自考本科国际商务英语复习资料

考点：

国际商务贸易的主要类型（major types of international business）

A．Trade（贸易）： a. commodity trade (商品贸易,也叫有形贸易visible trade )

b. service trade (服务贸易, 也叫无形贸易invisible trade)

B. Investment (投资): a. foreign direct investment (FDI 外国直接投资)

b. portfolio investment (证券投资)

C. Other types (其他类型): a. licensing and franchising (国际许可与特许经营)

b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生产)

翻译练习:

1. 随着经济全球化的发展,无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大

With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries

2. BOT是“交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式

BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project

Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market

商务术语:

GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 购买力平价) Staple goods (大路货)

creditor country ( 债权国)

考点:

国民生产总值和国内生产总值 (GNP 和GDP)

GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy

GDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.

Per capita income (人均收入): It is calculated by dividing its national income by its population Triad and Quad (三方组合和四方组合): A. United States

B. Western Europe

C. Japan

D. Canada

翻译练习:

1. 国民生产总值和国内生产总值体现了一个国家的全部收入,在衡量国民收入方面可以互换使用。

GNP and GDP indicate a country’s total income. They can be used interchangeably to measure the level of its national income.

2. 欧盟作为三方组合的一个分支，在使我们的市场多元化方面起着相当重要的作用

EU, as one leg of Triad, plays an important role in the respect of diversifying our market

Lesson 3 Regional Economic Integration

商务术语:

tariff rates(关税率) settlement (协议) cartel (卡特尔) free trade area

NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement北美自由贸易协定)

考点:

1. 地区一体化的主要目标 (Major objectives of regional integration)

To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources,

at the same time possibly put up barriers to economic activities with non-members

2. 地区经济一体化的四个层次( Four levels of regional economic integration)

A. Free trade area (自由贸易区)----经济一体化程度低,内部团结,但各成员对外采用各自的贸易政策

B. Customs Union (关税同盟)---所有成员对外都实行相同的贸易政策

C. Common market (共同市场)---共同的对外政策,生产要素也在各成员国间流动

D. Economic union( 经济联盟)----经济一体化程度最高, 共同的对外政策,生产要素也

. 在各成员国间流动, 统一协调各国在经济金融领域的

国内政策,统一货币

3. 掌握EU (欧洲联盟) , APEC(亚太经济合作组织). OPEC (石油输出国组织) 翻译练习:

1. 共同市场具有使商品, 服务,劳动力甚至资本,技术在各成员国之间自由流通的特点.

The common market is characterized by the free flow of capital and technology besides goods, services

and labor.

2. 欧盟是一个机构齐全的实体,其历史可以追溯到1952年.

The European Union is a full-fledged entity, whose history dates back to 1952.

Lesson 4 Economic Globalization

商务术语:

Shareholders（股东）， board of directors（董事会）， parent company（母公司）， affiliate（子公司），

day-to-day running（日常管理）， multinational corporation（跨国公司）， home country（母公司所在国）， host country（东道国）

考点：

1．经济全球化的基本特征和优劣势：

A． Basic feature：a. free flow of commodity，capital， technology，service and information

b. optimized allocation of resources（资源优化配置）

B. Advantages and negative impacts:

Advantages: a. new impetus and opportunities to world economic development

b. mutual benefits from economic booms

Negative impacts: a. make countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the global

b. not balanced benefits

3. 跨国公司 (multinational corporations)

A. organization---parent and affiliates (组织----母公司与子公司)

B. features: a. enormous size b. wide geographical spread (广阔的地域分布)

c. needs ,goals and roles (需要, 目标和作用): profits, security

C. four types: a. multi-domestic corporation

b. global corporation

c. transnational corporation

d. world company

4. 翻译:

a. 经济全球化使得各国经济更容易受到全球各地不利事件的伤害。

Economic globalization is making the various economies more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.

b. 安全对任何一个跨国企业而言都极为重要,因为没有安全,跨国企业组织的生存便无法保证。

Security is extremely important to any MNE because without it, an MNE’s survival can never be assured. Lesson 5-6 International Trade (1) (2)

商务术语:

services(劳务), primary commodities(初级产品), absolute advantage(绝对利益), comparative advantage(比较利益), quota(配额), customs union(关税同盟), ad valorem duty(从价税), specific duties(从量税), drawback(退税), MFN(最惠国待遇), non-tariff barrier(非关税壁垒).

考点:

1. 国际贸易的定义(definition):

It refers to the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another

2. 国际贸易的两个缘由( Two reasons for international trade)

a. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries

b. international specialization(国际专业化)

3. 国际专门化的两个理论(Two theories for international specialization)

a. The theory of absolute advantage(绝对利益理论):

a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land, and labour)

b. The theory of comparative advantage(相对对利益理论):

Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.

4. 关税壁垒和非关税壁垒( tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers)

a. tariff barriers: export duty(进口税), import duty(出口税), specific duties 从量税

advalorem duty. 从价税, Compound duty 混合税

b. non-tariff barriers: quotas----the most common form of non-tariff barriers

5. 翻译练习

a. 比较优势理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石

Comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade b．关税壁垒是限制贸易最常见的形式

Tariff barriers are the most common forms of trade restriction.

Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000

商务术语：

EDI (电子数据交换)，customers clearance (结关)，dispatch (发运)，ICC（国际商会）

Roll-on-roll-off(滚装滚卸), incoterms (国际贸易通则)，FOB(起运港船上交货价)， CFR (成本加运费价)，CIF (成本加运费加保险费价)

考点:

1.《国际贸易术语解释通则》的必要性和目的 The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms

The purpose of INCOTERMS is to provide a set of international rules for the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade and avoid uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries.

3. 三个最常用术语 (The three most commonly used terms)

FOB: Free on Board 装运港船上交货

CFR: Cost and Freight 成本加运费

CIR: Cost, Insurance and Freight 成本,保险费,加运费

翻译练习:

a. 折扣是指卖方按照商品的原价给买方以一定比率的价格减让

Discount means that sellers offer to buyers a certain percentage of reduction on the original price.

b. 买卖双方在制定合同时,如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参照,他们就肯定能简单可靠地确定各自的责任If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.

Lesson 8 Business Contract

商务术语:

Inquiry(询盘,询价), quotation(报价单), validity period(有效期), offer(发盘), counter-offer(还盘), offeree(收盘人), sales confirmation(销售确认书), Consignment(寄售), fore majeure(不可抗力), business line(业务范围), contract proper(合同正文), article number(货号).

考点:

1.合同的定义(definition)

A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties

2.谈判过程及签定合同(the process of negotiation and the conclusion of the contract)

inquiry--?quotation---> offer and acceptance-?counter-offer

3.合同的种类(The types of contracts)

a. sales contract

b.purchase contract

c.sales confirmation

4. 合同的构成(the setting up of a contract)

a. the title (合同名称)

b. the contract proper(合同正文)

c. The signature of the contracting parties(缔约双方签字)

d. The stipulations on the back of the contract(合同背面的规定)

翻译练习:

a. 在实盘情况下,我们通常保留有效期三天

In case of firm offers, we usually keep our offers open for three days

Lesson 9 Modes of Trade

商务术语:

Counter trade(对销贸易), hyperinflation(极度通货膨胀), Reichstock（德国国家银行），protectionism （贸易保护主义），Clearing system(票据交换制度), net positions(净头寸), compensation trade(补偿贸易), barter(易货贸易), counter purchase(互购贸易)

Buyback(回购贸易), centrally planned economies(中央计划经济国家), processing trade(加工贸易), consignment(寄售贸易), leasing trade(租赁贸易)，aution(竞卖／拍卖), agency(代理)

考点：

1.对销贸易的主要优点(major advantages of counter trade)

a. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortages

b. promoting exports

c, reducing uncertainty regarding export receipts

d.bypassing international price agreement

e. helping countries with debt problems to import goods

3. 对销贸易的缺点(the drawbacks of counter trade)

a. very risky business (conceal the real prices and costs of transactions)

b. Companies may suffer losses because they could not get rid of products of poor quality

c. a form of proctectionism

翻译练习

a. “互相捆绑”是易货贸易,回购贸易和互惠贸易的共同特征

“Bundling” is the feature common to barter, counter purchase and buyback.

b. 作为一种捆绑贸易,对销贸易一般是在成熟市场经济国家和市场机制不完善的国家间发生的贸易

As a type of bundled trade, counter trade generally takes place between mature market economies and economies with imperfect market institution..

Lesson10 International Payment

商务词汇:

debtor(债务人), debit(收方/借方), financial standing(财务状况), credit worthiness(信誉), periodic payment(分期付款), cash in advance(预付现金),usance draft(远期汇票), documentary draft(跟单汇票), clean draft(光票), documentary collection(跟单托收), D/P(付款交单), D/A(承兑交单)

考点:

1. 国际贸易支付的复杂性(the complexity of payment in international trade):

Mutual trust is hard to build. Both the exporter and the importer face various political risks, commercial risks etc.

2. 在一定条件下的两种支付方法:

a. cash in advance or partial cash in advance (预付现金和部分预付现金)

b.open account(记账交易)

3. 汇票(the draft/ bill of exchange)

a. definition: an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future

b. sign draft and usance draft (即期汇票和远期汇票)

c. clean draft (光票:汇票不附单据) and documentary draft (跟单汇票:随同汇票一起的有相关的单据,如提单,发票,保险单)

4. 跟单拖收 (documentary collection)

a. D/P: 付款交单: documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected

b. D/A: 承兑交单: documents handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter

翻译练习:

a. 许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的,汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令

A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft that is an order to a bank or a customer to pay

b. 即期汇票要求受票人见到汇票后立即付款

A sight draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.

Lesson11-12 Credit (1),(2)

商务术语:

Applicant (申请人), opening bank(开证行), corresponding bank(关系行), advising bank(通知行), confirming bank(保兑行). Reimburse(付款), unit price(单价), partial shipment(分批装运). Clean credit(光票信用证), revocable credit(可撤消信用证), irrevocable credit(不可撤消信用证). Maturity(到期日,偿还日), capital turnover(资金周转率), face value(面值), discount(贴现), deferred payment(延期付款), revolving credit(循环信用证).

考点:

1.信用证独特的具有代表性的特征

The bilateral security—双边保证

2.信用证的相关当事人及其在信用证业务中的作用---联系淘宝的例子

A. the applicant (开证)

B. the opening bank(开证行)

C. the advising bank(通知行)

D. the negotiating bank(议付行)

E. the confirming bank(保兑行)

4. 信用证的局限性(limitation)

a. inability to provide absolute security

b. being more expensive than other forms of payment

翻译练习

1. 信用证的目的是通过银行信誉为国际支付提供便利

The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthness of the bank.

2. 信用证极大地方便并促进了国际贸易,然而它并不能给缔约双方提供绝对安全

The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However, it can not provide absolute security for the contracting parties.

Lesson13 Major Documents Required in World Trade

商务术语:

Documents(单据), take delivery of (提货), bill of lading(提单). Consignee(收获人), air bill(空运提单), cargo receipt(铁路运单), commercial invoice(商业发票), certificate of quality(品质证书). Insurance policy(保险单)

考点:

1,主要单据 (major types of documents)

a. commercial invoice 商业发票

b. packing list 装相单

c. the bill of lading 提单

d.insurance policy and insurance certificate 保险单和保险证书

e.various certificate 其它各种证书

翻译练习:

1. 提单的签发日期绝不能晚于信用证所规定的时间

The date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit 2. 货物一装上船,请即电告收发人

You are requested to notify the consignee by cable as soon as the goods are shipped.

Lesson14 International Transportation

商务术语:

Finished products (制成品), deregulation(撤消管制规定), productivity(生产率), cost economies(成本节约), intermediate products(中间产品), natural product provinces(产品自然领域), Inventory(存货,库存), freight transportation(货物运输)

考点:

1.五种主要运输方式 The five major modes of transportation

Water ,rail, truck, pipeline, and air

2.改变运输业的四大因素 The four factors that are substantially changing transportation

a. transportation deregulation

b. just-in-time inventory systems

c. competition based on high level of customer service

d. globalization of business

翻译练习:

a.在当前市场竞争十分激烈的情况下,出口商必须加快货运,以快取胜

At a time when competition is fierce, exporters can beat their competitors by speeding up shipment.

b.运输对工业社会的发展和运行起着至关重要的作用

Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society. Lesson15-16 Insurance (1), (2)

商务术语:

Insured(保户), Insurer(承保人), margin(保险金), underwriter(保险商), pool(共同款项), cargo insurance(运输保险), marine insurance(海上保险), indemnity(赔偿), ruin(损失), insurable interests(可保险权), principle of utmost faith(最大诚信原则), forwarding charge(远期费用) 紫色书307,322页

考点:

1.保险的定义(definition)’

It can be defined as a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk

2.保险的三个主要原则(Three main principles of insurance)

a. insurable interest

b. utmost good faith

c. indemnity

两个辅助原则(two sub-principle of insurance)

a. contribution

b. suborgation

翻译练习:

a. 货物保险通常有火险, 海上保险和意外事故保险

Cargo insurance includes fire, marine and accident insurance.

b. 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的所赔都不会受理

An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained

Lesson 17 The International Monetary System and Exchange Rate

商务术语：

Change of rate（汇率），gold standard（金本位），reserve currency（储备货币）， clean float（自由浮动），dirty float（有干预浮动），discount（贴现），medial rate（中间价）

考点：

1汇率（exchange rate）

A． fixed exchange rate

B． flexible exchange rate

C． major factors influencing exchange rate： a international balance of payment

b.inflation

c.interest rate

D. Common measures for intervention in exchange rate

a. buying or selling foreign currency

b. raising or lowering discount rate

c. foreign exchange control

翻译练习:

尽管国际收支账面平衡,但在有错误与遗漏项目时,差额是非常庞大的,每一项都会有盈余或赤字,如果在3年或5年期间盈余抵消了亏损.则仍然认为国际收支是平衡的。

While the balance of payment is always in accounting balance，the odds are astronomical that it would be so without the statistical discrepancy item. There would be a surplus or a deficit in almost every case, but the balance of payment would nevertheless be considered in equilibrium if over three-to-five year period the surpluses more or less canceled out the deficits.

从18-20课,商务术语请参照紫色书上每课后面的商务词汇复习,记一些常见的

Lesson 18 International Financial Organization

重点:

1.The world bank group(世界银行集团)

a.组成: IBRD, IDA, IFC, IMF.MIGA

b.目标: to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries

2.IBRD(国际复兴开发银行)

a. source of capital: member countries

b.financing of its lending operation: from the world capital markets

c.target countries: developing countries at more advanced level

d,basic rules governing its operation: for productive purpose/ repayment

3. IDA(国家开发协会): targets: the poorer developing countries,

basic rules governing its operation: no interests

4. IFC(国际金融公司):

Function: to assist the economic development of less-developed countries

5. MIGA(多边投资担保机构):

Mandate：to encourage equity investment and other direct investment flows to developing countries 6．IMF（国际货币基金组织）

a．the importance of the quota

b．function：providing temporary financing for countries suffering cyclical，seasoned or random shocks that would weaken its currency.

翻译练习:

不同于世界银行,国际开发协会无法从竞争的资本市场上筹集资金,取而代之的是它靠发达国家和一些欠发达国家捐赠的资金。

Unlike the world bank, the IDA cannot raise capital in competitive capital markets and depends instead on subscription donated by the developed countries and some undeveloped countries.

Lesson19-22(刚上课不久, 简概)

1.对外直接投资的主要因素 major factors for undertaking FDI

2.对外直接投资的形式 forms of FDI

3. 政券交易所的作用 the role of stock exchange

国内普通股市包括的三个市场 Three areas for the Domestic Equity Market

4. WTO与 GATT 的区别

5, WTO与China( achievements and challenges)

6贸发会的目标 objectives of UNCTAD

7贸发会的组织 organization of UNCTAD