大学英语写作教学探析

大学英语写作教学探析
大学英语写作教学探析

大学英语写作教学探析

发表时间:2011-02-28T09:39:41.160Z 来源:《学园》2010年12月下期供稿作者:康鹄伟

[导读] 大学英语高分作文要具备思路清晰、层次分明等特点,重点考查的是英语表达能力。

康鹄伟空军工程大学理学院

【摘要】大学英语高分作文要具备思路清晰、层次分明等特点,重点考查的是英语表达能力。背诵、默写、中译英、模仿范文写作等,是提高英语写作水平最有效的方法。

【关键词】大学英语写作

【中图分类号】G642 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1674-4810(2010)12-0040-02

一高分作文应具备的特点大致有四个方面,可以参照这样的标准加强训练

1.全篇思路清晰、层次分明

要做到思路清晰、层次分明,首先要有自己的观点。平时训练时最好2~3名同学组成一个小组,大家讨论一些题目,互相启发,相互交流。每天用10分钟,找一个题目自己动手写,看自己能写出多少观点,和同学一起练效果会更好。此外,就是把任何一个事物从立体思维角度写6个方面:描述它的样子、与其他事物作比较、联系(让你联想起什么,描述感觉)、分析(是什么做的,为什么成为这样)、应用(有什么作用)、议论(理由),每个方面写3分钟,练习5、6次后就能启发你产生新的观点。若每天抽出十几分钟练一练这种方法,和同学一起练更有效。

2.句式多样,起码主题句要有变化

平时可做一些相关的练习,着重从以下几个方面努力:

(1)练习合并句子,把简单句合并成复杂句,如定语从句、“rather than”等句式,这种练习可以在外国人编写的雅思、托福写作书里找到。

(2)学会写文章概括,把一些范文或自己写的文章做一个简要的概括。

(3)要注意学习掌握一些英语的修辞方法,许多同学平时习惯于只注意字词的学习,忽略了学习积累一些修辞方法。句式结构有变化也是作文得高分的重要标准,如果运用一些修辞方法如排比句、比喻句,会使文章出现所谓的“卖点”,也会给阅卷老师留下很好的印象。二重点考查的是英语表达能力

1.语言的好坏在于使用得是否得当

大学英语写作重点考查考生的英语表达能力。阅卷老师最重视的是语言,考生最需要提高的也是语言。有的同学认为使用一些高难词汇就能取得高分,其实不然。中英文写作都讲究“平淡如水”、“简洁就是美”、“绚烂之极,归于平淡”。美国作家海明威经常使用小学词汇,但他是诺贝尔文学奖的得主,可见语言的好坏不在词藻的华丽与否,而在于使用地是否得当。中学词汇用好了,完全可以取得各种英语写作考试的满分。当然基础较好的同学,恰当使用高难词汇有助于提高分数。但不要盲目追求难度,“与其写一个错误的复杂句,不如写一个正确的简单句”。

大学英语写作话题、观点和字数都有严格的限制,它只是一个展示你英语书面表达能力的平台。因此,考生应把构思的时间减到最少,把主要精力放在推敲语言上,力争将语法、拼写、标点等低级错误降到最低,力求用词用句准确恰当,表达地道。这样,即便没有使用高难词汇和句型,也可以保证稳得及格分数。切记作文不是口语,语言永远第一,它决定了得分的高低。

因此,考生应熟悉各种文体写作套路和各类结构句型。学会用多种句型来表达一种意思,阅读范文时总结大的套路(如说明文、议论文、图表作文、书信等),还有小的套路如各类句型(如表比较、作用、变化、优缺点、原因结果等),如果在写作中有意识地多改换句型,就会得到较高的分数。有些书里会有一些大的套路,做得比较好的有司马德的“Smart Writing”、胡敏的《雅思作文》等。

2.语言方面的评判标准

阅卷老师在语言方面主要从两个方面进行评判:

(1)基本正确。大学英语作文的最大问题不是写得太简单,而是错误太多。基础一般的同学即使使用小学或中学词汇和句型,只要使用的基本正确,也可以得到及格分数。考生最常犯的语言错误有三类:语法、拼写、标点。最常犯的语法错误包括:时态、冠词、主谓一致、名词单复数等。

(2)丰富多变。基础较好的同学,要想取得大学英语写作高分,应做到丰富多变。丰富多变体现在词汇和句型两方面。同一个词语在一句话、一个段落乃至一篇文章中最好不要重复出现,应尽量使用同、近义词替换(无法替换的关键词除外)。例如:think可以替换为reckon, assume, argue等词。如果想不到同、近义词,可以使用上义词进行替换。此外,句型也应富于变化,不要拘泥于主谓宾句型,可以使用主系表、过去分词和现在分词短语作状语、不定式短语作状语、状语从句等多种句型。

大学英语作文如果量化成句数,只需写10句左右;六级只需12句左右。全文应以短句为主,长短句相结合。所谓短句是指10个词左右的句子,不能全篇都是5、6个词的短句。同时,全文应有一定数量的长句,一般15~20个词即可,太长则易冗赘。有的同学认为只写长句不写短句,就能取得高分,实际上老师看长句会觉得很累,以为你不会写短句,通常不会给高分。如果一篇中文作文每句都30多个字,定然晦涩难懂,英文也不例外。精炼的短句可以放在段首表示强调;复杂的长句可以进行具体的论证、举例或描述。

三考试中的高分“真经”

1.背诵

背诵是提高英语综合能力的法宝,可分为以下5个层次:(1)精彩词汇;(2)精彩句型;(3)精彩句子;(4)万能框架;(5)经典范文。注意句子和句型不一样,精彩句子应作为单词来记忆。背诵前,确保自己已充分理解所有内容。

语言学习有两个关键词——输入和输出。听力和阅读属于输入,考生处于被动状态,只需在考场上将听到和看到的东西弄懂。应对这种题目的技巧很多,容易在短期内提高。但口语和写作属于输出,考生必须变被动为主动,这很难在短期内有突破。没有大量的输入,很难进行自由的输出。

大学写一篇短文,共计120或150余字,很多同学叫苦不迭。但若将其改为中文作文,大家就会觉得易如反掌。原因何在?俗话说:

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