2015年南京师范大学考博英语真题--阅读理解篇(原文,无问题,无答案版)
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Passage 1
The most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurnishing old er building. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the whol e scal e in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation (更新). A few trial efforts, such as Ghirard elli Square in San Francisco, proved their financial feasibility in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970's, with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid d epreciation (贬值) , as well as growing interest in ecol ogy (生态) issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene. One of the most comprehensive ventures was the restoration and transformation of Boston's eighteenth century Faneuil Hall and the Quincy Market, d esigned in 1824. This section had fallen on hard times, but beginning with the construction of a new city hall immediately nearby, it has returned to life with the intelligent reuse of these fine ol d buil dings und er the d esign l ead ership of Benjamin Thompson. He has provid ed a marvel ous setting for dining, shopping, professional office, and simply walking.
Butler Square, in Minneapolis, serves as an example of major changes in its compl ex of offices, commercial space, and public amenities carved out of a massive pile d esigned in 1906 as a hardware warehouse. The exciting interior timber structure of the buil ding was highlighted by cutting light courts through the interior and ad ding large skylights.
San Antonio, Texas, offers a big object l esson for numerous other cities combating urban d ecay. Rather than bringing in the bull d ozers ( 推土机) , San Antonio's l ead ers rehabilitated existing structures, whil e simultaneously cl eaning up the San Antonio River, which runs through the business district.
Passage 2
For most of us, work is the central, dominating fact of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, traveling to and from work. What we d o there largely d etermines our standard of living and to a consid erabl e extent the status we are accord ed by our fell ow citizens as Well. It is sometimes said that because l eisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner; that because work is intol erabl e, the peopl e who d o it shoul d compensate for its bored oms and frustrations by concentrating their hopes on the other part of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of d espair. For the foreseeabl e future the material and psychol ogical rewards which work can provid e will continue to play a. vital part in d etermining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is d one; only for a small minority d oes work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or
initiative.
Inequality at work and in work still is one of the cruel est and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We can not hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly or indirectly from the inequality at work. Still l ess can we hope to create a d ecent and humane society.
The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and all ow them to d evel op their abilities. They are abl e to exercise responsibility; they have a consid erabl e d egree of control over their own and the others' working lives. Most important of all, they have the opportunity to initiate. By contrast, for most manual workers, work is a boring, monotonous, even painful experience. They spend all their working lives in conditions which woul d be regard ed as intol erabl e for themselves by those who take the d ecisions which l et such conditions continue. The majority have little control over their work; it provid es them with no opportunity for personal d evelopment. Often production is so d esigned that workers are simpl e part of the technol ogy. In offices, many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine. As a direct consequence of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it is in public or in private ownership
Passage 3
You may think that light pollution isn’t something extraordinarily important. You may believe that every other type of pollution has a larger impact on the environment than light pollution d oes. You may not even have heard of it before. It may not be polluting our lake s, our air or the Earth’s living creatures, but light pollution is serious, and it needs to be ad dressed by everyone.
Light pollution, or “sky gl ow”, is the gl ow you can see at night above cities and towns. Light pollution is a problem that has been accompanying man ever since he started his first fire some 15,000 years ago, and technol ogy has only mad e it worse. Light pollution is the stray light that comes from streetlights, billboard signs, buil dings, parking l ots, sports arenas and any other source of illumination that is refl ected or directed into the atmosphere. Light pollution is mad e worse with air pollution, as the small particles that fl oat in the air serve to scatter and refl ect the light, compounding the problem. The effect of light pollution is to reduce the contrast, and therefore the visibility of dimmer objects in the night sky, which affects professional, as well as amateur astronomers. Light pollution has obscured our view of constellations, meteor showers, and even the planets.
Light pollution exists on every continent except Antarctica. Urban light pollution means that one-fifth of the world’s population can no l onger see the Milky Way with the naked eye. Many city kids, even if they did peer through the orange smog above their heads, woul d probably see only a handful of stars. We have l ost our view of the stars, and we have mucked up our nighttime environment as well. Astronomers are calling for the dark places on Earth to be
preserved as national parks, so that we d o not l ose compl etely our wind ow on the Universe.
Light pollution impacts astronomical research and can even affect human health. The excess illumination also affects wil dlife in various ways from altering migration routes to eating habits and breeding behavior, to name a few.
Lots of peopl e find the ever-brightening night annoying, and animals that are programmed to prefer the dark may avoid brightened habitat. Sea turtles can get l ost searching for a beach to lay eggs, and their hatchlings may confuse over-lit beachfront resorts for the ocean horizon, wasting precious energy need ed to find the sea and escape predators. Because their necks aren’t yet l ong enough to see things far away, baby turtles rely on the mirror image of the moon to guid e them to the sea, to begin their new life. A car may even hit a particular turtle, which was thinking the light from a nearby city was moonlight refl ecting off the ocean waves. Birds that live in and around cities can die because of sky gl ow, too. The abundance of bright lights can blind them, l eading to countl ess collisions with buil dings, billboards and other tall structures.
These are merely a few of the possibl e negative effects light pollution has on our world. A very serious issue in our mod ern-day society is that light pollution is a terribl e waste of energy.
Reducing light pollution is not difficult. Light pollution is the easiest type of pollution to end. On an individual l evel, peopl e can help reduce much sky gl ow by using lighting only when necessary and by choosing well shield ed lighting fixtures. The stars above us are a pricel ess heritage—not only for astronomers but for all humans. More of our chil dren shoul d be abl e to l ook up at night and see that the Milky Way is not just a candy bar.
参考译文：
或许你觉得光污染不是什么了不得的大事。或许你认为其他任何一种污染对环境造成的影响都要比光污染严重。没准儿在此之前你连听都没听说过光污染。或许此刻它并没有污染湖泊、空气或者地球上的生物，但是光污染之严重，需要大家协力解决。
光污染，也称“人工白昼”，在夜晚的城镇上空均可见到这种发光现象。自大约1.5万年前人类生起第一堆火起，光污染问题就一直伴随着人类，科学技术只是令这一问题更加严重而已。光污染属杂散光，来源于街灯、广告牌、建筑物、停车场、露天体育场以及其他反射或直射入大气层中的照明光。而空气污染又使光污染问题愈发严重，因为漂浮在空气中的小颗粒通过散射和反射光线，加剧了这一问题。由于光污染导致明暗对比降低，夜空中较暗物体的能见度因此而下降，这给专业及业余天文学者都造成了影响。光污染使星座、流星雨甚至行星都变得模糊不清，遮蔽了我们的视线。
除南极洲外，各大洲均存在光污染。城市光污染意味着世界上五分之一的人都无法再用肉眼看见银河。而许多在城市的孩子，即便他们能透过头顶上方的橙色烟雾凝视夜空，瞥见的也很可能只有屈指可数的几颗星星。我们已经看不见星星，也破坏了夜晚的自然环境。天文学家们呼吁，将地球上无光源的地点保护为国家公园，这样才不至于彻底丧失我们了解宇宙的窗口。
光污染不仅影响天文学研究，甚至还会影响人类健康。过度照明也会对野生动物
造成不同方面的影响，譬如，改变迁徙路线、摄食习惯和繁育行为等。
许多人都会觉得持续明亮的夜晚很烦人，而天性喜黑的动物或许也会避开明亮的栖息地。海龟会在寻找海滩产卵的途中迷路，新生的小龟则会把过于明亮的海滩度假胜地误认为是大海的水平线，从而浪费掉寻找大海、躲避天敌的宝贵精力。由于幼龟颈部不够长，视物不远，因此要依赖月亮的映像引导它们爬向大海，开始新的生活。一只这样的幼龟甚至可能会被汽车撞到，因为它误以为附近城市的灯光就是从海浪反射而来的月光。生活在城市及周边的鸟类也会死于人工白昼。大量的强光令它们无法视物，从而导致无数次撞上大楼、广告牌及其他高层建筑的事故发生。
这些仅仅是光污染可能给我们的世界所带来的几种负面影响。现代社会面临的一个非常严重的问题就是光污染是对能源的可怕浪费。
减少光污染并不难，它是最容易消灭的污染类型。就个人而言，仅在必要时使用照明，且选择遮光性能好的照明设备，就能有助于大幅减少人工白昼现象。我们头顶上方的点点繁星，不仅对天文学家而言是无价遗产，对全人类来说也是如此。我们应该有更多的孩子能够仰望夜空，眼中所看到的银河不应仅仅只是（模糊的）“一条糖块”而已。
Passage 4
What are some of the differences between l ove and infatuation? Genuine l ove is more likely to involve a process of “growing” in l ove rather than “falling” in l ove. This may sound terribly romantic to some who are used to hearing talk about “falling in l ove” or being “head over heels in l ove”. This “falling” is often “infatuation”, and the sheer emotion of “falling” in l ove often blinds a person to the imperfections of the l oved one. We tend to think of the l oved one as “perfect,” “id eal,” or some other diving image. Real l ove sees the total person both the perfection and the imperfection. Infatuation, then is a sud d en emotional sense that one has discovered in the “perfect” l over. On the other hand, l ove realizes imperfections and grows with the acceptance of those imperfections.
Love l eads a person to a feeling of security and trust in the l oved one. It usually involves a feeling of mutual benefit arising from the new rel ationship. “We are abl e to solve our problems together” is the feeling of l ove, rather than “Please l ove me because I need you.”
Infatuation often entails feelings of insecurity wherever the “l overs” are separated; feelings of d oubt, uncertainty, and fear of l oss often accompany infatuation. “What will I d o if I l ose him?” and “ I wond er if she really means it when she says she l oves me?” express the feelings of infatuation. In such a setting, a lasting l ove d oes not have a chance to d evel op.
Infatuation tends to be more manipulative than l ove because a lasting feeling of relationship probably had not d eveloped, so that the individuals are still concerned mainly about their own needs and satisfactions. Conversely, in l ove, the feeling of relationship is genuine and sincere so that concern for the other person evolves naturally.
Physical attraction is an important part of both infatuation and l ove, but the superficial attraction is l ess important in l ove, for the coupl e experiencing l ove
usually will build their relationship on a broad er basis than mere physical attraction.
Although genuine l ove is an id eal toward which a coupl e strives, you d o not have to be perfect to love. True l ove involves a measure of self-acceptance and self-respect and a d egree of self-sufficiency in ord er that one may accept, respect, and trust another person, but it d oes not require unachievabl e l evels of these qualities.
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