《简·爱》英语文体学分析

《简·爱》英语文体学分析
《简·爱》英语文体学分析

《简·爱》文体分析

摘要:文体学是连接语言学和文学批评的桥梁,它集中探讨作者如何通过对语言的选择来表达和加强主题意义和美学效果。《简·爱》是英国著名女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特最为经典的作品。本文从文体学的角度对《简·爱》进行分析,探讨其在词汇运用、情节发展、人物刻画及主题思想方面的特点。

一、作者简介

夏洛蒂·勃朗特1816年生于英国北部约克郡的豪渥斯的一个乡村牧师家庭。母亲早逝,八岁的夏洛蒂被送进一所专收神职人员孤女的慈善性机构——柯文桥女子寄宿学校。在那里,她的两个姐姐玛丽亚和伊丽莎白因染上肺病而先后死去。于是夏洛蒂和妹妹艾米利回到家乡,15岁时她进了伍勒小姐办的学校读书,几年后又在这个学校当教师。后来她曾作家庭教师,最终她投身于文学创作的道路。夏洛蒂·勃朗特有两个姐姐、两个妹妹和一个弟弟。两个妹妹,即艾米莉·勃朗特和安妮·勃朗特,也是著名作家,因而在英国文学史上常有“勃朗特三姐妹”之称。

二、小说内容概要

简·爱是一个孤儿,寄住在舅母家,从小受尽欺侮和白眼。她被送进一家慈善学校,在那里,她学会了如何在恶劣的条件下生存,并最终成为该校的一名教师。后来,她应聘报纸广告上的职位,来到桑菲尔德庄园,担任庄园的主人罗切斯特先生收养的小女孩阿黛尔的家庭教师。简·爱相貌平平,出身寒微,却诚实真挚,独立自强,敢于表达自己的观点。罗切斯特被简·爱所深深吸引,而她也爱上了罗切斯特。就在他们即将成婚之际,简·爱得知罗切斯特已有妻室,她就是被关在阁楼里的疯女人伯莎。简·爱拒绝了罗切斯特要她留下来的请求,离开了桑菲尔德庄园。无家可归的简·爱被圣约翰·里弗斯兄妹收留,原来他们竟是表亲。圣约翰要去印度传教,他认为简·爱的品格非常适合做牧师的妻子,于是向她求婚,而简·爱却对罗切斯特念念不忘。一天晚上,她仿佛听见罗切斯特在呼唤自己的名字,于是她又回到桑菲尔德庄园,却发现昔日的庄园已被伯莎点的一把火化为灰烬。而罗切斯特也在抢救伯莎时受伤,双目失明。这时已经继承了一笔遗产的简·爱决定留在罗切斯特身边。三、文体赏析

1.高频词分析

根据美国《作家文摘》对各类小说字数的界定,《简·爱》属于中篇小说(字数在30000到50000之间)。据粗略统计,出现频率最高的是人称代词I,若删除其它没有实际意义的虚词,频率高的还有you, me, he, my, her等这类人称代词,而且发现第一人称代词的使用频率比其他人称代词高出好几倍。作者采用第一人称的方式叙述事情,通过女主人公“我”的视角将事件的发展呈现出来,给人以身临其境之感,使得情境显得更为真切,便于作者抒发情感和进行心理描写,同时也更容易引起读者情感上的共鸣。此外,人称代词I, you, me, my 等的频繁出现反映小说中对话的部分较多,而对话是塑造人物的有效方法之一,小说里人物的性格特点可以通过对话充分展现。

2.人物刻画

小说中,Jane和Rochester这两个人名出现的频率较高,是小说中的主要人物。得知,Jane 一词贯穿全文始终,说明其为小说主人公,Rochester虽然在小说开头没有出现,但此后部分出现的频率极高,与女主人公Jane出现的频次相差不大,由此可知小说内容主要是关于这两个人之间的故事。

情态动词must出现的频率极高,must的高频使用确实和女主人公简的话语态度有密切关系。如’I must keep in good health, and not die' I replied 中的must表示简对于摆脱盖茨黑德进入罗沃德学校的安排怀抱美好希望,求生欲望强烈,她以为进入罗沃德就可以开启美好新生活了,反映了简对自由美好生活的强烈向往,因为这种生活对于盖茨黑德的她来说一直是可望不可即的。

life一词在小说中出现的频率也很高,且其前搭配率较高的是new,better这类积极的词汇。如I was excited at being in a new place ,and looked forward to my new life there中的new说明简渴望自由,她坚定不移地追求一种光明美好的新生活。

作者多次使用plain一词描述简的外貌和穿着,说明简相貌平平,衣着朴素。而这样一位不美的,矮小的家庭女教师在爱情里能自信地仰起头要求和对方平等,她有强烈的自尊心,坚持自己的信仰,努力争取自由幸福平等的权力。’Do you think, because I’m small and poor and plain, that I have no soul and no heart? Well, you’re wrong! I have as much soul and heart as you. It is my spirit that speaks to your spirit!’在罗切斯特面前,她从不因自己是一个卑微的家庭女教师而感到自卑,反而认为他们是平等的。Plain一词同时也体现了他们的爱情不是建立在金钱名利的基础上,而是彼此相互尊重欣赏的基础上,不带任何杂质的纯洁爱情,是一种追求全心付出的爱情。

3.象征手法

red room在小说中共出现10次,尤其是在小说前一部分,也就是简爱的童年,那么红房子到底有什么特殊含义呢?红房子是里德先生故世9年的房子,里德太太为惩罚简爱,常把她锁在红房子中,对于童年的简爱来说,红房子是对她身体和精神上残酷的惩罚,在被隔离囚禁的处境中,她内心呐喊着不公平,反抗意识由此而起。红房子象征着束缚和囚禁,是简追寻自由幸福平等必须跨越的障碍。每当简将自己所处的处境与当初被囚禁的感受相联系时,红房子就会出现在她的记忆中。关在红房子的恐惧感深深烙印在她记忆中,当罗切斯特竭力劝说她留在身边时,红房子就会出现在她脑海里,因为她感受到情感和理智上受到了束缚。

此外,小说中反复使用“寒冷”的意象来衬托心境,烘托气氛,渲染文中阴森、恐怖、或痛苦的氛围。如a strange shape examining the wedding dress hanging in my cupboard. My blood ran cold. 当简希望破灭,感到绝望时,她所感受到的天气总是寒冷的,婚礼中当她得知罗切斯特已有一名合法妻子,明白无法和他在一起时,她的内心状态是:“白茫茫的一篇萧索,我的希望全都破灭了……”当罗沃德学校疾病蔓延和盖茨黑德孤独落寞时,寒冷的意象也用于描写中。因此,意象的手法可以很好地烘托气氛,刻画人物性格,体现主题思想。

四、结论

《简·爱》是19世纪英国杰出批判现实主义作家夏洛蒂的代表作,她强调女性的地位,精神上的独立性,个人人格的发展,女主人公简爱是在当时时代下被压迫的妇女,得不到基本的教育、经济的情况下争取个人的自由平等,敢于揭露抨击那个压抑的资本主义社会。《简·爱》通过一个孤女坎坷的经历,塑造了一个不安于现状、敢于抗争的女性形象,反映一个平凡心灵的坦诚倾诉,它阐述了一个主题—就是人的价值等于尊严和爱,女人公的人生追求主要有两个:一个是坚持不懈的反抗精神,一个是对人间幸福的追求,小说的结尾是罗切斯特的庄园毁了,罗切斯特成了一个残疾人,简·爱在这样的结局中同时获得了爱和尊严的满足,但这样的结局过于完美,也体现了作者对美好生活的理想。

通过对《简·爱》的文体进行分析,得知作者擅长运用第一人称视角叙述故事,使故事更具有真实性也更能引起读者的同情;在人物性格刻画方面,作者频繁使用情态动词来体现女主人公坚持尊严的坚定态度,突出了人生价值在于尊严和爱的同时拥有这个主题;最后通过“红房子”和“寒冷”的意象,烘托了小说气氛,展现了小说的主题思想。

高级英语文体分析

A Brief Stylistic Analysis on “ Mohamed Elbaradei’s Nobel Lecture for 2005” 外语系09级师范二班徐仲良11号 Abstract: On October 7, 2005, ElBaradei and the IAEA were announced as joint recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize for their "efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy, for peaceful purposes, is used in the safest possible way." ElBaradei donated all of his winnings to building orphanages in Cairo. The IAEA's winnings are being spent to train scientists from developing countries to use nuclear techniques in combating cancer and malnutrition. ElBaradei is the fourth Egyptian to receive the Nobel Prize, following Anwar Sadat (1978 in Peace), Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature), and Ahmed Zewail (1999 in Chemistry). In his Nobel lecture, ElBaradei said that the changing landscape of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament may be defined by the emergence of an extensive black market in nuclear material and equipment, the proliferation of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology, and the stagnation in nuclear disarmament. To combat proliferation, ElBaradei has suggested keeping nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups, tightening control over the operations for producing the nuclear material that could be used in weapons, and accelerating disarmament efforts.[71]ElBaradei also stated that only one percent of the money spent to develop new weapons would be enough to feed the entire world and that, if we hope to escape self destruction, nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience and no role in our security

大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)

英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学(约5世纪-1485) 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,1375-1400)以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400)的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期-17世纪初) 相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More, 1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的《乌托邦》(Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词,但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河,这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》(The New Atlantis)、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》(Erewhon)一直延续到20世纪

《简·爱》英语文体学分析

《简·爱》文体分析 摘要:文体学是连接语言学和文学批评的桥梁,它集中探讨作者如何通过对语言的选择来表达和加强主题意义和美学效果。《简·爱》是英国著名女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特最为经典的作品。本文从文体学的角度对《简·爱》进行分析,探讨其在词汇运用、情节发展、人物刻画及主题思想方面的特点。 一、作者简介 夏洛蒂·勃朗特1816年生于英国北部约克郡的豪渥斯的一个乡村牧师家庭。母亲早逝,八岁的夏洛蒂被送进一所专收神职人员孤女的慈善性机构——柯文桥女子寄宿学校。在那里,她的两个姐姐玛丽亚和伊丽莎白因染上肺病而先后死去。于是夏洛蒂和妹妹艾米利回到家乡,15岁时她进了伍勒小姐办的学校读书,几年后又在这个学校当教师。后来她曾作家庭教师,最终她投身于文学创作的道路。夏洛蒂·勃朗特有两个姐姐、两个妹妹和一个弟弟。两个妹妹,即艾米莉·勃朗特和安妮·勃朗特,也是著名作家,因而在英国文学史上常有“勃朗特三姐妹”之称。 二、小说内容概要 简·爱是一个孤儿,寄住在舅母家,从小受尽欺侮和白眼。她被送进一家慈善学校,在那里,她学会了如何在恶劣的条件下生存,并最终成为该校的一名教师。后来,她应聘报纸广告上的职位,来到桑菲尔德庄园,担任庄园的主人罗切斯特先生收养的小女孩阿黛尔的家庭教师。简·爱相貌平平,出身寒微,却诚实真挚,独立自强,敢于表达自己的观点。罗切斯特被简·爱所深深吸引,而她也爱上了罗切斯特。就在他们即将成婚之际,简·爱得知罗切斯特已有妻室,她就是被关在阁楼里的疯女人伯莎。简·爱拒绝了罗切斯特要她留下来的请求,离开了桑菲尔德庄园。无家可归的简·爱被圣约翰·里弗斯兄妹收留,原来他们竟是表亲。圣约翰要去印度传教,他认为简·爱的品格非常适合做牧师的妻子,于是向她求婚,而简·爱却对罗切斯特念念不忘。一天晚上,她仿佛听见罗切斯特在呼唤自己的名字,于是她又回到桑菲尔德庄园,却发现昔日的庄园已被伯莎点的一把火化为灰烬。而罗切斯特也在抢救伯莎时受伤,双目失明。这时已经继承了一笔遗产的简·爱决定留在罗切斯特身边。三、文体赏析

(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档

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英语文体学教程

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