英文专业词汇学考试复习资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
1、The Definition of a Word
Lexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words.
According to semanticists（语义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning.
A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning
and syntactic function（句法功能）.
2、 Vocabulary
All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.
3、 Sound and Meaning
The relationship between sound and meaning is no logic
4、 Sound and Form
There was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.
With the development of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form.
（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.
The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In different
languages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example,
becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chinese. On the other
hand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting different
things.
（2）、What are the four major reasons for the differences between sound and form?
The first reason (he internal reason) is that there are more phonemes （音素）than letters
in English. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than
spelling over the years. The third reasons that some of the differences more created by
the early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.
（3）、How are words classified in the course book?
Words can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. Words may fall
into: the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency; content words and
functional words by notion; native words and borrowed words by origin; simple words,
compounds and derived words by morphology.
（4）、What is the difference between denizens and aliens?
Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated（完全同化）into the English language. But aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.
Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary
1、The Indo-European Language Family
The prehistoric Indo-European parent language, thought to be a highly inflected （内部曲折语）language.
The first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.
The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.
（1）、Old English（450-1150）
In the 9th century England was invaded by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.
（2）、Middle English（1150-1500）
The French influence on English vocabulary was one of the significant points of the
Middle English period.
The most important fact of the Middle English period was the steady erosion of the
inflectional systems of Old English.
（3）、Modern English（1500-present）
In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient
Greek and Roman classics.
It is estimated that about one fourth of modern English vocabulary has come from French.
3、 Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary
In earlier stages of English, Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian were the four major contributors.
The simultaneous existence of French, Latin and English lasted for a century.
4、 Modes of Vocabulary Development
Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change（旧词新义）and borrowing.
Creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.
5、简答
What are the characteristics of Old English?
Old English also known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words, which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. Old English was a highly inflected language.It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）
Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words
1、 Morphemes
The minimal meaningful units in English are known as morphemes（词素）.
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.
4、 Allomorphs（词素变体）
An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.
6、A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of
identity.
7、简答
（1）、What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes?
Free morphemes which have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free
grammatical units in sentences are independent of other morphemes, but bound
morphemes which cannot occur as separate. Words are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.
（2）、What is the difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes?
Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words, but inflectional morphemes are
employed used to indicate the syntactic （句法）relationship between words and function
as grammatical markers.
Chapter 4 Word Formatio
The most productive ways of creating new words are affixation, compounding, and conversion. 1、Affixation
derivatives.
2、Compounding（复合法）
Example: workfare(work+welfare)
In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.
Verb compounds are created either though conversion or through back-formation.
3、Conversion（转类法）
The conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive.
The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.
Nouns fully converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns.
4、 Blending（拼缀法）
The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns
5、Back-formation（逆身法）
Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.
6、简答
（1）、What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes?
Unlike prefixes which primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, suffixes
have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to changes the
grammatical function of a base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight
modification of meaning.
（2）、What are the three main features of compounds?
The three main features of compounds are phonological features, semantic features and grammatical features. The word stress of a compound usually occurs on the first element.
Each compound should express a single idea just as one word. A compound tends to play
a single grammatical role in a sentence.
（3）、What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?
Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.
Words created through back-formation are verbs. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not successfully gained currency.
（4）、What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acrnyms?
Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. Initialisms are pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms are pronounced as normal words
7、论述题
1、“Medicare” and “sitcom” are blends. “Medicare” is formed by combining the head of “medical’
and the word “care”, and “sitcom” is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comdey’.
2、”Memo” and “flu” are clipped words. “Memo” is formed by clipping the lack of
“memorandum” and “flu” is formed clipping the front and lack of “influenza”.
3、”TB” and “NATO” are new words created through acronymy. “TB” from “tuberculosis” is an
initialism, while “NATO” from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization” is an acronym.
Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis（成份分析法）
1、Reference
Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired
reference.
2、Concept（概念）
Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical.
Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
3、Sense
Unlike reference, sense denotes the relationships inside the language.
4、Motivation（理据）
（1）、What is reference? What are the characteristics of reference?
Reference is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. Although reference is
a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something definite.
（2）、What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning?
Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as The same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same speech community. (language).
（3）、What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?
Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. But Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning because it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. .
（4）、What is collocative meaning? What are the characteristics of collocative meaning?
Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. It is again noticeable that collocative meaning overlaps with connotative and affective meaning because in a sense both connotative and affective meanings are revealed by virtue of collocations or contextuality.
Chapter 6 Sense Relations（语义关系）
The first meaning of a word is called primary meaning. Later meanings are called derived meanings
The meaning of a more specific word is include in that of another more general word.
简答
What is the difference between radiation and concatenation（连锁型）?
Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.
Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning
The vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in the sign-shapes and sign contents.
（1）、What is semantic transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?
Some words which were used to designate/indicate one thing but later changed to mean
something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. The four main types
of transfer are the associated transfer, the transfer between abstract and concrete
meanings, the transfer between subjective and objective meanings and the synesthesim.
（2）、What are the two factors causing changes in meanings? How are they classified?
The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are the extra-linguistic factors and
the linguistic factors. The extra-linguistic factors include the historic reason, the class
reason and the psychological reason. The linguistic factors include shortening,
borrowing and analogy.（类比）
Chapter 8 Meaning and Context（语境）
1、 Types of Context
Without context, there is no way to determine the meaning that the speaker intends to convey.
When we talk about context, we usually think of linguistic context, hardly aware of the
Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy, homonymy and grammatical structure. When a word with multiple meanings is employed in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.
3、简答
（1）、what is the difference between linguistic context and extra-linguistic context?
Linguistic refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and it is known as linguistic context or co-text may extend to embrace a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. But extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context refers to the participants, time, place, and even the whole cultural background
（2）、What is the difference between lexical context and grammatical context?
Lexical context refers to the words that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. But grammatical
context refers to the structure which may influence the meaning of a polysemant.
4、论述题
Read the sentence carefully. If you find anything inappropriate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.
a.He is a hard businessman.
John ran the egg and spoon race.
1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.
2、The word “hard” in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking” or “difficult”.
The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to
decide what exactly the speaker means.
3、The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little. There would be no
misunderstanding of the original sentence if it is expanded as “He is a hard
businessman to deal with ”, or “He is a hard businessman and he is often praised by his
employer”.
（participated or organized John ran the egg and spoon race and got second place. or
John ran the egg and spoon race and gain a larger number of money.）
b.They saw her duck.
The ball was attractive.
1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by homonymy.
2、The word “ball” in this sentence can be understood as a noun, which refer to “round
object to play in a game” or a “dancing party”. The context fails to narrow down the
meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means.
3、The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little. It is clear if it is
expanded as “The ball was attractive with nice music and a lot of peoples ”, or “The
ball made of leather of different colors was attractive”.
（kind of poultry or verb meaning ”lower one’s head or body quickly, dodge”
They saw her duck or swimming in the river or They saw her duck her body.）
c、The fish is ready to eat.
I like Mary better than Jean.
1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by inadequate grammatical
structure..
2、The sentence has two different interpretations. It may mean “the fish is cooked or
served, so ready for people to eat or a “the fish is ready to eat things”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means.
3、The sentence can be improved as “How nice the fish smell! The fish is ready to eat.” or
“The fish is ready to eat things.
（I like Mary better than I like Jean or I like Mary better than Jean likes Mary
I like Mary better than Jean does. or I like Mary better than I do Jean.）
Chapter 9 English Idioms
Stylistically, idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms（口语体）and slang.
（1）、What are the characteristics of English idioms?
The two main characteristics of English idioms are semantic unity and structural stability.
Idioms each consist of at least two or more constituents, but each is a semantic unity. The structure of an idiom is to a large extend invariable.
（2）、What are the rhetorical features of English idioms?
The rhetorical features of English idioms include the phonetic manipulation, the lexical
manipulation and the semantic manipulation. The phonetic manipulation includes
alliteration and rhyme（叠韵）. The lexical manipulation includes reiteration, repletion
and juxtaposition. The semantic manipulation includes (Figures of speech) Simile,
Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Personification, Euphemism.
Chapter 10 English Dictionaries
The main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.
3、Dictionaries
（1）、Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English-English-Chinese
（LDCE《朗文高级当代英语词典英汉双解》）
Features: Clear Grammar Codes, Usage Notes, Language Notes, New words
（2）、Collins COBUILD English Dictionary
（CCED《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》）
Features: Definition, Extra Column, Frequency Marker, Pragmatics（词语用法说明）4、British or American
American dictionaries contain more encyclopaedic information in the main body than British one whereas British dictionaries, especially learner’s dictionaries, embrace more grammatical information.
5、简答
What is a dictionary? What is the relationship between a dictionary and lexicology?
A dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English,
with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules o f grammar, and in some, their etymology. It is closely related to lexicology because both deal with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
英语词汇学及答案
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
英文专业词汇学考试复习资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1、The Definition of a Word Lexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words. According to semanticists（语义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning. A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function（句法功能）. 2、 Vocabulary All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary. 3、 Sound and Meaning The relationship between sound and meaning is no logic 4、 Sound and Form There was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English. With the development of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form. （1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In different languages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example, becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting different things.
《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)
英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法
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