二名)
She could do nothing but wait .
.. but 构成的惯用短语:
(1) but for 要不是, 如果没有
But for your help ( = if it were not for your help) , he would have failed .
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127 五、常见介词用法例解
(2) nothing but 只是, 不过是
That..s nothing but a joke .
(3) anything but 决非
He is anything but a scholar .
(4) all but 几乎, 差不多
He was all but drowned .
(5) cannot but (后接原形动词)只好, 不能不
He cannot but agree .
(6) the last but one ( two, three)倒数第二(三、四)
He was the last but one to arrive .
9 . by
He was sitting by the door . 在..旁
The boat sailed south by east . (方向)偏于
They came by the nearest road . 通过, 经由
She ought to be here by now . 到(某时)之前
We work by day and sleep by night . 在..的时候
He had two girls by is first wife . 由..所生
The news came by telegram . 方式
He caught the thief by the coat . 握, 抓
There is not enough light to read by . 通过, 凭, 以
I met her by chance . 由于
Never judge a man by his looks . 根据, 按照
They sell the apples by the pound . 按..计算
He moved along inch by inch . (一个)接着(一个)
She is taller than you by a head . 以..之差
He swore by God . 以(神)的名义
Do as you would be done by. 对待
He is a scholar by temperament . 就(职业、本性、气质)来说.. by 构成的惯用短语:
by rule 按规则year by year 年复一年
by degrees 逐渐地step by step 逐步
little by little 渐渐地honest by nature 天性诚实
Mary by name 名叫玛丽a teacher by profession 职业是教师
a grocer by trade 职业是杂货商by chance 偶然
by accident 偶然, 意外地by request 应邀
by good luck 侥幸by mistake 弄错
by turns 轮流larger by half 大一半
reduce by half 减少一半by way of 经由
too many by one 多一个by far 远, ..得多
by force 用武力by heart 熟记
by persuasion 凭说服by wholesale 批发
by sight 仅识其面by auction 拍卖
by contract 承包by post 邮寄
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by express 以快件by appointment 约定
by means of 用.. by all means 用一切手段, 当然可以
by virtue of 凭借by airplane 乘飞机
by retail 零售by boat 乘船
10 . for
I did it only f or you . (目的)为了
The class t rains students for electronic engineers. 为得到, 为成为He is the man f or the job . (对象, 用途)给, 适合
.. for 构成的惯用短语:
cut out for 有..才能bound for 启程往..
for all 尽管, 虽然for all I know 就我所知
for certain 的确for life 终生
for the present 暂时for good 永远
for the moment 暂时answer for 负责
for the time being 暂时
11 . from
She has been sick f rom youth . 从..起, 始于
He is sprung f rom royal blood . 从..来, 出自
The artist was always out painting f rom nature . 从, 根据
He trembled f rom fear . 由于
The wine is made f rom rice . (不可见原料)由..制成
The situation has turned f rom bad to worse . (情况, 状态的改变)从
They parted f rom each other at the station . (分离, 隔离)
He can..t refrain f rom laughing . 免除, 阻止, 排斥
He is old enough to know right f rom wrong . 区别
The man died f rom a wound . 因..而, 因患..疾病而
.. from 构成的惯用短语:
from far 从远处from above ( below)自上(下)
from now on 从现在起from bad to worse 每况愈下
from top to bottom 彻头彻尾
比较:
It is different f rom what we thought . (最普遍)
It is different to what we thought . (英国英语)
It is different than what we thought . (美国英语)
Mary is different f rom (或to, than) Jane .
12 . in
He was wounded in the leg . 在..里面
He..ll be back in one year . 在..之内
The man was blind in one eye . 在..方面
It is a book in Chinese literature . 关于
He is in liquor . (状态)处于..之中
She is in business now . (职业, 活动)从事于
They came in threes and fours . (形式, 方式)以, 按照
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129 五、常见介词用法例解
Please underline the words in red ink . (材料)用, 以
The man in glasses is his father . 穿着, 戴着
There is only a probability of one in ten . (数量, 程度, 比例)以, 按
She saw in the man the qualities she admired . (能力, 性格)在..身上
What did you give him in return ? 为了, 作为
She speaks in a quiet voice 用(声音, 语言)
The beast in him roared . 他野性大发。(含有, 具有)
We saw her mother in her . 我们在她身上看到了她母亲的影子。(具有, 含有)
I believe in you . 我信任你。( have trust in 动作的对象)于
比较: I believe you . 我相信你的话。(what you have said)
.. 注意, in 有一种用法, 语法上称为“同一性”, 指in 联系的两个名词所指相同。例如: We lost a great philosopher in Professor Smith . 我们失去了史密斯教授这样一位大哲
学家。
They saw in the king a tyrant . 他们认为那个国王是个暴君。
I have found a good friend in Tom . 我找到了汤姆这样一位好朋友。
They had a great loss in Ruth . 他们失去露丝承受了很大损失。
.. in 构成的惯用短语:
in chorus 合唱in whispers 低语
in full dress 盛装in disguise 假扮
in mourning 穿丧服in white 穿白衣服
in spectacles 戴着眼镜in high feather 兴高采烈
in a good ( bad, ill) humour 心情极(不)佳in a good (bad) mood 心情好(不好) in high ( low, poor ) spirits 情绪高昂(低沉) in violation of 违反
in a good ( bad) temper 脾气好(坏) in anger 愤怒
in a rage 盛怒in hope 在希望中
in despair 失望in fun 开玩笑
in luck 幸运in distress 悲痛
in comfor t 在安乐中in trouble 处于困境
in the blues 忧郁in any event 无论如何
in conclusion 总之in pain 在痛苦中
in tears 流泪in alarm 惊惶
in wonder 惊奇in astonishment (/ surprise)惊奇
in hor ror 恐惧in fear 在恐惧中
in a fog 困惑in safety 在安全中
in need 在患难中in dilemma 进退维谷
in debt 负债in good order 秩序良好
in good condition 情况良好in good repair 情况良好
in chores 混乱in confusion 零乱
in one..s way 妨碍in disorder 混乱
in haste 匆忙in good ( poor ) health 健康(不佳)
in sickness 患病in a fever 发烧
in fashion 流行in vogue 流行
in the air 传播in force 在施行中
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in operation 在施行in touch 联系
in progress 在进行中in labour 在分娩中
in love 恋爱in public 公开地
in session 在开会(庭) in use 在使用中
in ruins 荒废in doubt 怀疑
in secret 秘密地in earnest 认真地
in the right 正确in the wrong 错误
in print 在印制in black and white 白纸黑字
in width 在宽度方面in length 在长度方面
in hand 在进行中, 在考察中in flower 开花
in shape 在形式上in every respect 在每一方面
in ( full) bloom 盛开in blossom 盛开
in heaps 堆积in rows 一排排
in the bud 含苞待放in the raw 在自然状态
in twos and threes 三三两两hand in hand 手携手
in broad daylight 在白昼in search of 寻求
in miniature 小型的in large ( small) quantities 大(小)
in quest of 寻求量的
in pursuit of 追求in favour of 赞成
in memory of 为纪念..而in honour of 对..表示敬意
in reward for 作为..的报酬in behalf 为..的利益
in token of 作为..的表示in revenge of 作为..的报复
in all proportions 按各种比例in addition 另外
in connection with 和..有关in brief 简单地说
in due course 在适当时候in essence 本质上
in fact 事实上in disrepute 声名狼籍
in the event of 万一in general 一般来说
lie in 在于.. in possession of 占有
in short 总之in line with 按照
in other words 换言之in opposition to 与..相反
in stock 有货in support of 支持
in par ticular 特别是in part 部分地
in terms of 用..的术语, 根据in turn 依次
in respect to 关于in no time 马上
in the eyes of 在..看来in regard to 关于
in the light of 根据in the interests of 为了..的利益
in the open 在露天in the main 基本上
in time 及时in all 总计
in vain 徒劳in times 常常
absorbed in 专心于in view of the fact that 鉴于.. engaged in 从事于这一事实
immersed in 沉湎于indulged in 沉溺于
13 . into
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
131 五、常见介词用法例解
She married into an influential family . 进, 入
The boy bumped into the door in darkness . 朝, 向, 触及They talked far into the night . 持续到, 直到
The saplings have grown into big trees . 成为, 转为
He will go into business after graduation . 从事
2 into 18 is 9 . 除
14 . of
She is a friend of my brother..s . (属于)..的
The house is made of stone . (可见原材料)由..制成
The matter is of great significance . 具有某种性质、状况He is a giant of a man . 相似
The manager thought highly of your work . 关于
She is swift of foot . 在..方面
I did it of necessity . 因..
He was born o f an artist..s family . 来自..
The t rees are bare o f leaf in winter . 除去, 分离, 剥去
The city of Nanjing is very beautiful . 同位关系
Her father died o f cancer . 由于
He did it of his own accord . 自动, 自愿
He is a musician of talent . ( = a talented musician)修饰关系
I know o f such a man . 我听说过这么一个人。(涉及)
.. of 构成的惯用短语:
of one..s own accord 自愿of one..s own choice 出于自己的选择
of one..s own f ree will 出于自己的意志of oneself 靠自己, 自动地
a palace of a house 宫殿般的房子a mountain of a wave 山一般的海浪
ease sb . of 减轻relieve sb . of 解除, 减轻
lighten ( f ree) sth . of 减轻cure sb . of 治愈
heal sb . of 治疗break sb . ( oneself ) of 戒除
absolve of 赦免, 免除rid of 解除, 免除
clear ( wash) of 清除break of 分离
strip (divest) of 剥夺plunder of 抢夺
dispose ( dispossess) of 剥夺cheat of 骗取
defraud ( fleece) of 诈取bereave of 夺去
devoid of 没有, 空的empty of 空的
15 . on
He laid his hand on her shoulder . (接触, 支承)在..上
There is a cottage on the lake . 靠近, 在..旁
They made war on the enemies . 反对, 针对
We live on wages . 靠, 根据
Jack was on morning shift . 处于..情况中, 在从事..中
On entering the room I saw her . 在..的时候
He wrote a paper on Dickens . 关于, 触及
Jim was imprisoned on suspicion . 由于
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She is on the committee . 是..的成员
I heard the news on the radio . 通过, 以..的方式
Have you identity papers on you ? 带在身上
They..ve got a nice little cottage on the river ( on the road) . 在一条线上, 在旁边.. on 构成的惯用短语:
on the ground( s) of 基于..的理由on account of 由于
on the wane 正在衰落, 正在亏缺on thorns 心烦
on edge 紧张on one..s mind 在沉思
on duty 值班on guard 警戒
on leave 休假on strike 罢工
on the market 出售on holiday ( vocation)度假
on hire 出租on view 展出
on display 展示on trial 受审
on hand 在场, 现在在手头on a trip 旅行
on a picnic 野餐on half pay 支半薪
on the way 在旅途中on parade 游行
on the wing 飞行, 传播on the rise 上涨
on the increase 增加on the ebb 退缩, 减弱
on fire 失火, 愤怒on the watch 戒备, 注意
on the alert 警惕on the carpet 在讨论中
on the brink of 正要..的时候on the verge of 处于..的边缘
on the point of 濒于on the margin of 接近..的边缘
act on principle 按原则办事on condition that 在..条件下
on this ( that) understanding 在此条件下on the decline 在下降on such terms 根据这样的条件have effect on 对..有影响
on purpose 故意on second thoughts 三思之后
on the cont rary 相反地on the average 平均
on pins and needles 坐立不安on behalf of 代表
on the one hand 一方面on the other hand 另一方面
have sth . on good authority 从可靠方面获悉某事
16 . out of
The boy took a piece of candy out of the box . 从..里面
Such things will happen in nine cases out of ten . 从..中
The boy is not yet out o f danger . 脱离
The family is out o f food . 缺乏, 没有
The plane flew out o f sight . 越出..之外
The man cheated the boy out o f his money . 丧失
We make furniture out of wood . 用..制成
He did it out of kindness . 出于, 由于
We talked her out o f her wrong plan . 放弃
.. out of 构成的惯用短语:
out of fear 出于恐惧out of necessity 出于必要
out of charity 出于仁慈out of pity 出于同情
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133 五、常见介词用法例解
out of revenge 出于报复out of control 失去控制
out of patience 不耐烦out of date 过时
out of sorts 不适out of work 失业
out of order 杂乱out of breath 上气不接下气
out of danger 脱险out of trouble 摆脱麻烦
out of hearing 听不见out of sight 看不见
out of fashion 不流行out of season 不合季节
out of politeness 不合礼节out of place 不适当
out of hand 失去控制out of proportion to 不匀称
out of step 不一致out of the ordinary 不平凡
out of wedlock 未婚的out of one..s element 不得意, 不适应out of print 绝版out of temper 发怒
out of stock 缺货out of shape 健康不佳
out of practice 缺乏练习out of one..s powers 力不能及
比较:
out of sight 看不见
in sight 看得见
out of danger 脱险
in danger 在危险中
out of trouble 脱离困境
in t rouble 在困境中
into t rouble 陷入困境
out of fashion 不流行
in fashion 在流行中
into fashion 流行起来
out of debt 不负债
in debt 负债中
into debt 负债
out of order 杂乱
in order 秩序井然
out of hand 失控
in hand 在控制下
out of practice 疏于练习
in practice 在练习中
out of one..s way 避开
in one..s way 妨碍
17 . to
The house looks to the south . 朝, 向, 往
There are ten miles to the nearest village . 离
She stayed here to the end of march . 到, 直到
Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body . 对于The situation has gone from bad to worse . 倾向于, 趋于
The poor man drank himself to death . (程度)到
The window opened to his calling . 对, 应
The door to the office is very thick . 属于, 归于
The wine is second to none . 比
The dish is not to his taste . 与..一致
They danced to the music . 随同, 伴随着
Let..s drink to his health . 为了
To my amazement , he cancelled the meeting . (结果)致使
.. to 构成的惯用短语:
to a certain extent 在一定程度上to the contrary 相反
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to a degree 非常according to 根据
to the good 有好处due to 由于
compare to 对比to one..s benefit 对..有益
to one..s taste 合胃口to some extent 在某种程度上
as to 关于, 至于to one..s face 当..面
to one..s credit 值得赞扬with reference to 关于
to one..s utmost 尽力to and fro 来回地
prefer to 宁可burnt to death 烧死
to one..s advantage 有利于frozen to death 冻死
moved to tears 感动得流泪to one..s joy 使人快乐
to one..s regret 使人后悔to one..s disappointment 使人失望
to one..s shame 使人丢脸to one..s satisfaction 使人满意
to one..s relief 使人安心in addition to 除..外
accustomed to 习惯于attached to 附属
18 .under
They slept under the stars . 在..下面
The sum is under what has been expected . 少于, 低于
He learned Spanish under his mother . (职位, 权力)低于, 在..之下They were under orders to leave . 受制于
The man walked under a heavy load . 在..重压下
Under these conditions, no progress is possible . 在(情况, 条件)下The road is under repair . 在..期间
He did it under the pretence of ignorance . 藉, 以
.. under 构成的惯用短语:
under discussion 在讨论中under considerations 在考虑中
under cultivation 在耕作中under sail 在航行
under fire 被攻击under repairs 在修理中
under way 在行动中under const ruction 在建设中
under investigation 在调查中under examination 在试验中
under trial 在试验中under the plow 在耕种中
under the hammer 在拍卖under the weather 患病, 经济困难
under orders 奉命under a cloud 受嫌疑, 处于窘境
under difficulties 在困难之中under the circumstances 在..情况下under cont rol 在控制之下under the supervision of 在..监督下under the direction of 在..指挥下under the control of 在..控制之下under the vows of 在..誓愿之下under the command of 在..统率之下
大学英语语法(英语专业必看)
1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns ? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) ? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) ? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 ? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) ? 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 ? 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 ? 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 ? 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 ? 1. 总称名词具体化 ?A: Would you like a cake? ?B: No. I don’t like cake. ? 2. 物质名词变意思 ?I need some paper. / I bought a paper. ? 3. 液体物质名词表数量 ?Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 ?Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) ?Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. ? 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. ?When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the ? 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 ? 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 ? 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 ? 1. Situational/cultural reference ?Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. ? 2. textual co-reference— ?anaphoric reference (前指）& ?cataphoric reference （后指 ? 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） ? 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) ? 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）
大学英语语法系列讲座--情态动词1
大学英语语法系列讲座 情态动词 中国地质大学（武汉）外语系许峰 情态动词(Modal V erbs)又称为情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have，do，be等；二是情态助动词，如may，must，need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气，可表达建议、要求、可能、意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语考试中，情态动词部分主要重点测试以下内容：情态动词+动词完成式。 情态动词must, should, may(might),ought to, can(could),need, would等都可以与动词完成式连用作谓语，其模式为“modal verb+ have+ v-ed”。这类结构表示对过去所发生动作的推测或判断。但是，不同的情态动词所表示的意思又有所不同。 1.must+have+v-ed和can't/couldn't +have+ v-ed “must+ have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测，常译为“一定”，“准是”，“肯定”。当must用于推测意义时，其否定形式通常不是must not，而是can/could not。“can't/couldn't + have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情的否定性推测，常译为“决不可能”，“不太可能”。 例1：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have raine d last night.既然水沟里积满了水，可见昨天夜里一定是下过雨了。 例2：—You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don't you? —No, officer, I couldn't have been. This car can't do more than 80. ——“你刚开车的速度为每小时100英里，不知道吗?” ——“不，警官先生，我不可能开那么快，因为这辆车每小时的速度不可能超过80英里。” 经典考点1：Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; She have studied very hard.(CET-4，1989年6月) A)may B)should C)must D)ought to 巧解 本题应选C。must have v-ed表示推测过去某事一定发生了；may/might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事也许发生了；should/ought to have v-ed表示“本应该…”，表达的是对过去所发生的事情的一种责备、埋怨、反悔的情绪。C项符合题意。本题句意是：玛丽的考试分数是班上最高的；她一定学习非常用功。 经典考点2：You her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.(CET-4，1996年1月) A)needn't have seen B)must have seen C)might have seen D)can't have seen 巧解 本题应选D。can't have v-ed表示对过去发生事情的否定推测；D项符题意。needn't+ have v-ed表示过去做了本不必做的事。本题句意是：上星期你不可能在她办公室见到她，她去外地已经两个星期了。 经典考点3：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.(考研，1991年)
大学英语语法 第二十四讲 否定
第二十四讲 否定 英语中的否定结构形式多样, 有部分否定、全部否定、几乎否定、双重否定等。在译成 汉语时, 有时要将否定结构译成肯定含义, 有时又要将肯定结构译成否定含义; 有时在英语中否定主语, 可是译成汉语时就转换成否定谓语。诸如此类的现象很多, 值得探讨。 一、常用否定表示法 1. 部分否定 代词或副词如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always , often 等与not 搭 配使用时, 表示部分否定, 意为“并非都是, 不是每个都是”等。例如: Both of them are not my brothers . 他们两个不全是我的兄弟。 这一句是部分否定, 不可译成“他们两个都不是我的兄弟”。如要表达这个意思, 要说: Neither of them is my brother . All is not gold that glitters . = Not all is gold that glitters . 发光的并非都是黄金。 Every man can not do it . = Not every man can do it . 不是每个人都能做这件事。 I do not remember all these formulas . 这些公式我并非全都记得。 This kind of tree is not found everywhere . 这种树并非哪里都能找到。 Everyone can not answer this question . 并非每个人都能回答这个问题。 The rich are not always happy . 富人未必总是幸福的。 Every couple is not a pair . 成对成双多, 珠联璧合少。( = Not every couple is a pair . ) Not all her work is successful . 并非她所有的工作都是成功的。 Not every child wants to become a film star . 并非所有的孩子都想成为电影明星。 Every man cannot be a writer . 并非每个人都可成为作家。 She is not always excited . 她并非总是兴奋。 I don..t altogether agree with you . 我并不完全同意你。 He is not absolutely wrong . 他并不完全错。 I don..t wholly believe it . 我并不完全相信它。 She is not entirely mistaken . 她并没有完全弄错。 Note: 汉语有句成语:“明修栈道, 暗度陈仓”, 指的是一种虚虚实实、声东击西、使人莫辨真 相的战术, 表现了虚指与实指、形式与实质的不同。说来也巧, 英语语言中的否定结 构也往往具有这种形与实不符的现象, 形式上否定的是A, 但实际意义上否定的却 是B, 等等。这种否定的虚实移位, 往往造成歧义, 须细加辨别。 ①否定主语, 但否定词not 在形式上往往否定谓语, 也就是上文所说的“部分否定”。 全称代词all , both 等作否定句主语时, 都可能产生否定移位, 形式上否定全体, 但 实际上否定部分, 参阅上文。再如: Everybody can not enjoy the music . ( = Not everybody can enjoy the music . )并非 每个人都能欣赏这首曲子。
大学英语语法及练习
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
大学英语语法直播课第二讲
简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津（Oxford）英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语
大学英语语法专项练习题
大学英语语法专项练习题 大学英语语法专项练习题 一、时态 1. By the end of April Peter here for three months. A. will have stayed B. will stay C. stays D. has stayed 2. I'm awfully sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply _____ what I did. A. ought to have done B. have to do C. had to do D. must do 3. We ________our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had 4. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they________ better health. A. could have enjoyed B. had enjoyed C. have been enjoying D. are enjoying 5. I bought a new house last year, but I ______my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A. did not sell B. have not sold C. had not sold D. do not sell 6. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ________. A. finish what I did B. finished what I did C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing 7. He _________when the bus came to a sudden stop. A. was almost hurt B. was hurt himself C. was to hurt himself D. was hurting himself 8. I suppose that when I come back in ten years' time all those old houses _______down. A. will have been pulled B. will have pulled C. will be pulling D. will be pulled 9. Bob's leg got hurt ________the Purple Mountains. A. while he is climbing up B. while we were climbing up C. while we climbed up D. while he climbed up 10. Pick me up at 8 o'clock. I _______ my bath by then. A. may have B. will be having C. can have had D. will have had 11. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people________. A. will object B. objected C. must object D. have objected 12. By the end of this month, we surely _______ a satisfactory solution to the problem A. have found B. will be finding C. are finding D. will have found 13. We __________to start our own business, but we never had enough money. A. have hope B. hope C. had hoped D. should hope 14. The gray building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts______ A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced 15. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television __________the newspaper completely. A. will replace B. have replaced C. replace D. replaced 16. It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ________by
大学英语语法 第二十五讲 句式与修辞
第二十五讲 句式与修辞 在英语语言的实际运用中, 不宜总是用“主—谓—表”、“主—谓—宾”等简单句结构。 简单句容量小, 有局限性, 用多了会使句型呆板、单调, 千句一面, 文章乏味, 没有可读性, 因 而也就不能较好地表达思想。要使语言新鲜、生动、富有吸引力, 不断地变换句子结构、句型及表达方式, 是非常必要的, 也是可能的。比如, 同一思想往往可以用简单句、复合句或并列句表达, 可用分词短语表达, 也可用介词短语表达; 可用主动语态表达, 也可用被动语态表达; 可用肯定形式表达, 也可用否定形式表达; 可用直陈语气表达, 也可用虚拟语气表达, 等等。另外, 从修辞学的角度讲, 英语句子有松散句( loose sentence )、尾重句( periodic sentence)和平衡句(balanced sentence )之分。在松散句中, 主要信息或实质部分先出现, 后跟修饰语或补充性细节; 在尾重句中, 主要信息或实质部分出现在句尾或句子后半部分; 在平行句中, 信息同等重要, 句式结构相同, 并驾齐驱, 相互独立。同时, 行文时, 还可使用某些修辞手法, 如明喻、暗喻、夸张、拟人等, 从而更加形象地描写事物, 更加生动地说明事理。 英语句式变化多样, 修辞手法丰富多彩, 我们完全可以根据思想表达的需要, 利用各种 词句表现手法, 安排句子的各种成分, 以达到理想的表达效果。下面对英语的典型句式和 修辞进行综合考察, 通过转换对比, 揭示出英语行文造句的灵活性和多样性。 一、统一性 1 . 从属关系准则 在一个句子中(指复合句) , 如果要表达的是两个或两个以上的思想, 而这些思想同等重 要, 互不依附, 处于并列的地位, 那就要把它们当作并列句处理, 用并列连词( and, but , or 等)连接起来。例如: His father is a professor and his mother is a musician . 他父亲是一位教授, 母亲是一位 音乐家。 We love peace, but we are not afraid of war . 我们热爱和平, 但是我们并不怕战争。 .. 但是, 如果句子中所表达的两个或两个以上的思想不是同等重要的, 而是一个为主要思想, 其余的为次要的、附属性的思想(用以说明或限定主要思想) , 那就不能把它们当成并 列句处理, 而要用主从复合句或别的结构来处理。主从复合句只能用从属连词( when , where, so, because 等)连接, 不能用并列连词连接。 1)第一原则: 勿将句子中主要思想和次要思想的位置颠倒 The snow stopped when the old man died . (不妥) The old man died when the snow stopped . (正)雪停的时候, 老人去世了。 The waiters were serving coffee when the ship struck the rock and sank . (不妥) When the waiters were serving coffee, the ship struck the rock and sank . (正)服务 员上咖啡的时候, 船触礁下沉了。 2)第二原则: 勿在主从复合句中插入并列连词 He came out first in the football match , and which delighted us . (误) He came out first in the football match , which delighted us . (正)他在足球赛中获得 第一名, 这使我们都很高兴。 I have two brothers, but who are younger than I . (误) I have two brothers, who are younger than I . (正)我有两个兄弟, 年龄都比我小。
大学英语三级语法知识总结汇总
三级语法考点归纳 一．虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句（纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大）： 条件从句主句 与现在相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与将来相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与过去相反 had done would/ should/ might/ could have done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn’t gone on vacation, their house wouldn’t have been broken (break) into. 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, demand, advise, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire …… that ＋(should) do 例如 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggestion is that we should tell him. b. It is (was) 形容词/名词that …… (should) do/ 例如 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式：
语法大纲
《英语语法》教学大纲 一、课程性质、地位与任务： 语法是语言的组织规则和结构形式，是结合语音文字系统和语义系统的枢纽。它是社会实际语言现象的科学概括。本专业的语法课程要帮助学生系统了解实用英语的语法规则和结构形式，以便能准确掌握英语语言，并用以指导英语语言实践，提高对语言的分析理解能力，有效提高英语实际应用能力。 二、课程的基本要求： 语法课程要传授知识,同时也要服务于培养语言素质和应用能力这个总目标。学习研究语法要着眼语言的社会实践运用，理论联系实际；了解当前语法也要适当了解语言的发展变化；精讲配合多练，从而让学生打好语言基础，提高语言素质。 三、本课程与其他课程的联系： 它是基础阅读课（精读、泛读）的基础，使学生通过大量的联系掌握语法基础，为听说读写提供基本的保障。该课程可使学生更加轻松的学习英语专业的学生在一、二年级精读、泛读课中所学过的语言材料。提升学生的学习兴趣。打下牢固的语言基础。 四、教学内容、基本要求及学时安排： 教学内容：本课程计划学时数为32学时，以赵萍主编的《新编高职高专英语语法教程》为教材。在语法内容结构上，循序渐进，从词素到单词，从单词到句子，从句子到语篇再到语段，环环相扣，从而使学生能够一面把握细节，一面掌握整个的英语语法体系。 课程内容和学时安排 授课次序授课内容学时数1导论、各个词类（名词、冠词、代词、数词、 8 动词、助动词、动名词、形容词、副词、连词 及其介词） 2 动词时态 2 3 被动语态 2
4 虚拟语气 2 5 非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 2 6 句子类型和直接、间接引语 2 7 名词性从句和定语从句 4 8 状语从句和it的用法 2 9 主谓一致 2 10 替代、省略、前置与倒装 2 11 复习及练习 4 教学要求： 第一讲导论、各个词类 1．教学目标：导论：让学生了解语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 掌握名词、限定词、代词、助动词的定义及它们在句子中的功能和用法。形 容词的分类及用法、副词的分类及用法、介词的分类及用法 2．教学内容：导论：语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 名词的类别、限定词的搭配、代词与其先行项的一致、情态助动词的意义。 形容词、副词、介词的类型，形容词作修饰语和补语，副词做修饰语和状语， 介词与其他词类的搭配 第二讲动词时态 1．教学目标：掌握英语中各个时态的用法和部分时态的异同 2．教学内容：动词的分类、一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行体、完成体、完成进行体 和将来时间表示法 第三讲被动语态 1．教学目标：掌握被动态的结构模式、被动态的英汉互译及其使用场合 2．教学内容：几种不同类型动词的被动模式，英汉被动意义表示法和使用被动态的制约因 素 第四讲虚拟语气 1．教学目标：掌握虚拟语气的用法 2．教学内容：虚拟语气的结构模式和在不同场合下的使用 第五讲非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 1．教学目标：掌握不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词的用法 2．教学内容：不定式的结构形式、不定式搭配和ING分词的搭配、ED分词作修饰语 第六讲句子类型和直接、间接引语 1．教学目标：掌握句子的类型，直接引语和间接引语的互换 2．教学内容：句子的的基本形式及其变体，各类句子的间接引语
(完整版)大学英语语法专项练习题
大学英语语法专项练习题 一、时态 1. By the end of April Peter here for three months. A. will have stayed B. will stay C. stays D. has stayed 2. I'm awfully sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply _____ what I did. A. ought to have done B. have to do C. had to do D. must do 3. We ________our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had 4. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they________ better health. A. could have enjoyed B. had enjoyed C. have been enjoying D. are enjoying 5. I bought a new house last year, but I ______my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A. did not sell B. have not sold C. had not sold D. do not sell 6. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ________. A. finish what I did B. finished what I did C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing 7. He _________when the bus came to a sudden stop. A. was almost hurt B. was hurt himself C. was to hurt himself D. was hurting himself 8. I suppose that when I come back in ten years' time all those old houses _______down. A. will have been pulled B. will have pulled C. will be pulling D. will be pulled 9. Bob's leg got hurt ________the Purple Mountains. A. while he is climbing up B. while we were climbing up C. while we climbed up D. while he climbed up 10. Pick me up at 8 o'clock. I _______ my bath by then. A. may have B. will be having C. can have had D. will have had 11. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people________. A. will object B. objected C. must object D. have objected 12. By the end of this month, we surely _______ a satisfactory solution to the problem A. have found B. will be finding C. are finding D. will have found 13. We __________to start our own business, but we never had enough money. A. have hope B. hope C. had hoped D. should hope 14. The gray building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts______ A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced 15. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television __________the newspaper completely. A. will replace B. have replaced C. replace D. replaced 16. It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ________by about 10%. A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 17. Until then, his family___________ from him for six months. A. didn't hear B. hasn’t been hearing C. hasn't heard D. hadn't heard
虚拟语气语法讲座
虚拟语气 一．虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的应用。 虚拟条件是相对于真实条件而言的。如果假设的条件有可能发生或发生的可能性很大，就用真实条件句；反之，则用虚拟条件句。 如：If you don’t mind, I’ll turn on the radio. (I’m going to turn on the radio, if you ag ree.)真实条件句 If I were you, I would do it some other way. (I’m not you, so I can’t do it some other w ay.)虚拟条件句。 1．虚拟从句与主句的谓语构成。 （1）. 一般时态下的虚拟语气句子的谓语构成； 从句谓语：系动词be一律用were；行为动词一律用过去式 主句谓语：would; could; might; should + 动词原形 If I knew the truth, I would tell you. If I were you, I would receive his invitation. If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk. （2）. 与过去事实相反的假设 从句谓语：had +过去分词 主句谓语：should; would; might; would + have +过去分词 If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport. If I had more time, I would have finished my work. You could have done better if you had been more careful. （3）. 与未来事实相反的假设 从句谓语：should; were to +动词原形 主句谓语：should; would; might; could +动词原形 If you should fail, what would you do? If you should encounter with any inconvenience, please don’t hesitate to let us know. If you were to try again, you might succeed. If the cover should have a crack in it, the harmful gas would come out and cause pollution. 注：1. 主句中第一人称用should，也可以用would，第二、第三人称只用would。要表达“能够”情态意义时，主句中要用could；要表达“可能”情态意义时，主句要用might。 2. If引导的含有were, should, had 的从句， if若省略，从句中的were, should, had前置，构成部分倒装，但部分谓语提前的话，否定词不能提前。 Ex. Had it not been for the reservoir we’d never been able to beat the drought. Had she been given some hints, she could have answered the questions. 2. 错综时间虚拟条件句 主句与从句所指的时间不一致，例如从句是过去的假设，而主句是现在的结果，或者相反，等等，这时就要按照各自表示的时间来调整动词的形式。 如：1. If I had a bike, I would have lent it to you yesterday. 2. If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better. 3. If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now. 3．含蓄虚拟条件句 有时句中并未出现引导的条件句从句，其假设情况是用以下的几种情况来表示或暗示的。 （1）. 介词短语 Ex. I could not have fulfilled the task without your help.