2016年职称英语理工A等级考试真题及答案-试卷代码12

2016年职称英语等级考试真题（理工类A级）

第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）

下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. Only people over 18 are eligibleto vote.

A. honest

B.qualified

C. enabled

D.clever

2. The latest car model embodies thenew research development.

A. lists

B. includes

C. borrows

D.broadens

3. The coastal area has very mildwinter, but the central plains remain extreme

A. severe

B.hard

C.warm

D. dry

4. Sheis an artist whose work will undoubtedly withstand the test of time.

A. grade

B.attract

C.bear

D. suffer

5. Hewore a shabby thin overcoat in the cold winter so that he fell ill.

A.old

B.big

C. new

D.small

6. The weather was so gorgeous thatmany people went outing.

A. uncontrollable

B. pleasant

C. cloudy

D. unbearable

7. Competitors must abide by thejudge's decision

A. keep

B. read

C. understand

D. obey

8. The umbrella was ingeniously devisedto fold up into the pocket.

A. seriously

B. cleverly

C. attentively

D. carefully

9. Some newspapers in the west are notablybiased.

A.especially

B.wholly

C. totally

D. fairly

10. His answers were obscure and confusing.

A.unclear

B.obvious

C. clear

D. direct

11. The way she looked after her youngsister was really touching

A. disturbing

B. connecting

C.moving

D.waving

12. We are worried about this fluid situationfull with uncertainty.

A. stable

B. suitable

C.changeable

D.adaptable

13. They have built canals to irrigatethe desert.

A. decorate

B.change

C. visit

D.water

14. The details of the costume were totallyauthentic.

A. outstanding

B. real

C. creative

D. false

15. The new garment fits herperfectly.

Aclothes B.haircut

C. purse

D.necklace

第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）

下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

阅读判断

The Greatest of Victorian Engineers

In the hundred years up to 1860, the workof a small group of construction engineers carried forward the enormous social and economic change that we associate with the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The most important of these engineers was Isambard Kingdom Brunel,whose work in shipping, bridge-building, and railway construction, to name justthree fields, both challenged and motivated his colleagues. He was the driving forcebehind a number of the hugely ambitious projects, some of which resulted inworks which are still in use today.

The son of an engineer, Brunel apprenticedwith his father at an early age on the building of the Thames Tunnel. At theage of just twenty, he became engineer in charge of the project. Thisimpressive plan to bore under the Thames twice suffered two major disasterswhen the river broke through into the tunnel when the second breach(决口) occurredin 1872, Brunel was seriously injured during rescue operation and further workwas halted.

While recovering from his injuries, Brunelentered a design competition for a new bridge over the Avon Gorge near Clifton.The original judge of the competition was Thomas Telford, a leading civilengineer of his day, who rejected all entries to the competition in favor ofhis own design. After considerable scandal, a second contest was held andBrunel's design was accepted. For reasons of funding, however, exacerbated(加剧) by socialunrest in Bristol, the project was abandoned in 1843 with only the towerscompleted. After Brunel’s death, it was decided to begin work on it again,partly so that the bridge could form a fitting memorial to the great engineer.The entire structure was finally completed in 1864. Today, the well-knownClifton Suspension Bridge is a symbol of Bristol, just as the Opera House is ofSydney. Originally intended only for horse-drawn traffic, the bridge now bearsover four million motor vehicles a year.

16. Brunel was an important airplaneengineer in Britain during the Industrial Revolution.

A. Right

B.Wrong

C. Not mentioned

17. Brunel was involved less in railwayconstruction than in other engineering fields.

A. Right

B.Wrong

C. Not mentioned

18. Brunelworked only on shipping, bridge-building and railway construction.

A. Right

B.Wrong

C. Not mentioned

19. Brunelwork was largely ignored by his colleagues.

A. Right

B.Wrong

C. Not mentioned

20. Someprojects Brunel contributed to are still in use today.

A. Right

B.Wrong

C. Not mentioned

21. Brunel became an apprentice with hisfather when he was very young.

A. Right

B.Wrong

C. Not mentioned

22. The Thames Tunnel project was moredifficult than any previous projects undertaken in Britain.

A. Right

B.Wrong

C. Not mentioned

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）

Geothermal（地热）Energy

1 Since heat naturally moves from hotterregions tocooler ones， the heat from the earth's center flows outwards towardsthe surface。 In this way， it transfers to the next layer ofrock。 If the temperatureishigh enough， some of thisrock melts and forms magma（岩浆）。 The magmaascends in its turn towards the earth's surface。 It often remains well below theearth's surface， creatingvast areasof hot rock。 In such regions， there are deep cracks，which allow rainwater to descend underground。 Some of the heatedrainwatertravels back up to the earth's surface where it will appear as a hotspring。 However， if this ascendinghot water reachesa layer of impermeable（不可渗透的）rock， it remainstrapped， forming ageothermal reservoir。 If geothermalreservoirs are close enough to the surface， they can be reached by drillingwells。 Hot waterand steamshoot up the wells naturally， and can be used to produce electricity in geothermalpower plants。

2。A few geothermal power plants depend on dry-stemreservoirs whichproduce steam but little or no water。 In these cases， the steam is pipedup directly to provide the power to spin aturbine generator。 The first geothermalpowerplant， constructedat Lardarello in Italy， was of this type， and is stillproducing electricity today。

3。Most currently operating geothermal power plants areeither"flash" steam plants or binary（双重的）plants。 Flash plantsproduce mainly hot water ranging intemperature from 300° to 700°Fahrenheit。 This water is passed through oneor two separators wherereleased from the pressure of the underground reservoir， it"flashes" or boilsinto steam Again， the force ofthis steam provides the energy to spin theturbine and produce electricity。 The geothermal water and steam arethen reinjecteddirectly back down into the earth to maintain the volume andpressure of thereservoir。Gradually they will be reheated and can then be usedagain。

4。A reservoir with temperatures below 300° Fahrenheit is nothot enoughto flash steam but it can still be used to generate electricity inbinary fluid。 The steam from this is used topower the turbines。 As in the flashsteam plant， the geothermal water is recycled back into the reservoir。

23.Paragraph 1_____E____

24.Paragraph 2____F_____

25.Paragraph 3____C_____

26.Paragraph 4____B_____

A. Recyclable water and steam

B.Binary plants

C.Flash steam plants

D. Generation of electricity

E. Origin of geothermal energy

F. Dry steam plants

27. A geothermal reservoir is formed whenhot water is trapped under__B____.

28. A dry-steam reservoir produces steam with___D___.

29. Flash plants produce hot water through___E___.

30. In a binary plant, the heat of thegeothermal water can be convertedinto__F____.

A. hot springs

B. impermeable rock

C.little or no water

D.turbine operator

E. one or two separators

F. the energy to turn aturbine

阅读理解

第一篇 SportsStar Yao Ming

If Yao Ming is not the biggest sports starin the world, he is almost certainly the tallest. At 2.26m, he is the tallestplayer in the National Association (NBA) and holds the record as the most towering Olympian ever to compete in the Games.

But what really stands out about the giantcenter is his celebrity (名气). Few, if any, Chinese athletes are as well-known as Yao around theworld. People across the globe are fascinated with Yao, not only for hisbasketball prowess (杰出的才能) but also for being a symbol of international commerce.

When Yao joined the Houston Rockets as the No. 1 pick in the 2002 NBA draft (选拔), he was the firstinternational player ever to be selected first. His assets on the court areclear enough — no NBA player of his size has ever possessed his mobility, so he isa handful (难对付的人）f0r opponents on either end of the court. But what makes Yao invaluableto the Rockets organization is his role as a global citizen and as a bridge tomillions of potential basketball fans in China.

When it was announced in February that Yaowould miss the rest of the NBA season and possibly the Olympics with a stressfracture (骨折）in his left foot, a collective shudder (震动) spreadacross China. After considerable debate and discussion, Yao opted to get hisfoot surgically treated in an operation that placed several tiny screws acrossthe bone, to offer his overburdened foot more support. The surgery was asuccess, and though the estimated four-month recovery period will leave himlittle time to prepare with Team China, Yao has vowed to be ready for theBeijing Olympics.

Yao wrapped up a 10-day trip to China,where he underwent a series of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments,hoping to accelerate his recovery process. Western experts are generally skepticalof TCM's benefits, although new research from the university of Rochestersuggests that a certain compound derived from shellfish may speed stimulatebone repair.

“There is no reason to dismiss TCM,"Yao told a press conference in Beijing. “It’s been used in our country forthousands of years. I don't think that it’s short on science.”

31. Theword "towering" in Paragraph 1 means

A. Iarge.

B. fat.

C. tall.

O. great.

32. Opponentsfind it very difficult to control Yao Ming because of his

A. mobility.

B. assault

C. defense.

D. celebrity.

33. Yao Ming had to undergo a series of TCM treatments because

A. hisright foot had been hurting.

B. hewanted to make a more rapid recovery.

C. thesurgical operation had been a failure.

D. hecouldn't afford all the medical expenses.

34. Whichstatement about Yao Ming is NOT true?

A. Hemissed the Athens Olympics.

B. He is an NBA player.

C. He fractured his left foot.

D. He is an international figure.

35. Ingeneral, the Western experts' attitude towards TCM is

A. indifferent.

B. positive.

C. negative.

D. doubtful.

第二篇 Deforestation and Desertification(沙漠化）

The Sahel zone lies between the Saharadesert and the fertile savannahs(热带大草原）ofnorthern Nigeria and South Sudan. The word sahel comes from Arabic and means marginal or transitional ,andthis is a good description of thesesemi-arid(半干旱）lands,whichoccupy much of the Western African countries of Mail,Mauritania,Niger,and Chad.

Unfortunately, over the last century theSahara desert has steadily crept southwards eating into once productive Sahellands. United Nations surveys show that over 70 percent of the dry land inagriculture use in Africa has deteriorated over the last 30 years. Droughts have become more severe, the most recentlasting over twenty years in parts of the Sahel region. The same process ofdesertification is taking place across southern Africa as the Kalahari desertadvances into Botswana and parts of South Africa.

One of the major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, driven by the pressures of increasing population.Overgrazing一keeping too many farm animals on the land一means that grasses and other plants cannot recover, and scarce water suppliesare exhausted. Overcultivation一tryingto grow too many crops on poor land一

resultsin the soil becoming even less fertile and drier, and beginning to break

up.Soilerosion (侵蚀) follows, and the land turns into desert.

Another cause of desertification is loss of tree cover. Trees are cutdown for use as fuel and to clear land for agricultural use. Tree roots help tobind the soil together, to conserve moisture, and to provide a habitat forother plants and animals. When trees are cut down, the soil begins to dry andloosen, wind and rain erosion increase, other plant species die, and eventuallythe fertile top soil may be almost entirely lost, leaving only bare rock anddust.

The effects of loss of topsoil and increased drought are irreversible. Theyare,however, preventable. Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainableagricultural land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soils and lessenthe effects of shortage of rainfall. One project in Kita in south-west Malifunded by UNDP has involved local communities in sustainable management offorest,while at the same time providing a viable(有活力的）agriculturaleconomy. This may be a model for similar projects in otherWest African countries. 36．The Sahel zone is an area which ___.

A. is covered with sad and grass

B. has a long history

C. occupies much of South Nigeria

D. belongs to Sudan

37. What is the situation about thedesertification in Africa?

A. The deserts are replaced withgrasslands

B. The deserts are expanding

C. the deserts are moving northwards

D. the deserts are being deserted

38. The word “deteriorated ” in paragraph2 means ___.

A. deepened

B. suffered

C. slipped

D. worsened

39. What is the root causeof desertification?

A. poor farming

B. overpopulation

C. radical climate change

D. disappearance of rare plant species

40. In order to prevent desertification,the author proposes ___.

A. making good use of international aids

B. developing a sustainableagricultural economy

C. gaining international support

D. converting agricultural land intoforest

第三篇OlderVolcanic Eruptions （这篇在学派网提供的考前模拟题中）

Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because theywere bigger，but because the carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）theyreleased wiped out life with greater ease.

Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the linkbetween volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptionskilled off large numbers of animals, but all the

mass extinctions over the past300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To hissurprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage theyseemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for thesevolcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volumeof lava (熔岩) that they produced. He found that sizefor size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping outlife as their more recent rivals

The Permian (二叠纪)extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked byfloods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size ofwestern Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10gigatonnes (十亿吨) of carbon as carbon dioxide. The globalwarming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera (种类)at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity andglobal warming but no mass extindtion. Some animals did disappear but thingsreturned to normal within tens of thousands of years. "The most recentones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored theextinction which wiped out the dinosaurs (恐龙) 65million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused bythe impact of an asteroid (小行星). Hethinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent lifeforms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.

Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France,says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard todo these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power ofvolcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible totell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands

or millions of years. He also adds that itis difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and thatlava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.

41.Older volcanic eruptions did moredamage than more recent ones because

A. older volcanoes were brighter.

B. carbon dioxide made the earth muchwarmer

C. older volcanoes were hotter

D. carbon dioxide killed off life moreeasily

42. Wignall calculated the killing powerof those older volcanic eruptions by

A. estimating how long they lasted

B. counting the dinosaurs they killed

C. comparing the proportion of lifekilled with the volume of lava produced

D. studying the chemical composition oflava

43. When did dinosaurs become extinct?

A. 300 million years ago.

B. 250 million years ago

C. 65 million years ago

D. 60 million years ago

44. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3that the cause of dinosaur extinction is_______

A. a political issue.

B. self-evident.

C. quite certain

D. controversial

45. What is the main thesis of thearticle?

A. Volcanic eruptions are not alwaysdeadly.

B. Carbon dioxide emissions often giverise to global warming.

C. Older volcanic eruptions are moredestructive

D. It is not easy to calculate the killingpower of a volcanic eruption

第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）

Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright Most of uswalk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simpleactivities that the majority of us don’t question.But an international team of researchers,including Dr. Richmond from GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，havediscovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of yearsago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S.,England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzeesas they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecologicalsettings would lead a large ape —one that resembles the 6 million-year oldancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees — to walk on two legs.

“Thesechimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which ourearliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs," said Dr. Richmond.

The researchfindings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of fourin situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standingon two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees uptheir

hands. Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may haveled to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selectionwhere competition for food or other resources was strong.

Two studieswere conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the teamin Kyoto University’s “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in BossouForest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access todifferent combinations of two different types of nut — the oil palm nut，which isnaturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not.Thechimpanzees’ behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palmnuts were available, (b) when a small number of coula nuts were available，and (c) whencoula nuts were the majority available resource.

When the rarecoula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transportedmore at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, thechimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as amore highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.

In suchhigh-competition settings，the frequency of cases in which thechimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not onlywas it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of thisprecious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much asthey could in one go by using everything available 一even theirmouths.

The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford BrookesUniversity, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, asituation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, andonce again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry asmuch as possible at one time.

完形填空

CellPhone Lets Your Secrets Out

Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and numbers that you've programmed into it, ______traces____(51) of your DNA linger (遗留) on thedevice according to a new study

DNA is genetic (遗传的)material _____that_____ (52) appears in every cell. Like your fingerprint, yourDNA is _____unique______ (53) to you——unless you have an identical twin. Scientiststoday analyze DNA in blood, saliva (唾液), orhair left ____behind_______ (54) at the scene of a crime. The results oftenhelp detectives identify

____criminals______ (55) and their victims. Your cellphone can reveal more about you ____than_____ (56) you might think.

Meghan J. McFadden, a scientist at McMasterUniversity in Hamilton, Ontario, heard about a crime in which the suspect bledonto a cell phone and later dropped

the____device_____ (57). This made herwonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones一evenwhen no blood was___involved_____(58). She and colleague Margaret Wallace ofthe City University of NewYork analyzed the flip-open phones（翻盖手机）of10 volunteers. They used swabs (药签) tocollect _____invisible___ (59) traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the outside, where the user ____holds_____(60) it, and the speaker which isplaced at the user's ear

The scientists cleaned the phones using asolution made mostly__of____(61) alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove alldetectable traces of DNA. The owners got their phones back for another week.Then the researchers ___returned________ (62) the phones and cleaned each phoneonce more.

The scientists discovered DNA that _____belonged______(63) to the phone's speaker on each of the phones. Better samples werecollected from the outside of each phone, but those swabs also picked up DNAthat belonged to other people who had apparently also ____handed______ (64) thephone

Surprisingly, DNA showed up even in swabsthat were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed. That suggests thatwashing won't remove all traces of

___evidence________ (65) from a criminal'sdevice. So cell phones can now be added to the list of clues that can clinch (确定)a crime-scene investigation.

51. A. name B.pictures C. shapes D. traces

52. A. that B. while C.as D.what

53. A. common B. good C. helpful D. unique

54. A. behind B. away C. aside D.over

55. A. visitors B. travelers C.scientists D.criminals

56. A. until B. before C.unless D. than

57. A. paper B. document C. device D.file

58. A. checked B. involved C. tested D. gathered

59. A. invisible B.emotional C. poisonous D. magical

60. A. holds B. watches C. drops D. covers

61. A. with B.by C. for D. of

62. A. collected B. answered C. returned D. used

63. A. moved B.changed C. belonged D.turned

64. A bought B. repaired C.seen D. handed

65. A. smell B. evidence C.sound D.color