英语语法分析句子成分分析

一、英语中的句子成分分析

I met my best friend Tom at the ststion yesterday.

主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语

1、主语：是一句的主体，是全句诉说的对象，常用名词、数词或代词担任（是全句谈论的中心话题）。例：

(1) Students syudy.（名词） (2)We are fridends.（代词）

(3)To go to good university is his first goal.（不定式）

(4)Doing morning exercise is good for your health.（动名词）

(5)Jane is good at playing the piano.

(6)Four plus four is eight.

2、谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面（主语做什么了、怎么了）。例：

(1)Students study.（实意动词） (2)We are friends.（be动词）

(3)We love China . (4)He can speak English.（复合谓语）

3、宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或代词之后（动作的对象，目标；位于及物动词之后）。

(a)He gave me some books.

间接宾语直接宾语

(b)Please pass me the book. (c)He bought me some flowers.

(1)They are teachers. (3) I play with him.

(2)We love watching football games.

4、宾语补足语：是对宾语进行补充说明，宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。

(1)I found the book interesting. (2)Do you smell something burning?

(3)He made himself known to them. (4)She asked me to lend her a hand.

5、定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任（是用来说明名词或代词性质特点的词）。

(1)This is a red sun. (2)The black bike is mine.

(3)He is a tall boy. (4)She is a chemistry teacher.

(5)The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher.

6、状语：是用来说明动词，形容词，副词、介词短语或整个句子的成分，常由副词担任。

(1)The students study hard. (2)I often write to him.

(3)The bag is too heavy. (4)I will be back in a while.

7、表语：系动词后的部分就是表语，表语是用来说明主语的性质或状态。be(am,is,are,were,was),apear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound,keep, turn,become,get,grow,come,go etc.系动词不用于被动语态。例：

(1)This table is long . The apple tastes sweet.

(2)The war was over . They seem to know the truth.

通常情况下，主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间作状语放在句子的后面。

（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）。

(1)(The tall)boy(often)go(to the big)zoo.

(2)(The happy)child-went(his)home yesterday.

英语五种基本句型：基本句型一：S+V （主+谓）

基本句型二：S+V+P (主+系+表)

基本句型三：S+V+O (主+谓+宾)

基本句型四：S+V+o+O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)

二、从句

从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独做一个句子。英语中主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，定语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从

句，包括时间，结果，条件，目的，原因，让步，地点，方式等）

1.主从作主语，例：That the earth is round is truth.

2.宾从作宾语，例：Do you know where he lives?

3.表从左表语，：My opinion is that you should not go alone.

(一)主语从句

一、1、定义：作句子主语的从句叫做主语从句。

2、引导词：主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导，that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例：

(1)What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。

(2)Who will won the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。

(3)It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。

（二）定语从句

1、关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。

关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；

关系副词有where,when,why等。

关系词常有3个作用：（1）引导定语从句，（2）代替先行词，（3）在定语从句中担当一个成分。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句：

1、who指人，在从句中作主语。

(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

(2)Yersterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2、whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。

(1)Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus.

(2)Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。

(3)The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

3、which指物，在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略。

(1)Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

(2)This is the pen which he bought yersterday.

4、that指人时相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略。

(1)The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

(2)Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?