初中英语_复合句

初中英语语法---复合句

本部分内容是中考中必考及常考考点。

考点详解：

从句的概念：一个句子在另一个句子中充当成分，充当什么成分就做什么状语。

一、宾语从句

1、宾语从句的引导词

宾语从句是陈述句时，常用that引导，that无意义，在口语中和非正式与中常省略。

如：

The teacher tells us (that) we will have an English test tomorrow.

如果宾语从句由一般疑问句转换而来，其引导词用if或whether。一般情况下，二者可以通用，但从句中有or not或从句充当介词的宾语时，只用whether。如：

I don’t know if\whether she will come here.

Sorry, I don’t know whether he will come or not

宾语从句是特殊疑问词时，引导词就是特殊疑问词。如：

Could you tell me where the post office is ?

The teacher asked the students what they were doing.

2、宾语从句的时态

主句的时态是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词的时态要根据具体的情况用相应的任何时态。如：

Do you know who was talking with at 8 o’clock last night?

主句的时态为一般过去时，从句的谓语动词要用相应的某一过去时态。如：

He told me that he had been to England twice.

从句表示的是客观真理、普遍现象，自然现象时，从句的时态一律使用一般现在时。如She said the sun rises in the east.

3、宾语从句的语序

在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句要使用陈述句语序，“引导词+主语+谓语+其他”。

如：

I want to know when the train left.

由do,does,did构成的疑问句，在装换成宾语从句时，要去电do,does,did,且从句中

的谓语动词要根据主句时态作出相应的变化。如：

Does he sing well ? The music teacher asked him.---> The music teacher asked him if (whether) he sang well.

如果是will,be , have ,can组成的疑问句，在变为宾语从句时，要把这些词还原到谓语位置上，并根据主句的时态作相应的变化。如：

Will you be free tomorrow ? She asked me.---> She asked me if (whether) I would be free tomorrow.

4、宾语从句的简化

当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，且主句的谓语动词时hope，wish，decide，agree，choose等时，从句可以简化为不定式。

I hope that I can receive your e-mail.

=I hope to receive you e-mail.

当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是know，remember，forget，learn等时，从句可简化为“疑问句+不定式”。

She doesn’t know what she should do next.

=She doesn’t know what to do next.

5、否定转移

在主从复合句中，当主句的主语为第一人称时，谓语动词时think，believe，suppose等时，要将从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定形式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定形式。

I don’t think he will come with you.

二、状语从句

类型引导连词例句

时间状语从句

when, while, as, before,

after, since, until, as soon

as

You didn’t look very when you got

up this morning.

条件

状语从句if , as long as , unless

I ‘ll stay at home if it rains

tomorrow.

原因

状语从句because, since, as, for

You can’t go there alone because

you are too young.

目的

状语从句So that, in order that

Please say it in a loud voice so

that everyone can hear it.

结果

状语从句so....that\such....that

It’s so hot that we want to go

swimming.

让步状语从句though\although, even if,

whenever

Even though he is eighty, the man

looks strong and healthy.

比较状语从句than, as....as, not

as\so...as

He runs as fast as Mike.

时间状语从句

（1）当主句是一般将来时态或祈使句，表示将来的意义时，从句通常用一般将来时，简称“主将从现”。如：

I’ll ring you as soon as I get up.

(2)when 引导的时间状语从句，通常表示主句和从句的动作同时发生；before 表示主句的动作发生在从句之前；after则表示主句的动作发生在从句之后；as 引导的时间状语从句，往往表示主句和从句的动作同时发生，不分先后。

(3)until和till引导的时间状语从句。

①主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句用肯定形式，表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until\till所表示的时间为止。如：

I’ll wait for you till you come to see me.

②主句的谓语动词时非延续性动词时，用否定形式表示主句的动作直到until所表示的时间才发生。构成句式not...until, 有时不用not，而用其他如never，nothing等表示否定意义的词。如：

I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.

(4)since引导的时间状语从句，表示“自.....以来”，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。机构为：It has been...since+从句\It is ....since+从句。如：

I have worked in this school since I graduated from Beijing University. It is 10 years since I began to study English.

条件状语从句

(1)主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。如：

I’ll visit the Great Wall if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.

(2)如果if引导的条件状语从句所表示的前提或条件将来可以实现或正在进行，从句要用现在完成时或进行时，主句通常用将来时。如：

We will give you a good price if you are thinking of buying it. (3)”祈使句+and\or+陈述句”中，祈使句在意义上相当于一个条件状语从句。如：

Use your head, and you’ll find a way.

=If you use your head ,you’ll find a way.

原因状语从句

(1)原因状语从句通常用because、since、as引导。这三个词所表示的语气依次减弱，用why提问用because来回答。如：

I did that because she told me .

(2)如果状语从句所表示的原因是人们已知的事实，就要用since，而不用as或because。Since在这里的意思是“既然”。如：

Since you can’t answer the question, you can ask someone for help.

目的状语从句

(1)引导目的状语从句的词或词组有so that， in order that等，谓语中常含有may，might，can，could，will，would等情态动词。如：

He must get up early so that he can go to work on time.

(2)当从句主语与主句主语一致时，可用so as to, in order to .如：

He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.

=He worked day and night in order to succeed.

结果状语从句

(1)由so...that, such...that引导，其区别：

①So+adj\adv+that

②Such+a\an+(adj+)单数名词+that

③Such+（adj+）复数名词+that

④Such +(adj+)不可数名词+that

⑤So +adj+a\an+单数名词+that

当名词前有many或much修饰时，用so而不用such。如：

She is such a lovely girl that we love her very much.

=She is so lovely a girl that we love her very much.

We have so much time that we can finish the work very well.

(2)so...that 句型的否定形式可用简单句too...to或 not...enough to代替。The peach is so sour that we can’t eat it.

= The peach is too sour to eat.

=The peach is not sweet enough to eat.

三、定语从句

含有定语从句的复合句的基本结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。定语从句的关系词的作用：

关系词作用先行

词

例句

that, 主语、人The foreigner who speaks good Chinese is from

who,

whom

宾语Canada.

that, which 主语、

宾语

物I wanted to know which school it was you went to .

whose 宾语人、物We don’t like the boy whose father is a manager.

when 状语时间I still remember the day when you left for

Beijing.

where 状语地点This is where my mother works.

why 状语原因Could you explain the reason why you were late?

关系代词的用法

一般情况下，that既可指人又可指物，可以代替who，whom和which，在从句中作主语，表语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放于介词后，作介词的宾语；which指物，在从句中作主语、表语或谓语动词及介词的宾语；who在从句中作主语、表语或宾语；whom在从句中宾语；whose在从句中作定语。如：

A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.

先行词主语谓语宾语

定语从句修饰先行词

Who时关系代词，在丁定语从句中作主语。

下列情况中，先行词指物时，只能用that引导，不能用which：

1、先行词时all，little，much，none，everything，nothing等不定代词时。Is there anything (that) you don’t understand?

Tom told his mother all that had happened.

2、当先行词有the only，the very，the last等修饰时。

This is the only book that I can find.

3、当序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。

This is the best book that I have ever read.

4、当先行词有only，all，any修饰时。

I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.

5、当主句是以疑问句which开头的特殊疑问句时。

Which is the hotel that you like best？

关系代词的省略。一般情况下that，which，whom作宾语时可以省略，但以下情况不能省略：

1、关系代词which， whom在从句中作介词的宾语并且介词谓语关系代词前时，不能省略。

I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the club.

2、that，which，who在从句中作主语时，不能省略。

Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher?

关系副词的用法

1、when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

I still remember the year when you graduate from No.8 Middle School.

2、why 表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词只有表示原因的reason 一词。

We don’t know the reason why he was so sad.

3、where表示地点，在定语从句中地点状语。

That is the school where I studied three years ago.

This is the factory where my father works.

先行词地点状语主语谓语

定语从句修饰先行词