TEM8 Linguistics Questions 专八真题语言学
英语专业八级考试TEM8之语言学真题
1. The modern English began in the century. (00)
A. 14th
B. 15th
C. 16th
D. 17th
2. Which of the word contains two morphemes?
A. Physic.
B. International.
C. Disapproved.
D. Fadism.
3. Which of the following words is not formed through derivation? (01)
A. Foolish.
B. Clockwise.
C. Babysit.
D. Earthward.
4. The sameness or close similarity of meaning refers to .
A. polysemy
B. homonymy
C. antonymy
D. synonymy
5. is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
A. Lingusitics
B. Morphorlogy
C. Syntax
D. Language
6. Predication analysis is a way to analyze meaning. (02)
A. phoneme
B. word
C. phrase
D. sentence
7. is not a suprasegmental feature.
A. Aspiration
B. Intonation
C. Stress
D. Tone
8. “The orphan has no father” is a case of .
A. entailment
B. presupposition
C. contradiction
D. tautology
9. can be simply defined as the study of meaning. (03)
A. Syntax
B. Semantics
C. Pragmatics
D. Linguistics
10. Which of the following is NOT one of the major branches of linguistics?
A. Phonetics.
B. Syntax.
C. Synchronic.
D. Semantics.
11. Which of the following words contain one bound morphemes?
A. Disappearance.
B. Untouchable.
C. Desirability.
D. Physician.
12. In semantics, refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. (04)
A. sense
B. synonym
C. homonym
D. reference
13. The duality of the language is .
A. letters and sounds
B. sounds and symbols
C. symbols and meaning
D. sounds and meaning
14. Of all the speech organs, the is/are the most flexible.
A. lips
B. mouth
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
15. Syntax is the study of . (05)
A. language functions
B. sentence structures
C. textual organization
D. word formation
16. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness.
B. Productivity.
C. Cultural transmission.
D. Finiteness.
17. The Speech Act Theory was first put forward by .
A. John Searle
B. John Austin
C. Noam Chomsky
D. Halliday
18. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of . (06)
A. reference
B. meaning
C. antonymy
D. context
19. The words “ kid, child, offspring” are examples of .
A. dialectal synonyms
B. stylistics synonyms
C. emotive synonyms
D. collocational synonyms
20. The distinction between parole and langue was made by .
A. Halliday
B. Chomsky
C. Bloomfield
D. Saussure
21. refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. (07)
A. Phonology
B. Morphology
C. Semantics
D. Sociolinguistics
22. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT .
A. lexical
B. syntactic
C. phonological
D. psycholinguistic
23. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean
“ the tail of any animal”. This is an example of .
A. widening of meaning
B. narrowing of meaning
C. meaning shift
D. loss of meaning
24. Which of the following is NOT a design features of human language? (08)
A. Arbitrariness.
B. Displacement.
C. Duality.
D. Diachronicity.
25. What type of sentence is “ Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?
A. A simple sentence.
B. A coordinate sentence.
C. A complex sentence.
D. None of the above.
26. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called .
A. hyponymy
B. synonymy
C. polysemy
D. homonymy
27. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production
is . (09)
A. corpus linguistics
B. sociolinguistics
C. theoretical linguistics
D. psycholinguistics
28. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of
different languages for purposes of trading is called .
A. dialect
B. idiolect
C. pidgin
D. register
29. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to
open the window, he is performing .
A. an illocutionary act
B. a perlocutionary act
C. a locutionary act
D. none of the above.
30. ___ refers to the learning and development of a language. (10)
A. Language acquisition
B. Language comprehension
C. Language production
D. Language instruction
31. Language is a tool of communic ation. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a
highway serves ___.
A. an expressive function
B. an informative function
C. a performative function
D. a persuasive function
32. ___ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind. (11)
A. Semantics
B. Pragmatics
C. Cognitive linguistics
D. Sociolinguistics
33. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of ___.
A. absence of obstruction
B. presence of obstruction
C. manner of articulation
D. place of articulation
34. The definition “the act of using, or promoting the use of, several languages, ether
by an individual speaker or by community of speakers” refers to ___.
A. Pidgin
B. Creole
C. Multilingualism
D. Bilingualism
35. In English if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be vowel. This is a(n) ___. (12)
A. assimilation rule
B. sequential rule
C. deletion rule
D. grammar rule
36. Which of the following is an example of clipping?
A. APEC.
B. Motel.
C. Xerox.
D. Disco.
37. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called ___.
A. register
B. dialect
C. slang
D. variety
专八2003-人文知识真题及答案精编版
2003年英语专八人文知识真题 31. is not a nationally observed holiday of America. [A] Christmas [B] Easter Sunday [C] Thanksgiving Day [D] Independence Day 32. The university of Dublin was not founded until . [A] the 19th century [B] the 18th century [C] the 17th century [D] the 16th century 33. The introduced old-age pensions in New Zealand in 1898. [A] Labor Party [B] Democratic Party [C] Liberal Party [D] Conservative Party 34. Irish culture experienced a golden age from to . [A] the eighth century, the eleventh century [B] the seventh century, the ninth century [C] the sixth century, the eighth century [D] the ?fth century, the seventh century 35. Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens? [A] A Tale of Two Cities [B] Hard Times [C] Oliver Twist [D] Sons and Lovers 36. is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period. [A] Sinclair Lewis [B] Eugene O'Neill [C] Arthur Miller [D] Tennessee Williams 37. is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. [A] Ernest Hemingway [B] F. Scott Fitzgerald [C] William Faulkner [D] Ezra Pound 38. is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. [A] Concord [B] Immediate constituent [C] Syntagmatic relations [D] Government 39. studies the sound systems in a certain language. [A] Phonetics [B] Phonology [C] Semantics [D] Pragmatics 40. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called . [A] situational dialect [B] slang [C] linguistic taboo [D] bilingualism 2004年英语专八人文知识真题 31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT . [A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics 32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year. [A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter 33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Minister in 1992. [A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating 34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream". [A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr [C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson 35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. [A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson [C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding 36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .
专八翻译及人文知识语言学
TEM-8翻译必备，英语专业的顶起来哦~作者：邱妍 （1）把握大局：grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratc h (4)拜年：pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧：teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期：guarantee period(6)报销：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价：dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导：Ph.D supervisor(18)补 发拖欠的养脑筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鸟：green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲：Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低 生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度：the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春运：pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲：computer illiter ate(32)点球：penalty kick(33)电视会议：video conference(34)电视直销：TV home shopping(35)定向培训：training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌：make no bones abou t(39)夺冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralis m(41)服务行业：catering industry(42)复合型人才：inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自学考试：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区：high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各 业：every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人：Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活动：public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层：state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及：going too far ia as bad as
(完整版)英语专八语言学测试题
英语专八人文语言学测试题 1. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A language is a system B language is symbolic C Animal also have language D language is arbitrary 2. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human loanguage is __________. A arbitrary B non-arbitrary C logical D non-productive 3. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the “-ate” in the word “affectionate”? A derivational morpheme B infectional morpheme C free morpheme D prefix 4. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the pair of words kill and dill? A minimal pair B phonemic contrast C closed class words D bound morphemes 5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace? A synonymy B antonymy C homonymy D polysemy 6. /p/ is different from /b/ in ______. A the manner of articulation B the shape of the lips C the vibration of the vocal cords D the place of articulation 7. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is / are the most flexible. A mouth B lips C tongue D vocal cords 8. The phonological features of the consonant /t/ are ______. A voiced stop B voiceless stop C voiced fricative D voiceless fricative 9. The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ________. A semantics B pragmatics C sociaolinguistics D psycholinguistics 10. The utterance “We’ve already eaten ten tons.” Obviously violates the maxim of ______. A quality B quantity C relation D manner 11. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, except _____. A // 12. The semantic relationship between the two sentences “Mary’s son is an engineer.” And “Mary has a son.” is _______. A entailment B presupposition C synonymy D inconsistency 13. Which of the following sentences is a commissive? A The eqarth is round. B I now prinounce you husband and wife. C I’m really sorry! D I’ll be here tomorrow 14. Semantic feature analysis attempts to account for the _____ of a word according to the presence or abence of a specific semantic feature in the word. A conceptual meaning B social meaning C connotative meaning D affective meaning 15. ____ act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning. A Speech B Locutionary C Illocutionary D Perlocutionary 16. _____is a group of people using a given language or dialect. They use the same kind of language or dialect which is highly strtified in terms of social division. A Speech community B Individual dialect C Regional dialect D Social dialect 17. The situation where two very different varieties of the same language are used side by side for two different sets of functions is termed as _______.
专八人文知识总结
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人 9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣
10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》 14、Oliver Goldsmith：《好心人》；《屈伸求爱》；《威客菲尔德牧师传》，感伤主义文学； 诗歌《荒村》从新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡的标志； 散文作品《世界公民》； 15、谢里丹：《造谣学校》，莎士比亚之后最杰出的英国喜剧，是整个英国史上最优秀的作品之一；达到英国“风俗喜剧”之巅； 五、维多利亚时期的英国文学（19世纪）
专八语言学必背
专八语言学必背 1. What is Language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics(语言学)?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have. 3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性) A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. 3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语) This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为) Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 4.The Scope of Linguistics General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes. Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings. Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer II. Phonetics(语音学） 1. scope of phonetics Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调）in the process. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经）and the brain. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.
英语专八人文知识考试总结
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
语言学重点知识点整理
1._Phonetics_ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. 2._Phonology_ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. 3.Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of _words_. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation 4.Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct _sentences_ 5.Semantics examines how _meaning_ is encoded in a language. 6._Pragmatics_ is the study of meaning in context. 7._Sociolinguistics_ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community. 8.In contrast with other linguists, then, _anthropological_ linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. 9.Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and _mind_, for example, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition. 10.In a narrow sense, _applied_ linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching to foreign and second languages. 11. 1. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds. 12.[d] _voiced stops, alveolar_; [θ] _voiceless fricatives, dent al_; 13.[?] _front, open, low, unrounded_; [i:] _front, close, high, unrounded_; 14. 15. 2. Write the word indicated by each transcription. 16.[itɑr] _guitar_ [tuzdei] _Tuesday_ [twuθbr??] _toothbrush_ 17.[?ph?intm?nt] _appointment_ [p??keik] _pancake_ 18. 19. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8211247707.html,paring [ɡwo?t] and[??ɡ?r], _goat_ and _anger_ are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /g/. Such variants of a phoneme are called _allophones_ of the same phoneme. In this case, they are said to be in _complementary distribution_. 20. 21. 4.Transcribe the following set of words and mark primary and secondary stress with super- and sub-ticks. 22.repeat _[ri’pit]_, repetitive _[ri’petitiv]_, repetition _[?r?p??t???n]_. 23. 24. 5. Please identify the stressed word, and intonation pattern of the following sentences.
专八语言学模拟题
1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A．Language is a system B．Language is symbolic C．Animals also have language D．Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A．Symbolic B．Dual C．Productive D．Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language? A．Interpersonal B．Phatic C．Informative D．Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole? A．Saussure B．Chomsky C．Halliday D．Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A．competence B．parole C．performance D．langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is ． A．informative B．phatic C．directive D．performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies ___________． A．the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B．the perception of sounds C．the combination of sounds D．the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ___________． A．the place of articulation B．the obstruction of airstream C．the position of the tongue D．the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction What is linguistics? Scientific study of language. Interpretation: ①try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language; ②linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general; ③scientific study because based on systematic investigation of linguistic data. The scope of linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.
Some important distinctions in linguistics
What is language Definitions of language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules; ②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; ④language is human -specific,different from animal communication. Design features of language Proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication are five major design features of human language: ①arbitrariness No logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words) ②productivity It makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users. ③duality
专八语言学选择题及答案
专八语言学试题一 1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________. A. a particular language B. the English language C. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language 2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________. A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative 3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________. A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form 4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________. A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates 5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers". A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with 6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________. X: Who was that you were with last night? Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner 7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered. A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances 8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.