成语理解与翻译

成语理解与翻译
成语理解与翻译

中文摘要:成语是在语言使用过程中形成一种独特的、约定俗成的、具有完整独特意义的语言。其语义并非等同组成成分意义的简单相加,人们很难从个别词义猜出整个成语的含义。那么,如何理解以及如何翻译成语就成为外语学习者面临的一个语言难点,也是外语学习者必须要解决的一个问题。本文拟就英语成语的来源,以及理解与翻译问题做些初步探讨。关键字:英语成语;成语来源;翻译

Abstract: Idiom is a language, which forms a kind of particular, accepted through common practice and has its completely meaning in the process of language using. Its meaning is not an easy addition of single word’s meaning, so it is difficult for people to guess the meaning of an English idiom. Therefore, how to understand and translate idiom becomes difficult to foreign language learners. But, foreign language learners must face it and deal with it. This paper is about the source of English idiom, and the translation of English idiom.

Key words: English idiom;Source of English idioms ;Translation

一.什么是成语(idiom)

成语是词组,其含义不同于其中单词的含义,(idiom is phrase which means something different from meanings of the separate words)是不能明显地从构成其成分的单词的含义中找到其含义的词组和句子,必须从整体上进行理解。(phrase or sentence whose meaning not obvious through knowledge of the individual meanings of the consituent words but must be learnt as a whole)[1][P121]根据以上对成语的定义,不难看出成语具备以下三大特征:

1)意义上的整体性。如:To lay heads together. “大家一起思考,集思广益”。不是“把头放在一起”。

2)不符合语法规律。如:Money makes the more to go.“有钱能使鬼推磨。”其中make 后面的不定式go前加上了to。

3)用词相对固定。A stitch in time saves nine .“及时的一针省几针。”其中的A不能用one 代替。

二.成语的来源

翻译成语之前,首先要求对它有确切的理解,弄清成语背后所蕴含的丰富文化知识和实际含义。只有在真正了解了成语的确切含义后,才能作出恰如其分的翻译。但若对成语的语源意义缺乏了解亦会构成理解上的障碍,进而对翻译造成困难。因此了解成语的来源出处对成语的理解与翻译是很有必要。

1. 源自神话传说

英语中的成语主要源自古希腊,古罗马等的传说。如:Achilles’ heel 就出自希腊神话,阿季里斯是密耳弥多涅斯人的国王,玻琉斯和爱琴海神涅柔斯女儿西蒂斯的儿子。他的母亲西蒂斯预见到他会夭折。在他出世后,白天用天宫琼浆擦他的身体,夜间把他投入火里锻炼,想烧掉他身上的凡胎浊骨,并且还捏着他的脚后跟,倒浸在冥河水里,这样周身即可刀枪不入。后来,特洛伊战争中他恰恰是脚后跟中箭而阵亡。因为他母亲用手捏住了他的脚后跟,以致脚后跟未沾过冥河的水,这就成了他的致命的弱点[1][P122]。今天,Achilles’ heel 已经演变成了成语,比喻“致命弱点”或“要害”。Rain cats and dogs,源于北欧神话,据说猫对天气有很大的影响。Swan song ,据传说,天鹅在临终前唱的歌最优美动人,后人就用Swan song来比喻诗人,作曲家的“最后的作品”[2][P125]。

2.源自文学名著

很多成语源自文学名著中的历史典故。《圣经》不仅是一部宗教经典,也是一部文学巨著,它在世界文学史上占有重要的地位。例如,by the skin of ones teeth,语出圣经《旧约。约伯记》第19章第20节。上帝使约伯倾家荡产,疾病缠身,以考验他是否坚信上帝。在这种情况下很多人都抛弃了他。但他忍受着,他对朋友说:“我的皮肉紧贴骨头,我只剩牙皮逃脱了。”牙本无皮,这是极言其险,除生命外全部丧失。人们借用此成语,意指“九死一生”,“侥幸逃脱”[3][P30]。One pound of flesh(割肉还债,残酷榨取)出自莎士比亚的喜剧剧作《微尼斯商人》中夏洛克要残忍地从欠债人安东尼奥的胸前割下一磅肉的故事情节。

3.源自历史事件

历史上的著名历史事件被后人沿用而完成了成语。例如,Sword of Damocles[4][P184], 出自古代希腊的一则历史故事。公元前4世纪西西里岛上的统治者狄奥尼修斯一世有个佞臣叫达摩克里斯,他很羡慕帝王的豪华生活。狄奥尼修斯为了教训这个人,要其赴宴,要他坐在国王的宝座上,在他头上用一根头发悬着一把剑,随时都有刺到头顶的危险。他吓得战战兢兢,如坐针毡,时刻提心吊胆,惶惶不安。这个成语后来就被用来比喻极端的危险或情况的危急。又如,burn one’s boats[5][P38](破釜沉舟),源自古罗马朱力斯·凯撒大军乘船越过Rubicon后便把船烧了,以此向士兵表明后路已断,不可能后退。后被用来比喻“下定决心干到底”。

4.源自风尚、习俗

英语中有很多成语来自于风尚、习俗。例如,英语有a feather in your cap(荣耀),源于印第安人的一种风俗,每杀死一个人就在头饰或帽子上加插一根羽毛,以此来显示战绩与荣誉。还有如:

give somebody the boot 解雇某人,开除某人

above the sault 尊为贵宾,位于上席

spill the beans 泄露秘密

5.源自某些动物的特征

英语中a bird of ill omen(不祥之兆),源自古代占卜的风俗。渡鸟嗅觉灵敏,能判定远方腐尸位置。因此渡鸟象征死亡。再譬如狼因饥饿而残忍,因而衍生了很多成语:keep the wolf from the door 免于饥饿,勉强度日。To have a wolf in the stomach 形容一个人极度饥饿。又如:a cat has nine lives 猫有九命,富于生命力的人。To drink like a fish 牛饮[2][P126]。

6.源自行业用语

自有社会分工以来,人们所从事的职业有所不同,从而把各个行业有关的用语用于生活之中。很多成语来自于不同的行业,特别是发展最早的农业和工业,包括手工业、商业等行业。

来自农业的成语:as a man sows, so he shall reap 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。As cool as cucumber 泰然自若。

来自工业的成语:a square peg in a round hole 文不对体,不得其所。To hit the right nail on the head 击中要害。

来自餐饮业的成语:out of the frying-pan into the fire 才出狼窝,又入虎口。A little pot is easy hot 壶小易热,量小易怒。

7.源自生活用语

人们善于从生活经验中总结出富有哲理性的成语,用来告诫和警示后人如:

every cook praises his own broth 王婆卖瓜,自卖自夸

as poor as the church mouse 一贫如洗[6][P81]

三.成语翻译方法

成语的功能和作用在于以其简洁和意象性来达到其修辞性效果。很多成语都丧失了其本义而成为一种泛指的代称意义,而且不同民族的文化有其独特的历史文化和地域性特征。在翻译实践中,很难保证成语的翻译一方面完全忠实于原文的比喻形式,另一方面又要符合民族语言文字的规范要求。因此,在翻译时较为困难,需要分别对待采取多种方法处理。

1.直译法

所谓直译法就是指对原成语的表现形式和意义原则上不做任何调整的一种翻译方法。也就是按照文字的字面意思将成语直接翻译过来。强调成语的民族、地域差异性,保持成语的风格和异域文化特色。如:

an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth 以眼还眼,以牙还牙[7][P68]。

Make hay while the sun shines 趁热打铁[5][P75]

Run with the tail between the legs 夹着尾巴逃跑

A wolf in sheep’s clothing披着羊皮的狼

Blood is thicker than water 血浓于水

这种直译法的译文能让中国读者理解,符合汉语习惯。

2.意译法

意译法是指原文成语的形象不能翻译,而在目的语中找不到同义的对等成语时,只好将其照原文内容意思用自由词组或普通句子进行翻译。如:

Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗?

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 如译成“住在玻璃房子里的人,不应扔石头”不如译成“已有过,勿正人”或“责人先责已”[8][P51]。还有如:sour grapes 酸葡萄(效应);two heads are better than one 一个不及两人智;the right carpet 隆重的接待;cry over split milk 为不可挽回的损失而悲伤;cast the first stone 首先发起攻击;Go dutch 各自付费[9]。

3.同义成语借用法

人类思维的共通性特征决定了不同文化背景的人们在语言的使用上也会有相同之处。在两种语言中就会有些同义成语无论在内容、形式和色彩上都比较一致,它们不但有着相同的意思和隐义,而且有相同的或极相似的形象或比喻。对于这一类型的成语自然可以使用意义对等,形式相似的成语进行翻译。如“walls have ears”[7][P68]汉语中却有“隔墙有耳”,两句话字、义两合,无懈可击。英语有“put oil on fire”汉语中则有“火上加油”与之对应。又如“talk of the devil, and he is sure to appear”可借用汉语中的“说曹操,曹操到”。另外有些英语成语虽与汉语成语设义不同,但喻义却相一致,此时也可以采用借用法来翻译。如:kill the goose to get the eggs,源于希腊寓言,说的是曾有一个乡下人,因为发财心切杀死了自己饲养的那只能下金蛋的鹅,以为如此就可一次获得全部想象中的金块,但其结果一无所获。现借比喻只贪图眼前利益,没有长远打算。但汉语中不说“杀鹅取卵”而说“杀鸡取卵”,喻体不同,喻义却相一致。还有如a flash in the pan 昙花一现;at the end of one’s pope 日暮途穷。还有些情况英汉成语双方都不借用比喻,它们的意义都在字面上,开门见山。一般说来,此类成语翻译比较简单,不会产生保持民族或地方色彩的问题,可以大胆借用对方的同义语来表达。例如:by fits and starts 时作时辍;at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟; at one’s wit’s end 智穷才尽; out of order 杂乱无章。

4.释义法

英汉两种语言中用的典故浩如烟海,所以有的典故即便对本语言的读者都难以理解更不用说对作为第二语言的读者。因为如果不能熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景,对于这种典故的意义就会感到茫然。所以在翻译的时候,可以适当保留原文的形式,但要加注进行解释。如:He met his waterloo. 他遇到了他的滑铁卢,如果这样翻译的话对不了解滑铁卢的读者来说,就会很迷惑,不知所云,不知为什么这么译,因此应加上括号解释(比喻惨重的失败),再注:滑铁卢(比利时首都布鲁赛尔附近一城镇)。1815年拿破仑大军大败于此。再如:Fallstaff: I am as poor as Job, my lord, but not so patient. 福斯坦夫:我是怕约伯一样穷的,大人,可是却没有他那样的好耐性。注:约伯(Job)是以忍耐贫穷著称的圣徒[4][P184]。见《圣经》《约伯记》。

在上述的译文中,没有用任何现成的汉语成语去替换,也没有抹去原文的形象,而是先用直译传达出原文特有的文化形象,然后再说明其内涵意义。加注解释,就更加明了。但对那些大家都能耳熟能详的成语,可以直接翻译过来,更能保持原文的原汁原味。如:He is the Judas in the group. 他是这一人群中的犹大。He is Holmes the second. 他是福尔摩斯再世[1]

[P123]。

5.加字法

有些成语的形象可以很成功地翻译出来,但是它们的内涵表达得不够清楚,这时需要采用加字法,它可以起到画龙点睛的作用。例:France, however, turned a deaf ear to what Tiers flattered himself to be a parliamentary siren’s song. 然而,法国对于梯也尔在议会上发表的自以为像海

妖的歌声一样迷人的言词置若罔闻[10]。原文将梯也尔在议会上的讲话比作海妖的歌声,但是这种歌声是什么特点呢?译文读者并不了然,如果不点明“迷人”这个意思,这种比喻也就达不到其原来的目的,译文也就会逊色多了。其它的例子如:to shed crocodile tears 鳄鱼流眼泪,假慈悲;Achilles’ hell 艾基利斯的脚后跟,唯一弱点。

四.成语翻译时应注意的几个问题

1.翻译成语要先有确切的理解,即不能拘泥文字,也不可望文生译。

To move heaven and earth 使人容易联想到“惊天动地”,“翻天覆地”,其实它只表示“千方百计”,“不遗余力”的意思。To pull one’s le g[5][P177]是“取笑”,“愚弄某人”的意思,而不是“拖某人后腿”的意思。Here is mud in your eyes! 如果译为“这儿是你眼中的泥”,那就大错特错了。它是举杯助酒时的祝词,表示Good wishes!之意,应译为“干杯”[9]。英语中有些成语看上去与汉语中的成语很接近,但实际上它们是有区别的如:back at the moon和“蜀犬吠日”这两个成语虽然比喻差不多,但情景和思路大不一样,前者是狗想吓唬月亮,而后者指狗见到太阳感到怪异而害怕,前者比喻“空嚷”、“做徒劳无益的事”,后者比喻“少见多怪”。所以对成语的翻译,绝不能犯“望文生义”的毛病,望文生义的必然结果只能是“似是而非”,甚至大相径庭。

2.要注意保持成语的民族和地方特色

在两种语言里,有些成语意思大体相当,但各含有较明显的民族和地方色彩,翻译时不能拿来互译,因尽量保持原文的民族和地方色彩[7][P71]。例如:to carry coals to Newcastle (运煤炭到纽卡斯尔去,多此一举),如果译成“带着瓷器上浮梁”或“夫子庙前卖文章”都是不妥当的。再如:two heads are better than one 应译为“一人不如两人智”,不可译为“三个臭皮匠,胜过一个诸葛亮”,因为诸葛亮是中国的一个历史人物,与上下文会形成矛盾。Beauty lies in lover’s eyes 可译为“情人眼里出美人”,不可套用中国成语“情人眼里出西施”。因为西施是中国历史的人物,从英美人口中突然冒出西施,就会觉得不伦不类,影响语言艺术的统一合谐。

3.具有褒、贬含义的成语的翻译

每个成语都带有各自的感情色彩,或褒或贬,也可能褒贬两可或中性,翻译时要分辨清楚。如:birds of a feather flock together [5][P97](物以类聚,人与群分)看起来并无贬意,但一般只用于消极意义。It’s all ill wind that blows nobody good. [7][P71](天下无绝对的坏事)看起来是坏意,其实是好意。To be hand and glove with既可用于褒义,又可用于贬义,翻译时要根据上下文,不能不加区别,一概译成“亲密无间”。如:The two friends are hand and

glove with each other.“情同手足”(褒义)The two traitors and the enemy were working hand in glove with each other.“相互勾结”(贬义)。

4.有特定意义的固定搭配的成语的翻译

英汉成语中都有一些固定的搭配,许多都有其特定含义,不可照字面直译。如: be in labour 是指妇女生孩子时的阵痛,不能译为“劳动”;do hard labour是劳改或服劳役的意思,不可译为“干苦力”;There is not smoke without fire最好译为“无风不起浪”,切不可照字面乱译[7][P83]。

成语是劳动人民智慧的结晶。它是语言中特殊成份以及民族特点和许多修辞手段的集中表现。因此成语的理解与翻译在语言学习和文化交流中占有极其重要的作用。同样英语成语作为英语的重要组成部分,是英语学习者必须面临的一个问题。翻译的关键首先是对成语的理解,但这一理解并不是一般意义上的理解,而是对英语文化知识、文化背景的了解和吸纳。所以英语成语的翻译对从事英语学习和研究的人们来说,除了掌握英语知识和英语文化之外,还需要扎实的母语文字和文化功底。否则就无从谈起对成语的理解,更不用说在英语成语的翻译上得心应手,游刃有余。

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(一)并列关系 名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers 名胜古迹 scenic spots and historical sites 湖光山色 landscape of lakes and hills 青山绿水 green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石 strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations 平等互利 equality and mutual benefit 扬长避短 play up strengths and avoid weaknesses 反腐倡廉 fight corruption and build a clean government 简政放权streamline administration and institute decentralization 集思广益 draw on collective wisdon and absorb all useful ideas 国泰民安 the country flourish and the people live in peace and harmony 政通人和 the government functions well and people cooperate well 国计民生national welfare and the people’s livelihood 辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new 徇私舞弊 bend the law for personal gain and engage in fraud 流连忘返 linger on with no thought of leaving for home 国际局势复杂多变the complex and volatile international situation

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瓜熟蒂落蒂:花或瓜果跟枝茎相连的部分。瓜熟了,瓜蒂自然脱落。指时机一旦成熟,事情自然成功。 攻无不克克:攻下。没有攻占不下来的。形容力量无比强大。 光彩夺目夺目:耀眼。形容鲜艳耀眼。也用来形容某些艺术作品和艺术形象的极高成就。 光阴似箭光阴:时间。时间如箭,迅速流逝。形容时间过得极快。 骨瘦如柴形容消瘦到极点。 管中窥豹从竹管的小孔里看豹,只看到豹身上的一块斑纹。比喻只看到事物的一部分,指所见不全面或略有所得。 滚瓜烂熟形容读书或背书流利纯熟。 感激不尽感激的心情没有穷尽。形容非常感激。 高头大马指体形高大的马。也比喻人的体形高大。 各色各样犹言各式各样。 各式各样谓多种不同的式样、种类或方式。 各有所长长:长处、优点。各有各的长处、优点。一般多指人才而言。 攻无不克,战无不胜攻:攻打;克:攻克。没有攻占不下来的。形容力量无比强大。 干干净净没有污垢、尘土、杂质。 返朴归真返:反回,回复;朴:未加工的木料,引申为质朴;归:返回,回归;真:天然。回复事物初始的自然状态 翻来覆去形容一次又一次。也形容来回翻动身体。 翻天覆地覆:翻过来。形容变化巨大而彻底。也指闹得很凶。 繁花似锦繁:多而且茂盛。锦:织有彩色花纹的锦缎。许多色彩纷繁的鲜花,好象富丽多彩的锦缎。形容美好的景色和美好的事物。 废寝忘食废:停止。顾不得睡觉,忘记了吃饭。形容专心努力。 分外妖娆分外:格外;妖娆:妖媚艳丽。形容景色异常艳丽。

英语成语的理解与翻译

中文摘要:成语是在语言使用过程中形成一种独特的、约定俗成的、具有完整独特意义的语言。其语义并非等同组成成分意义的简单相加,人们很难从个别词义猜出整个成语的含义。那么,如何理解以及如何翻译成语就成为外语学习者面临的一个语言难点,也是外语学习者必须要解决的一个问题。本文拟就英语成语的来源,以及理解与翻译问题做些初步探讨。关键字:英语成语;成语来源;翻译 Abstract:Idiom is a language, which forms a kind of particular, accepted through common practice and has its completely meaning in the process of language using. Its meaning is not an easy addition of single word’s m eaning, so it is difficult for people to guess the meaning of an English idiom. Therefore, how to understand and translate idiom becomes difficult to foreign language learners. But, foreign language learners must face it and deal with it. This paper is about the source of English idiom, and the translation of English idiom. Key words: English idiom;Source of English idioms ;Translation 一.什么是成语(idiom) 成语是词组,其含义不同于其中单词的含义,(idiom is phrase which means something different from meanings of the separate words)是不能明显地从构成其成分的单词的含义中找到其含义的词组和句子,必须从整体上进行理解。(phrase or sentence whose meaning not obvious through knowledge of the individual meanings of the consituent words but must be learnt as a whole)[1][P121]根据以上对成语的定义,不难看出成语具备以下三大特征: 1)意义上的整体性。如:To lay heads together. “大家一起思考,集思广益”。不是“把头放在一起”。 2)不符合语法规律。如:Money makes the more to go.“有钱能使鬼推磨。”其中make 后面的不定式go前加上了to。 3)用词相对固定。A stitch in time saves nine .“及时的一针省几针。”其中的A不能用one 代替。 二.成语的来源 翻译成语之前,首先要求对它有确切的理解,弄清成语背后所蕴含的丰富文化知识和实际含义。只有在真正了解了成语的确切含义后,才能作出恰如其分的翻译。但若对成语的语源意义缺乏了解亦会构成理解上的障碍,进而对翻译造成困难。因此了解成语的来源出处对成语的理解与翻译是很有必要。

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