初中英语十大词性详解和测验

初中英语十大词性详解和测验
初中英语十大词性详解和测验

初中英语十大词性详解和测验

一、名词

1、什么叫名词?名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:mother妈妈 panda熊猫 library图书馆 pencil 铅笔wish愿望

2、名词分类(1)专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。如:Mr、 Green格林先生 the Spring Festival春节 the Great Wall长城 Britain英国提示:关于单词首字母大写

1、句首的第一个单词的首字母要大写,Today is Thursday、

2、人名:姓和名两个单词第一个字母都大写,Mr、Ye, Mrs、 Zhang

3、称呼、头衔的第一个字母要大写,Doctor Wang, Chairman Mao

4、国家、地名等专有名词第一个字母要大写,Australia, Wuhan, Zhejiang, Wenzhou

5、月份、星期几、节假日每个单词的第一个字母都要大写、March, Tuesday, National Day, Labour Day

6、语言名称要大写、Chinese, Japanese

7、文章标题的每个实词的第一个字母应大写,但不包括of, in, and这样的介词、连词,My Mother School in Cangnan、8、特殊简称如FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation美国联邦调

查局)WTO(World Trade Organization世界贸易组织)等字母都大写、(2)普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名称的词。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词,如:radio(广播),watch(手表);集体名词,如:class (班级),people(人民);物质名词,如:milk(牛奶)water (水);抽象名词,如:work(工作),health(健康)。普通名词又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的,有单数和复数两种形式。如:a apple一个苹果 two bananas两只香蕉不可数名词表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的,不分单、复数;抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。如:milk牛奶,ice 冰,water水,rice大米,juice橘汁提示:有少数名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但中文意思就不同了。如:fish (可数→鱼类;不可数→鱼肉),chicken(可数→小鸡;不可数→鸡肉),people(可数→民族,不可数→人)

3、可数名词变复数分类变法例词一般情况加-sgirl-girls bookesbus-buses watch-watches以“辅音字母+ y结尾的词变y 为 i再加esfamily-familiesstrawberry-strawberries以 f或fe结尾的词变f 或fe 为 v再加eshalf-halves wife-wives knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thievesloaf-loaves以o结尾的词加es 或sphoto-photos piano-pianosradio-radioszoo-zoos tomato-tomatoes

potato-potatoes但是有些名词变复数形式是不规则的,必须死记,如:man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,child-children,sheep-sheep,deer-deer,fish-fish名词(国家)形容词名词(国家的人,单数)名词(国家的人,复数)中国China中国的,中国人的Chinese中国人(单)Chinese中国人(复)Chinese美国America美国的,美国人的American美国人(单)American美国人(复)Americans日本Japan日本的,日本人的Japanese日本人(单)Japanese日本人(复)Japanese英国England英国的,英国人的English英国人(单)Englishman英国人(复)Englishmen俄罗斯Russia俄罗斯的,俄罗斯人的Russian俄罗斯人(单)Russian俄罗斯人(复)Russians法国France法国的,法国人的French法国人(单)Frenchman法国人(复)Frenchmen 德国Germany德国的,德国人的German德国人(单)German德国人(复)Germans印度India印度的,印度人的Indian印度人(单)Indian印度人(复)Indians澳大利亚Australia澳大利亚的,澳大利亚人的Australian澳大利亚人(单)Australian澳大利亚人(单)Australians加拿大Canada加拿大的,加拿大人的Canadian加拿大人(单)Canadian加拿大人(复)Canadians

4、如何表示不可数名词的数量?不可数名词没有单、复数的区别,是不能直接以数字计算事物的名词(简称量词,如一杯水的“杯”,一袋米的“袋”,一瓶牛奶的“瓶”等)来修饰的,

这时我们可以用“a/数词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词”的形式。如:

a glass of water 一杯水 two bottles of milk 两瓶牛奶five bags of rice 五袋大米提示:这种形式也可以用于可数名词,但可数名词必须用复数形式。“a/数词 + 量词 + of + 可数名词”的格式也对,如:a basket of apples一篮子苹果five baskets of tomatoes 五篮子西红柿

5、什么是名词所有格?名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格,意为“……的”,一般在名词后加是’s。如Grandma’s house 奶奶的房子my teacher’s car 我老师的车(1)如果名

词代表的事物是有生命的,那么其所有格有以下几种形式:分类

构成方式举例普通单数名词在名词末尾加’sNancy’s motherthe boy’s tabletoday’s newspaper以s或es结尾的复数名词在名词末尾加’the teachers’ booksfive minutes’ walkten hours’ drive特殊复数名词(不以s或 es结尾)在名词末尾加’sChildren’s DayWomen’s Day表示两者或多者共同拥有的在最后一个名词的末尾加’sJim and Kate’s mother

(吉姆和凯特的妈妈)表示两者或多者各自拥有的在每个名词的

词尾都加’sJim’s and Kate’s mothers(吉姆的妈妈和凯特

的妈妈)(2)如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的,常与of组成

短语来表示其所有格,表示前者属于后者,格式为“A of B”翻

译为“B的A”。当然,of也可以表示有生命的所属关系。It ‘s

a map of China这是一张中国地图。意思就是这是一张中国的地图。the window of the room 房间的窗户the title of the passage 那篇文章的标题A story of the hero 那个英雄的故事。

二、动词动词的定义和分类动词是表示动作或状态的一类词。动词充当谓语时,要受到主语的限制,与主语在人称和数上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能,可以分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。

1、实义动词(1)实义动词的分类实义动词也叫行为动词,即表示动作的动词,能独立作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物动词不能单独使用,后面必须跟宾语,并且是直接跟宾语;不及物动词可以单独使用,可以后面什么都不跟,也可以跟副词来修饰它,如果要跟宾语,就必须加介词。正:We have friends all over the world、我们的朋友遍天下。误:He is looking me、正:He is looking at me、他正在看着我。误:He is listening the teacher carefully、正:He is listening carefully、他正在认真听。正:He is listening to the teacher carefully、他正在认真听老师讲课。

提示:英语动词中有很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词,如begin, vt、: Let’s begin the class!vi、: She begins to cry when she heard the news、leave, vt、: Please leave

some bread for me, thank you!vi、: He will leave for Zhejiang tomorrow、ask, vt、: Mr、 Smith, can I ask you a question?vi、: Miss、 William is asking for you now、

(2)实义动词的基本形式有动词原形(do)、第三人称单数形式(does)、过去式(did)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)五种形式。

2、系动词(1)系动词的定义、系动词亦称连系动词,不能

单独做谓语,后面必须跟表语。(2)系动词的功能系动词的主要

功能是把表语(名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、

从句)和其主语联系在一起,以说明主语的属性、特征或状态。

它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语。(3)常见系动词1)状态

系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:

My uncle is a policeman、我叔叔是一名警察。(is与补

足语一起说明主语的身份。)2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或

保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always keeps silent at meeting、他开会时

总保持沉默。

3)表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, sound例如:

He looked angry/sad/happy、他看起来很生气/难过/高

兴。

4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:

This kind of cloth feels very soft、这种布手感很软。T his flower smells sweet、这朵花闻起来很香。It sounds good、听起来不错。The apples taste very good、5)变化系

动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等。He became mad after the accident happened、自那之后,他疯了。S he becomes rich when she got her own company、她自己开公司

以后就变得富裕起来。It’s getting warmer and warmer in spring、6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:The rumor proved false、这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success、

他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

3、助动词(1)助动词的定义助动词是语法功能词,本身没

有词义,不可单独使用。最常用的助动词有:do, will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better

4、情态动词(1)情态动词的定义及功能情态动词是一种本

身有一定的词义,但要与普通动词一起使用,给谓语动词增添情

态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变

化,其后面的实义动词要用动词原形。主要的情态动词有:can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)①只做情态动词:

must,can(could),may(might)……②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:如:need,will,dare③具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to,ought toShe can swim fast, but I can’t、You must stay here until I come back、(2)常见情态动词的用法can表示能力,意为“会,能”。表示客观可能性或推测时,用于否定句和疑问句;She can sing English songs、她能唱英语歌。The dog can’t swim、Can /May(可以)

I borrow your bike?may表示许可,用于陈述句;表示正式的请求或许可,用于一般疑问句。回答may 提出的问题,肯定形式为:Yes, please、/Yes,certainly、/Yes,you may、否定形式为:No, you can’t、/No, you mustn’t、You may go out to play basketball now、----May I smoke here?----Yes,you may、/No you mustn’t、must指客观可能性或猜测时,意为“一定”;表示“应当,必须”时,其否定形式为mustn’t 意为“不能,不可以,不允许”。回答由must构成的一般疑问句,肯定形式为:

Yes ,主语+must ;否定形式为:No,主语

+needn’t/don’t have to。It must (表肯定)be Nancy’s book、Her name is on the cover、You mustn’t (千万别)

play football in the street、------Must I hand in my homework tomorrow?------Yes, you must、 / No, you needn’t/don’t have to、Need意为需要的意思

一、作情态动词

1、need作情态动词无人称或数的变化,后接动词原形,多用于否定句和疑问句中。如:You neednt worry、你不必担心。

2、由need引出的一般疑问句,肯定回答常用must或have to;否定答语常用needn’t、如:Yes, you must、/Yes, you have to、是的,你必须回答。/是的,你得回答Must I do the work now? 我必须现在干这个活吗?

No, you needn’t /don’t have t o、不,你现在不必做。

二、作行为动词 need 作为行为动词有人称和数的变化,后面可接名词、代词、动名词及带to 的动词不定式;可用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中,如:She needs help、她需要帮助。I don’t need to see the doctor、我不需要看病。Yes, I do、是的,我得马上去。

Ought we to do it at once? free cheap---expensive cleanwarm cold---hot dangerous---safe dark---bright dry---wet early---late easyyoung poordifferent short---long short---tall slow---quick small---big/large/huge strong---weak thin---fat thin---thick形容词和副词比较级和最高级的变形(重点!)

1、一般单音节词末尾加er和est,如:强壮的:strong stronger strongest 伟大的:great greater greatest年轻的:young younger youngest很少的:few fewer fewest难的:hard harder hardest 很快的:fast faster fastest

2、单音节词如果以e结尾,只加r和est,如:陌生的:strange stranger strangest 友好的:nice nicer nicest宽的:

wide wider widest晚的:

late later latest

3、闭音节单音节词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写这个辅音字母,再加er和est,如:大的:big bigger biggest红的:red redder reddest胖的:fat fatter fattest瘦的:thin thinner thinnest苗条的:slim slimmer slimmest湿的:wet wetter wettest热的:hot hotter hottest难过的:sad sadder saddest

4、少数以y,er,ure,ow,ble结尾的双音节词,末尾加er 和est。(注意:以y结尾的词,如y前是辅音字母,把y变成

i,再加er和est)生气的:angry angrier angriest 早的:early earlier earliest 滑稽的:funny funnier funnest 聪明的:clever cleverer cleverest 狭窄的:narrow narrower narrowest 高贵的:noble nobler noblest

5、其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most。不

同的:different more different most different 有趣的:interesting more interesting most interesting昂贵的:experience more experience most experience漂亮的:

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 重要的:important more important most important流行的:popular more popular most popular

6、特殊单词的比较级和最高级(死记!)好的:good/ well better best坏的:bad worse worst生病的:ill

worse worst 很多的:many/much more most 很少

的:little/few less least 远的:

far farther/ further farthest/ furthest

四、副词

1、什么是副词?副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或

全句的词,以说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。We should listen to our teachers carefully、 In spring, I can see flowers everywhere、

2、副词的种类有哪些?(1)方式副词,如quickly, neatly, happily(2)地点、方位副词,如here, away, outside, west (3)时间副词,如yesterday, already, just, now, before, later, often, sometimes(4)强调副词,very, too, even, only,

4、副词在句中的位置和排列顺序(1)时间、地点副词,小在前,大在后。He comes from New York, America、(2)方式

副词,短在前,长在后。Please write slowly and carefully、(3)方式+地点+时间The old woman runs very slowly along the river at6:00 every morning、4、副词同形容词一样也有比较级和最高级形式。

5、常见副词的区别:(1)very, much, very muchVery用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级;very much用于修饰动词。John is very good、This garden is much bigger than that one、I love music very much (2)so, suchso修饰形容词或副词;such修饰名词。My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him、He is such a boy、so修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词,其结构是“so+形容词

+a/an+可数名词单数”;such可修饰可数名词单复数和不可数名词,名词前可以有形容词作定语,其结构是“suc h+(a/an)+形

容词+可数名词单数/复数/不可数名词”。He is so clever a boy、 = He is such a clever boy、It is such cold weather、They are such good students、提示:如果可数名词

复数前有many, few或不可数名词前有much,little修饰,用so 不用such。(3)also, too, as well, eitheralso, too, as well,用于肯定句,also常用于be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前,too, as well用于句末;either用于否定句末。My

father is a teacher、 My mother is also a teacher、= My father is a teacher、 My mother is a teacher as well、= My father is a teacher、 My mother is a teacher, too、I can’t speak French、 Jenny

英语词类概述

Part of speech (word class) --- Introduction -----------(词类概述) 词类(part of speech) ,顾名思义,就是一个词在句子中所担任的角色。换言之,我们何时、在什么位置使用一个单词是由该单词在句子中所扮演的角色决定的。 英语词根据其词义、用法的特点,可分为实词(real word)和功能词(functional word(also called as empty word) (又称虚词)。 一、实词 实词是具有明确意义的词,且大多可以转换成其他词类,数量庞大,而且经常有新词产生。这类词包括:名词(noun)、动词(verb)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)。 例如:interest (n.) 表示兴趣;interest(v.) 使…感兴趣;interesting(adj.)有趣的;interested(adv.) 对…感兴趣的。 例如:surprise (n.) 惊喜、惊奇;surprise(v.) 使…惊奇;surprised(adj.) 对…惊奇的;surprising (adj.) 让人惊奇的;surprisingly(adv.) 让人惊奇地。 实词是词汇的重点,是英语表达语义的骨干。实词在句子中一般要重读。 1.名词(noun) 1.1名词就是事物的名称。 1.2名词根据其性质又可分为: 1.2.1类别名词:表事物的类别,约定俗成的名称。e.g.: man, dog, apple, plant, animal, solid, liquid. 1.2.2物质名词:water, iron, blood, sugar, fat 1.2.3抽象名词:anger, happiness, luck, beauty, anxiety 1.2.4时间名词:day, night, year, month, minute 1.2.5专用名词:人名、地名等。China, William, the White House, the Yellow River 1.3名词存在可数与不可数的差别 1.3.1可数名词:人眼可见单个个体或概念上具有单个个体的非连续性事物一般 可数。如:egg, man, pen, table, job, week, river, color etc. 1.3.2不可数名词:连续性事物、不可见事物一般不可数。如:water, anger, sand, rice, steal, fog, smoke etc. 1.4可数名词存在单数(singular)和复数(plural)两种形式: 1.4.1规则1 (rule1):一般在单数可数名词后加-s形成复数形式:e.g.: a student/two students; a teacher/three teachers; a card/ four cards 1.4.2规则2(rule2):以-s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x结尾的单数可数名词加-es 变复数形 式:e.g.: a bus/two buses; a boss/ three bosses; a brush/two brushes; a watch/four watches; a box/ five boxes 1.4.3规则3(rule3):以-辅音+y 结尾的单数可数名词,由-y变-i,+es 形成复

初中英语词性练习及答案

一 1.The ______(long ) of the Yangtze River is 6,300 kilometers. 2.The Himalayas run along the _________(southwest) border of China. 3.What an _______(amaze) achievement! 4.There are many ______(bamboo) forests in China. 5.He was the first man _______(come). 6.Two thirds of the area ______(cover) with trees. 7.Even _____(serious) difficulties are waiting for us. 8.The Yellow River is one of the longest ______(river). 9.Soldiers worked hard________(save) people in the water. 10.Mary closed the gate _______(prevent) the dog from _____(run) out of t he garden. 11.The bag _____(fill) with books is mine. 12._____(eventual) the people in the earthquake were saved. 13.Flooding is one of _____(big) problems in the world. 14.One of _______(exciting) sports is skating. 15.Of all the students, Li Ming is ______(tall). 16.She doesn’t run so ______ (fast) as I . 17.China has become _____ and ________(strong). 18.I’d like to go to ________(far) of the two places. 19.The job is far ________(difficult) than before.

英语十大词类的用法和名称速记讲解

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