牛津版八下英语语法总复习资料教师

牛津版八下英语语法总复习资料教师
牛津版八下英语语法总复习资料教师

现在完成时的重点和难点

一、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”

1. 现在完成时的" 完成用法"

现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。

(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)

现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently 等)、频度时间状语(如:never, ever, once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today 等)连用。

例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?

2. 现在完成时的"未完成用法"

现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。

例如:He has lived here since 1978自. 从1978 年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978 年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)

I have bee n in the army for more tha n 5 years 我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于 5 年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)

此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up tonow, so far到目前为止)等。

例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性

动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,

join ,become,die 等。

(2) 现在完成时常见两种句型:

①主语+have / has been+for 短语

②It is +一段时间+since 从句

例如:He has been in the League for three years或It is three years since he joined the League他入团已三年了。

3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。

延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:

learn,work,stand,lie,know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。

终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动

作发生后立即结束。

如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等。

4、延续性动词的用法特征

1. 延续性动词可以用于现在完

成时,其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连

用。表示"段时间"的短语有:for two years,during the past three years,since last year,how long 等。如:I have lear ned En glish si nee I came her自从我来至U这儿就学英语了。

2. 延续性动词不能与表示

短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning?(误)rain为延续性动词,而at eight表示”点时间",前后显然矛

盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助come, begin, get 等终止性

动词来表示。上句可改为:It bega n to rain at eight yesterday mornin g.(正)又如:-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.

-Then you've known each other for more than two years.-That's right.

5、终止性动词的用法特征

1. 终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如:

The train has arrived.火车到了。2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如:(1)他死了三年了。误:He has died for three years.

正:He has been dead for three years正: He died three years ago.

正:It is three years since he died正: Three years has passed since he died.(2) 他来这儿五天了。误:He has come here for five days.

正:He has been here for five days正:He came here five days age正:It is five days si nee he came here正: Five days has passed si nee he came here.、)(2)句中的die、come 为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:

(1) 将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正

确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave宀be away, borrow 宀keep, buy 宀have,

begi n/start — be on, die — be dead, move to — live in,fin ish — be over, joi n member of, ope n sth. —keep sth. ope n, fall ill —be ill, get up —be up, ca cold —have a cold

(2) 将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。

(3) 用句型"It is+段时间+sin ce...'表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。

(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since...表" 达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。

3. 终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:He hasn't left here since 1986.I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.

4. ................................ 终止性动词的否定式与until/till 连用,构成"not+ 终止性动词

+until/till..." 的句型,意为"直到……才。女口:You can't leave here until I arrive直到我到了,

你才能离开这里。

I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.

今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。

5. 终止性动词可以用于when 引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while 引导的时间状语从句中。when 表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如:When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach 为终止性动词)

Please look after my daughter while/whe n we are away. (be away 为延续性动词短语)

6. 终止性动词完成时不可与how long 连用(只限于肯定式)。如:

误:How long have you come here正:How long have you been here?

正:When did you come here?

二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对"现在"产生的影响。如:

He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)

2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与

确定的过去时间状语连用。如:Jill has bought a new computer吉尔买了一台新

电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)

3. 两种时态的区分

(1) 一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动

词have /has+过去分词"。如:The film started at 7 o ' clocHe has been a teacher for many years.

(2) 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now,in 2002等;而现在完成时则常与just,already,ever,never 等副词和these

days,this week,since...,for..等. 表示一段时间的状语连用。

看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别?①Have you seen the film?(A) Did you

see the film?(B)[说明]你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。

[说明]他是怎么做的这件事?(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;

(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。

③ He has lived in Beiji ng for 8 years.(A)He lived in Beiji ng for 8 years.(B说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。

三、现在完成时考点例析

现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有:

一、考查其构成

"助动词have (has) +动词过去分词"构成现在完成时。如:

1. Kate's never seen Chinese film,s __ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she

D. is she析:陈述句部分含否定词n ever,简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因Kate's 是Kate has 的缩写,故选B。

2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. 改( 为否定句)

His uncle _____ posted the photos to him ____ .

析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填has n't, yet。

3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _____ her parents. A. has B. had C. did D.

have析:"so+助/系/情态动词+主语"结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致,又后句的主语为her parents 是复数,故选D。

二、考查其用法与标志词

(一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时,常用现在完成时。如:

1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball?- ____ you ______ your homework

yet?A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished

2. - _____ you ______ a nywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where

I ____ A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed

C. Did; surf; have surfed

D. Have; surfed; have surfed

析:据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时,故1题选D, 2题选D。

(二)当句中有"for +段时间"或"sinee + 点时间”等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如:

1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twiee _____ he eame to Yunnan.

A. after

B. before

C. sinee

D. for 析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去

时,故选C。

2. Tom ____ the CD player for two weeks.

A. has lent

B. has borrowed

C. has bought

D. has had

析:A、B、C均为非延续性动词,在肯定句中不与表”段时间"的短语连用,故选D。

3. I ____ a letter from him since he left.

A. didn't receive

B. haven't got

C. didn't have

D. haven't heard

析:据si nee 可知,应排除A、C, "hear from sb.二receive/get/have a letter from sb."意为"收到某人的来信",故选B。

三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如:

1. -Have you ever _____ Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?-Yes, I have.A.

went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to

析:据句中的have,排除A,B项意为"去某地了",C项意为"一直呆在某地",D项意为"去过某地",符合题意,故选D。

2. My parents ____ Shangdong for ten years.

A. have been in

B. have been to

C. have gone to

D. have been

析:本题句中有"fo叶段时间"结构,据此可排除C, B项意为"去过某地”,不合题意,D 项缺介词,故选A。1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.改成正确的句子)

析:非延续性动词与"段时间"连用时,除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外,还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型"It's+段时间+sin ce+从句"进行句子转

换。故答案为:Sun's aunt has been there for ten years./Sun'saunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.

2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years改为同义句)

_______ more than ten years ___ S usan _____ to this city.

析:据上题分析,且si nee引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填It is, since,

came。

3. I won't go to the concert because I ___ my ticket.

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

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初中英语语法练习12 牛津版

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形式,表示名词的单数,要在名词前加冠词a或an。 This is a desk . 这是一张书桌。 There is an orange on the table . 桌上有一个橘子。 an orange 一个橘子 an new orange (×)→ a new orange (○) 一个新橘子 a desk a old desk (×)→ an old desk (○) 一张旧课桌 关键字:初中英语语法大全初中英语语法总结初中英语语法辅导英语语法大全名词复数名词所有格复数冠词抽象名词 a和an的使用区别 a加在以辅音开头的名词前,如a book,a pen。 an加在以元音开头的名词前,如an egg,an apple。 注意 有时a,an后面紧接的不是单数名词,而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。 这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时,要看形容词开头字母的发音,而不是看名词。 2.复数

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German --- Germans child---children foot---feet man---men woman---women tooth---teeth goose --- geese deer---deer sheep---sheep 还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有:a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 另外,大家应注意:单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化:单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数,意义上都是复数,因此,一般要与复数谓语动词连用,例如: Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友。(这里的五班指五班的同学的。) His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。(很显然,这里的family指家庭成员。)当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时,意义上则是单数,因此,要与单数谓语动词连用。例如, Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。(这里的team 指整个队,但意义上仍为单数,故谓语动词用plays. 初中英语语法讲解二、名词所有格 名词所有格有两种形式:一是加’s,一种是用of来表示。一般情况

苏教版译林牛津初中英语语法总结初一初二

补充:1.句子的构成 初中一年级上语法 ,on,at表示时间的应用 in +parts of day(evening,morning,etc) /month/season/year on + day (Sunday, etc)/date(1 July,etc)/parts of a special day( Sunday morning)/special holidays(Children’s Day) at + time of day (seven o’clock)/ age(6 years old) 2.频率副词 never, seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always 3.疑问副词的用法 what,which,who,whose,when,why,how 4.可数名词与不可数名词 和any的用法 be句型 7.现在进行时及动词+ing的用法 初中一年级下语法 1.序数词与基数词 2.一般将来时:will与shall、be going to 3.名词所有格 名字+’s,mine,yours,ours,theirs,his,hers,its 4.冠词a,an, the的用法 5.表示方位的介词 In front of, behind,inside,outside,above,below,over,under 6.一般过去式及过去分词+ed的用法 ,could,may的用法 和How开头的感叹句 9形容词的用法,在句子中的位置 10.不定代词的用法 Somebody, someone, something Anybody, anyone, anything Nobody, no one, nothing Everybody, everyone, everthing 初中二年级上语法 1.比较级、最高级的用法 than作为比较级、the+最高级的用法 +er 及+est 的用法,most+形容词表示最高级 2. more…than, fewer….than,less..than, the most, the fewest, the least的用法 3. as…as的用法 4.反身代词的用法 Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 5.祈使句的用法 肯定:Open the door.

初中英语语法 (2)

、一般现在时得用法 1) 经常性或习惯性得动作,常与表示频腮度得时间状语连用、 时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning、 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实、 The earth moves around the sun、 Shanghai lies in the east of China、 3) 表示格言或警句中、 Pride goes before a fall、骄者必败、 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句就是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时、例:Columbus proved that the earth is round、、 4) 现在时刻得状态、能力、性格、个性、 I don’t want so much、 Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well、 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup、 I am doing my homework now、 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明得示范性动作,表示言行得瞬间动作、再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back、第二句中得now就是进行时得标志,表示正在进行得动作得客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时、 2、一般过去时得用法 1)在确定得过去时间里所发生得动作或存在得状态、 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等、Where did you go just now? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性得动作、 When I was a child, I often played football in the street、 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm wele、 3)句型: It is time for sb、 to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了" It is time sb、 did sth、 "时间已迟了" "早该……了" It is time for you to go to bed、您该睡觉了、 It is time you went to bed、您早该睡觉了、 would (had) rather sb、 did sth、表示’宁愿某人做某事’ I’d rather you came tomorrow、 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性得询问、请求、建议等、 I thought you might have some、我以为您想要一些、 比较: 一般过去时表示得动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在、 Christine was an invalid all her life、 (含义:她已不在人间、) Christine has been an invalid all her life、 (含义:她现在还活着) Mrs、 Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years、 (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州、) Mrs、 Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years、

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