外文翻译(关于工业设计)
外文翻译
学院：艺术与设计学院系：工业设计系
专业班级：工业设计（理工）12班
学生姓名：曹琪学号5203112037
起讫日期：2016.3.1—2016.6.6
指导教师：江小浦职称：副教授
指导教师所在单位：艺术与设计学院工业设计系
二0一六年制
英文原文
文献出处：
https://www.360docs.net/doc/7110223009.html,/2015/10/smart-cars-for-everyone/
Designing with Data in China –
Opportunity and Risk
Timothy Morey and Rainer Wessler
JANUARY 21, 2016
In a frog study on personal data, Chinese consumers stood out by placing low value on their own personal data, especially when compared to consumers in Germany and other countries where personal data is more highly valued.
CHINESE CONSUMERS DO N’T VALUE PERSONAL DATA
Many firms in China and around the world offer products and services that leverage personal data from their users, either to enhance the product experience for users, or to monetize that data in order to cover the cost of products offered free to users. For example, Sesame Credit is an offering from Alipay that provides credit to people who have not had credit before. It assesses risk by looking at a person’s internet shopping history, online bill payment records, phone usage history, and online behavior and compares this with the 300 million registered users and 37 million businesses who transact on Alibaba, China’s leading e-commerce company.
Sesame Credit and products like it are made possible by the trails of digital exhaust we leave behind us as we lead our modern lives – a data stream generated primarily by our smartphones, but also from our cars, connected products in our homes, health and wellness devices, social media, communication tools and so on. These tools make our lives better in many ways, in this instance by offering financial services to people who have not had them before. But the data we generate and share is also more personal than ever before, giving firms and organizations that have access to this data a comprehensive picture of our lives.
In order to understand how consumers feel about their personal data, and to construct a model for a fair exchange of this data, frog conducted
a five-country study of attitudes to personal data in 2014. In the study, China stood out by being at the low end of the value that consumers place on their own personal data, especially when compared to Germany and other countries that place a higher value on personal data. Just three types of personal data were considered sensitive by the majority of Chinese consumers: their digital communications history, their government ID information, and their credit card/financial information. All of the other digital exhaust that Chinese consumers create each day through their use of mobile phones and computers—from their physical location to health history to we
b surfing history—were not highly valued. This is in stark contrast to counties such as Germany, where people placed almost 20x more value on their digital communication history, and also placed higher value on data types such as health history and medical information, which Chinese consumers do not value at all.
It’s not that Chinese users are less aware of the personal data trails and digital exhaust they leave behind them than their global counterparts. Globally, 21% of survey respondents had a detailed understanding of how data is collected when they use online services and smart connected products. Interestingly, awareness has barely changed since 2011, even as the scale and sophistication of tracking has vastly increased. Awareness by Chinese users was slightly below the global average, at 17%, but comparable to German users at 16%. Moreover, Chinese respondents are worried about the same potential harm from the abuse of their personal data as the rest of the world – they worry that that someone might steal their identity (74%); that someone might steal money from them (62%), and they want to maintain their privacy (62%). So while Chinese participants showed a comparable level of awareness and similar concerns about the potential abuse of their personal data, they differ from their global peers in the value that they place on certain types of personal data.
CHINA CAN LEAD THE MARKET
Whatever the cultural reasons for this difference in how Chinese consumers value their personal data, the implication is very positive for Chinese organizations and businesses that are designing products and services using personal data. In our original analysis published in May 2015 we provided a framework for firms to use when evaluating the value they need to
provide users, compared to the data type they are collecting and how they are making use of that data. Product makers and service designers can build their China market offerings with confidence that consumers are willing to share information with them. And the amount of value that product and service designers have to offer in return for that personal data can be lower, compared to markets such as Germany. It allows firms to launch ―minimum viable products‖ that are more minimal. Put another way, product and service designers can take more risks with new and unproven value propositions when designing with data for the China market, and expect to gain some market acceptance.
We see this playing out with frog’s work in Shanghai. We recently worked with a global household white goods maker to design a smart refrigerator that makes health recommendations to its users. Smart connected refrigerators are something of an industry insider joke in the design consulting world, as an example of a technology capability in search of a use case – we have been hearing about ―the fridge that self-orders milk‖ since the first days of the internet. But this project was different. The concept is that the refrigerator gathers and records vital signs of the fridge users, including heart rate and blood oxygenation, and makes a general health evaluation of the user. Over time, it learns about the different individuals who use it, and provides health recommendations including possible changes in diet and recommendations about hydration and so on.
In countries where health data is highly valued, such as Germany and Britain, we would expect initial interest in a ―health coach refrigerator‖ to be lower, unless the value provided in exchange is exceptionally high. But in China, where there is less sensitivity to sharing health and medical data, firms can launch products like the health coach refrigerator and learn and iterate based on customer reaction. Even if the first value proposition brought to market turns out to be suboptimal, Chinese makers are ahead of the global competition by learning and course-correcting sooner.
ALTRUISM
When compared with the rest of the world, Chinese consumers were particularly open-minded when it comes to sharing health data for the greater good. In our study, we asked participants if they would be willing to share their medical history with doctors and researchers if they would directly benefit from sharing by receiving medical tips, information, and new discoveries that might help them. (See chart below) 76% of Chinese respondents were willing to do this, and a surprising 63% were willing to
share even if they did not benefit directly, simply to drive medical advances. This compares to a global average of 56% who are willing to share their medical records for direct personal benefit, and 46% who will share for the greater good, even if they derive no personal benefit. This data ties in with our learnings on local healthcare projects. We observe that the Chinese are very open about personal health issues. This may stem from the fact that Traditional Chinese Medicine was and is more embedded in day-to-day routines and people’s diets than healthcare trends tend to be in other markets. But whatever the cause, we are not surprised to see businesses such as genomic data and analytics pioneer BGI thrive in China. Likewise, fields of research and development that require population level studies are likely to have greater success in China.
THE ROLE OF TRUST
Our research showed that, aside from the sensitivity towards certain types of data, another important dimension is the extent to which consumers trust a firm with their personal data. As reported in our original article, credit card and new finance companies enjoy the highest level of consumer trust, while banks, technology companies, retailers and phone companies fall in the middle, and social networks have the lowest level of trust. China is no different to this pattern. New finance firm Alipay tops the list of consumer trust, followed by banking and finance giants China Union Pay, China Merchant Bank, and Visa. The internet giants are in the middle, together with carriers and consumer electronics firms, and entertainment and social media fall to the bottom. What is different about China, however, is that firms at the higher end of the trust spectrum are more widely trusted. More than 90% of the consumers we interviewed trusted financial services firms to use their data in appropriate ways. This is 10-15 percentage points higher than the trust American and British consumers have for comparable financial services firms in their countries.
This is important, because companies with a high degree of trust will be better able to compete in the market with products and services that use personal data. New products and services in areas such as connected healthcare, home security, personal safety, and smart home all have a potential to be very profitable businesses. But even in China, where consumers place a relatively low value on their personal data, companies that can earn and maintain the trust of their customers will be better able to succeed in these markets, because customers will more willingly share their information with companies they trust. Conversely, those who abuse their
customer data—or who lose data in security breaches—are likely to be punished by consumers. Chinese customers are fickle and, on average, technologically savvy. This means they are difficult to win and easy to loose. And while trust in a company’s ability to handle personal data is rather specific and hard to measure, we believe that over time it will become a big part of how a brand is perceived and trusted.
GOING GLOBAL
Many Chinese product and service firms designing products with data aspire to build on their success in domestic markets to enter global markets. It is a natural move to make, particularly if a firm has honed
products and moved ahead of the global competition. However, moving from China, with its customer base that places a relatively low value on personal data, into markets where consumers are more sensitive may be challenging. Firms building products and services that leverage data types that European and American consumers find more sensitive—such as
location data, health history, and digital communication—history will have to offer more value in exchange for their personal data than they do for the China market.
This may involve re-thinking how the data in the product is used. For example, it is more acceptable to consumers to use their personal data to enhance the product experience than it is to use that data for marketing purposes. Firms that offer services that are monetized using targeted advertising may have to re-think their monetization model.
For example, in 2012, a team in frog Shanghai created a smart connected mask, the Airwaves concept, in response to China’s air pollution problem. It uses a PM 2.5 sensor built into a face mask to make location specific assessments of air quality and to recommend replacing the filter medium in time to remain effective. While the concept emerged in China as a response to the severe air quality issues the country is facing, the idea continues to resonate with companies, media and people worldwide, as air quality is becoming a bigger problem in many cities outside China. Our findings imply that in order to make the concept work in countries like Germany we will have to re-evaluate our use of location specific data and how it is shared, and we would have to make an extra effort to reassure customers that their health specific data (e.g., whether they replace their filter regularly enough) is safe with us and will only be used in their favor.
COMPETING ON TRUST
Product makers in China face the same fundamentals as the rest of the world when it comes to designing with data. They need to offer relevant value to their customers in the form of enhanced product and service experiences. But they have an advantage compared to their peers in Europe and North America because they enjoy a higher d egree or trust with their consumers’ data, and those consumers place value on fewer types of personal data. This combination allows firms servicing the China market to experiment more freely with products and services that leverage personal data. It may give them an additional advantage as they tackle markets outside of China, because they will be further along the learning path compared to their global competitors. 中文翻译
在中国用数据做设计-机遇与风险并存
蒂莫西·莫雷和莱纳·韦斯勒
2016年1月21日
在一份青蛙研究的个人数据中，中国消费者对自己的个人信息的价值看的很轻，特别是相对于德国和其他国家的消费者来说，个人数据却是被高度重视。
中国的消费者并不看重个人资料
许多公司在中国及世界各地提供产品和服务，从他们的用户利用个人数据，既可以提升产品体验的用户，或通过数据赚钱以支付免费提供给用户产品的成本。例如，芝麻信用是从支付宝提供信贷给那些以前没有信用的人。它通过观察一个人的网络购物历史，网上缴费记录，电话的使用历史，上网行为评估风险，并与300万的注册用户和37万家与中国领先的电子商务公司阿里巴巴交易的企业比较这一点。
我们产生的数据流以智能手机为主，也有来自我们的汽车，连接我们家园的产品，健康和保健设备，社交媒体，通讯工具等- 芝麻信用和类似于此的产品通过数字排使我们我们离开后的现代生活变得更加美好成为可能。通过对以前没有被提供过金融服务的人提供金融服
务，在这种情况下，这些工具使我们的生活变得更好。但是，我们生成和分享的数据比以往更个性化，给企业和有权访问这些数据的组织我们生活的全貌数据。
为了了解消费者如何看待他们的个人资料，并构建一个模型公平交换这个数据，青蛙在2014年进行了一项对五国关于个人数据态度的研究。在这项研究中，中国处于消费者把自己的个人数据的价值放在低端，特别是与德国和其他国家那些对个人数据的较高值相比。只是三种类型的个人数据被认为是受到了广大中国消费者的敏感：其数字通信的历史，他们的政府ID信息，以及他们的信用卡/财务信息。所有中国消费者每天通过他们使用手机和电脑创造的其他数字排，从它们的物理位置到健康历史再到网页浏览历史，并没有高度重视。与此形成鲜明对比的国家，如德国，那里的人把在自己的数字通信的历史拜在几乎多于20倍的价值，同时也放在数据类型更高的价值，如健康史和医疗信息，其中中国消费者却不重视的。
这并不是说中国的用户不太注意个人资料的痕迹和数字排在他们离开后超过其全球的同行。全球范围内，21％的受访者详细的了解数据是如何当他们使用在线服务和智能连接产品时收集的。有趣的是，自从2011年以来意识几乎没有改变，即使在规模和跟踪的复杂性大大增加的情况下。中国用户的意识略低于全球平均水平，为17％，堪比德国用户的16％。此外，中国受访者都在担心他们的个人数据为世界其他地区滥用的同样的潜在危害- 他们担心有人来偷他们的身份（74％）;有人可能会从他们那偷钱（62％），他们希望保持自己的隐私（62％）。因此，尽管中国的参与者表现出的意识和对他们的个人资料可能被滥用的担忧类似水平相当，他们看待某些类型的个人资料的价值与全球同行不同。
中国可以引领市场
不管是什么文化原因造成中国消费者如何评价他们的个人数据的差异，言外之意是中国组织和正在设计使用个人数据产品和服务的企业是非常积极的。相比它们正在收集的数据类型和它们是如何利用该数据，在我们发表在2015年5月原分析中，我们提供了一个框架，事务所评估他们需要提供使用个人数据的用户服务的价值时使用。产品制造商和服务设计人员可以对建立自己的中国市场的产品有信心，消费者都愿意与他们分享信息。相比于德国市场，设计师们提供个人资料的回报可以更低。它使公司可以推出“最小可行产品”变得更加微乎其微。换句话说，产品和为中国市场设计的数据服务时，设计工程师可以利用新的和未经证实的价值主张更多的风险，并期望获得一定的市场认可。
我们看到这个出来与青蛙在上海工作。最近，我们与全球家喻户晓的白色家电制造商合作，设计一个智能冰箱为它的用户提供健康建议。智能连接冰箱是设计咨询界一位业内人士开玩笑的事，作为在寻找技术能力的一个例子-自从互联网产生的第一天，我们一直听到关于“冰箱，自我订单牛奶”。但是，这个项目是不同的。这个概念是，在冰箱集中记录冰箱用户的生命体征，包括心脏速率和血液氧合作用，并且为用户做一般健康状况评估。随着时间的推移，它得知谁使用它的不同的个体，并提供健康建议，包括饮食和可能发生的变化和对水化建议等。
在一些国家，如德国和英国，健康数据是被高度重视的，我们希望在一个“健康教练冰箱”最初的兴趣要低，除非交换机提供的价值是非常高的。但在中国，分享健康和医疗数据的敏感性较小，公司可以基于客户的反应学习并改进推出产品，如健康教练冰箱。即使进入市场的第一个价值主张被证明是不理想的，中国的制造商们通过提前学习和全球竞争的过程中纠正越快。
利他主义
与世界其他国家相比，当涉及到共享健康数据为获得更大的利益，中国的消费者是特别豁达。在我们的研究中，我们要求参与者他们是否愿意分享他们的病史与医生和研究人员，如果他们将从共享通过接受医生的提示，信息和新的发现，可以帮助他们直接受益。（见下图）中国受访者76％的人愿意这样做，和一个令人惊讶的63％的人愿意分享，甚至如果他们不直接受益，纯粹为了医学进步。与此相比，全球平均56％谁愿意分享他们的医疗记录进行直接个人利益，46％还会分担更大的利益，即使他们没有获得个人利益。与我们在当地医疗项目的学习收获这些数据的关系。我们注意到，中国人关于个人健康问题非常开放。这可以从一个事实，即中国传统医学是与更嵌入在一天到一天的程序和人们的饮食比医疗的发展趋势往往是在其他市场。但不管是什么原因，我们并不惊讶地看到企业如基因组数据和分析的先驱BGI茁壮成长在中国。同样地，需要种群水平研究的研究和发展领域有可能在中国取得更大的成功。
信托基金的作用
我们的研究显示，除了对某些类型的数据的敏感性，另一个重要的方面是，消费者信任公司与他们的个人数据的程度。正如我们在原来的文章报道，信用卡和新的金融公司享受消费者信赖的最高水平，而银行，科技公司，零售商和电话公司在中间，而社交网络产生信任的最低水平。中国这种模式没有什么不同。新金融公司支付宝位列消费者信任的首位，其次是银行和金融巨头中国银联，中国招商银行和维士卡。互联网巨头都在中间，与运营商和消
费电子公司，以及娱乐和社交媒体落到底部在一起。然而，中国不同的就是在信任频谱的高端企业正在更加广泛信赖。在我们采访的人中超过90％的消费者信赖的金融服务公司以适当的方式利用他们的数据。这比信任美国和英国的消费者在他们的国家相媲美的金融服务公司高出10-15个百分点。
这一点很重要，因为公司具有很高的信任度将能更好地在市场上的产品和使用个人数据服务的竞争。新产品和服务等领域连接医疗保健，家庭安全，人身安全和智能家居都有潜力成为非常有利可图的业务。但是，即使在消费者把他们的个人数据的价值相对较低的中国，能够赢得并保持客户的信任公司将能够更好地在这些市场取得成功，因为客户会更乐意与他们信任的公司共享他们的信息。相反，那些滥用自己的客户数据或者失去安全漏洞数据的企业，很可能会被消费者所惩罚。中国消费者是善变的，且平均来说是精通技术的。这意味着他们很难取胜，容易松动。并且当队公司的处理个人数据的能力的信任是相当具体，难以衡量，我们相信，随着时间的推移它会成为一个品牌是如何被理解和信任的重要组成部分。
走出去
许多中国产品和服务企业的产品设计数据立志打造其在国内市场的成功并进军全球市场。这是一个自然的举动，特别是如果一个公司已经有久经磨练的产品并走在了全球竞争的前列中的时候。然而在客户群把个人数据价值相对看低中国，进入消费者更敏感的市场，可能是更具有挑战性。公司建筑产品和服务，欧洲和美国的消费者找到更敏感，如位置数据，健康史和数字通信的历史杠杆的数据类型将不得不提供更多的价值，以换取他们的个人资料比他们针对中国市场的做法。
这可能涉及重新思考如何使在产品中的数据被使用。例如，使用消费者的个人资料，以提高产品的经验比使用该数据用于营销目的是更可接受的。公司能够提供正在使用有针对性的广告货币化可能需要的服务重新思考自己的盈利模式。
例如，在2012年，一队上海青蛙应对中国的空气污染问题创造了一个智能连接面膜的电波概念。它采用内置于一个面罩，使空气质量的特定位置评估，并建议更换过滤介质，及时有效地保持一个PM 2.5传感器。虽然这个概念在中国成为该国正面临着严峻的空气质量问题的回应，这个想法继续与企业，媒体和民众世界范围内得到共鸣，空气质量正在成为中国以外的许多城市的一个更大的问题。我们的研究结果意味着，为了使德国等国的概念工作
中，我们将不得不重新评估我们的使用位置的具体数据以及它是如何共享的，我们将不得不做出额外的努力，让客户放心，他们的健康的具体数据（例如，他们是否定期足够的替换他们的过滤器）是我们的安全，只会在他们欣然接受的情况下使用。
竞争信任
当涉及到用的数据进行设计时，中国的产品制造商与世界其他地方面临同样的基本面。他们需要为他们的客户提供增强的产品和服务体验的形式相关的价值。但是相比其在欧洲和北美的同行，他们有一个优势，因为他们享有与他们的消费者的数据更高的学位或信任，而这些消费者放在较少类型的个人数据的价值。这种组合使公司服务中国市场与产品和服务，利用个人数据更加自由地进行试验。这可能给他们一个额外的好处，因为他们对付中国以外的市场，因为他们相比全球竞争者进一步沿着的学习路径前进。
产品设计中英文文献
中文译文 产品设计，语义和情绪反应 摘要 本文探讨了人体工程学理论与语义和情感容的设计问题。其目的是要找到以下问题的答案：如何设计产品引发人心中的幸福；怎样的产品属性能够帮助你们沟通积极的情绪，最后，如何通过产品唤起某种情绪。换言之，这是对“意义”——可以成为一个产品，旨在与用户在情感层面上进行“沟通”的调查。 1、介绍 当代生活是促进社会和技术变革的代名词。同样，产品设计通过材料技术，生产技术，信息处理技术等工序的发展而正在迅速转变。在技术方面正在发生变化的速度和规模超出任何期望。数字革命的对象是逐步转向与我们互动成更小，更聪明的黑盒子，使我们很难理解这一机制或工作方法（博尔茨2000年）。 因此，在设计时比以前不同的框架，参照社会变革，资源和能源节约，新出现的环境问题，以及客户导向的趋势（大平1995年，琼斯1997年）。因此，无论是通过广告和营销推动战略，或潮流，时尚和社会活动，从消费产品的用户的期望也已改变。功能性，吸引力，易于被使用中，可负担性，可回收性和安全性，预计所有已经存在于一个产品属性。用户希望有更多的日常用品。最近设计的趋势表明了用户对激励对象的倾向，提高他们的生活，帮助触发情绪，甚至唤起梦想（詹森1999年，阿莱西2000年）。詹森预计，梦会快到了，下面的数据为基础的社会，所谓的信息社会（1999年）。他还说，作为信息和智力正成为电脑和高科技，社会领域将放在一个人的能力还没有被自动然而新的价值：情绪。功能是越来越多的产品中理所当然的，同时用户也可以实现在寻找一个完全不同的欣赏水平。想象，神话和仪式（即情感的语言）会对我们的行为产生影响，从我们的购买决定，我们与他人（詹森1999年）的沟通。此外，哈立德（2001：196）指出这是决定购买，可瞬间的，因此客户的需求可以被创建，速度非常快，而其他需要长期建立了'。 因此，情感和'影响'一般，都收到了最后一个（Velásquez1998）几年越来越多的关注。'影响'是指消费者的心理反应产品的符号学的容。情绪和影响途径，可以研究在许多不同的层次，都提供不同的见解。正如Velásquez指出，一些模型已经被提出来的领域和多种环境。一些例子，他给包括情绪来创建逼真的品质和性格（贝茨1994年，克莱恩和布隆伯格1999年，埃利奥特1992年，赖利1996）系统合成剂，大约在叙事情感（艾略特等人在Velásquez1998年）。原因，在情绪处理系统，依靠调解社会互动（Breazeal 在Velásquez1998年），该模型和体系结构，行为和学习情绪的影响（Ca?mero1997年，
工业设计专业英语英文翻译
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包装设计外文翻译文献
包装设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
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包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性会是视觉发现的一个问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛刻的年轻消费者，他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能，如方便包开启（百货配送研究所，IGD）。 对零售商而言存在有一个高的成本，供应和服务的货架体系。没有储备足够的产品品种或及时补充库存，特别是副食品，如鲜牛奶，可能导致客户不满和流失到竞争对手的商店，这正需要保证产品供应。现代化的配送和包装系统，允许消费者在购买食品时，他们希望在他们想任何时间地点都能享用。近几年消费者的选择已在急剧扩大。例如在英国，20世纪60年代和90年代之间在一般超市的产品线的数量从2000年左右上升到超过18000人（INCPEN）。 自20世纪70年代以来，食品卫生和安全问题已成为日益重要的关注和选择食物的驱动力。媒体所关注的一系列问题，如使用化学添
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Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
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英文原文 Modern product design ---Foreign language translation original text With the growing of economices and the developing of technologies, the essential definition of Industral Design has been deepening while its extension meaning enlarging,which resulted in the transformation and renovation of some original design theories and concepts. In the new IT epoch, the contents, methodologies, concepts etc. of design have taken a great change from what they were before.However,the method of comparison and analysis is always playing a plvotal role, during the whole process of maintaining the traditional quintessence and innovating novel conceptions. 1.1 Traditional Design Traditional industrial design and product development mainly involved to three fields,vis.Art, Engineering and Marketing. The designers, who worked in the art field, always had outstanding basic art skills and visual sketching expression capacity as well as plentiful knowledge on ergonomics and aesthetics . So they could easily solve the problems of products about art . Works in the area of the project engineer with strong technical background, they used the method of logical analysis, you can design a detailed, in line with the requirements of the drawings of a total production, manufacture use. They can you good solution to the technical aspects of products. However, they often overlook the aesthetics of products that do not pay attention to fashion and cost-effective products in the market. In the field of commercial marketing staff proficient in the knowledge economy, will use marketing theory to predict customer behavior, they focus on products in the market development trends, but do not understand aesthetic and technical aspects of the problem. In a traditional industrial product design process, the three areas of general staff in their respective areas of independent work. Product engineers solve the technical problems so that products with the necessary functional and capable of producing manufactured, the product is "useful." Designers are using aesthetics,
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
模具设计与制造外文翻译
The mold designing and manufacturing The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly. Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
工业设计外文翻译---不需要设计师的设计
Design Without Designers 网站截图： https://www.360docs.net/doc/7110223009.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文： Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.360docs.net/doc/7110223009.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is
模具毕业设计外文翻译7081204
(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1