词汇学复习重点
第一章
1.word : 1简单意义：a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a sentence
2.完整意义：a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
2.vocabulary定义四个要素：1.refer to the total number of the words in a language.2.it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.
3.refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 4个要素：language, time, space, person.
3.sound and form 1.关系：the symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.2.more and more different 原因：1,the number of alphabet cannot describe the English sounds one by one.2, sounds develop faster than the written form.3.the scribes deliberately change the written form for being easily recognized.
4.the printing machine fixed the written form.
5.borrowed words make the gap wider. 4.motivation分类：1.onomatopec motivation.(Refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the natural sounds or noise. 2. morphological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using existing language materials ,as roots, affixes, etc).3.semantic motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new meanings are given to existing words by mental
assaiations.4.etymological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation by which the new meanings can directly tell the origin of the word.)
4.word meaning 分类：4. “All national character”is the most important of all the features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.
basic word stock基础词汇：1.all national character(全民性，必须有)2.stability 3.productivity 4.polysemy(一词多义)5.collocability(可搭配性) –
5．Nonbasic vocabulary. 1。terminology，术语(this refers to the formal words that used by scientists in their research.)2.jargon，行话(refers to the informal words used by people of the same trades as workers, farmers, technicians, etc. in their work.)3.slang，俚语(refers to the informal words that usually used by young people in their daily activity. The words of this category are usually coined from a normal or daily-life words and are short-lived, otherwise they will become idioms.)4argot，黑话。(refers to the informal words that are usually used by criminals in their “work”(communication inside the group)5.dialectal words方言词。(refers to the informal words that are used in English by people from the same country.)6.archaism，古语(refers to informal or learned words used by scholars in their literary research)6.neologism，新词
6.content words 和functional words的区别。Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. (They are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.)Functional words do not have notions of their own, they are known as form words.区别：functional words are the words that are more important in use in grammatical meaning than in lexical meaning; content word, are the words that are full both in grammatical and lexical meaning. Pronoun既不是实词也不是虚词。
7.borrowed words.定义：borrowed words are the words borrowed from other languages after the settlement of Anglo-Saxon into England.特征。(1. Neutral in style) 2 frequent in use. 1) denizens.（are the borrowed words borrowed in the early stage of English history and are well assimilated into English.）2) aliens (are the borrowed words that still keep their original sound and spelling) 3) translation loans (are the borrowed words that borrowed in 2 steps: first translating the word then borrowing the word into English.) 4. Semantic loans (are the borrowed words that borrowed in 2 steps: first borrowing the meaning of foreign language and then pat the meaning into existing English words.) Native words: Anglo-Saxon words: native words are not native in fact but words brought to Britain in the fifth century by German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.
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第二单元
1. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and Roumanian.(finally comes to the Germanic family language). First, we have 4 northern European languages (Scandinavian language): Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish,+ then comes to 4( German, Dutch,, Flemish and English.)languages.
2. Development: 1, Old English(450-1150): 1.settlement of Anglo-Saxon-----Anglo-Saxon dialects-----5th century-----daily life word.
2.Introduction of Roman Catholic Church-----Latin-----6th century----daily life words and religious words.
3.invasion of Vikings-----Scandinavians------9th century----daily life and military words.2.Middle English (1150-1500): 1.norman conquest: French---12th century----daily life and political words. Latin----12th century -----academic and scientific words.2.Foreign trade----Dutch----15th century-----foreign trade words.3.Modern English (1500-1700-up to the present): 1.Renaissance: ----Latin, Greek. ----16th century----academic, scientific, and literary words.2.industray revolution----all the languages in the world-----18th century.----grammer,analytic.
3.英语影响的语种：Latin, Greek, French, Scandivian.
第三章
1.morpheme的简单概念和完整概念
简单定义：a morpheme is a smallest, meaningful unit in a sentence.
完整定义:a morpheme is a smallest, meaningful unit of a language.
2.allomorph的概念：an allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.
3. Free and bound morphemes. A free morpheme is a morpheme which is independent of other morphemes and happens to be a simple word. Bound morpheme is a morpheme which is dependent of other morphemes and to be bound to other morphemes to form words.
4. Root, stem and base. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. (Word form to which inflectional affixes can be attached). A base is a word form to which any kind of affixes(both derivational and inflectional can be attached)如果是stem就一定是base. Nation (root, stem. base) national (stem, base) internationalist (stem, base)
Suffixation: inflectional affixes a derivational affixes
第四章
1.affixation分两大类：affixation is the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivations. According to the
positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.
2. Compounds can be written open, solid, hyphenated, according to dictionary.
compounding 的四个特点：1.phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if only, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of the free phrases. BUT, these accentual patterns of compounds are not absolute. Sometimes, the primary stress may also fall on the second constituent as bottle-green as well as in combining –form compounds, socio-linguistic, phycho-analysis.2.semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases in their semantic”one-wordness”, i.e. a single semantic unit even though they may be written open. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, a green hand is an “inexperienced person”, not a hand that is green in color; nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent, that is, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds like disaster-related, washing machine. 3. Grammatical features. The one-wordness of compounds can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphologically. They
tend to fill a single grammatical slot in a sentence, for example, that of a verb, a noun, or an adjective. For example, bad-mouth can be used as a verb,e.g …he bad-mouthed me?. 4. Orthographical features. In most cases, compounds are written either …solid? or …hyphenated? as mentioned earlier, thus easy to recognize. But spelling conversations are not often dependable because as illustrated above some compounds can be written in all three forms, e.g. flowerpot, flower-pot, flower pot. Comparatively, Britain speakers tend to hyphenate compounds while Americans like to compounds like free phrases.
3.conversion 定义. Conversation is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
4.blending 定义.blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends or pormanteau words. For example, flush is the combination of flash and blush. Similarly, smog is the result of putting smoke and fog together. Breakfast + lunch=brunch
5.clipping 定义. Clipping is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. For example, plane and exam are sometimes used in place of aeroplane, and examination respectively.
6. Acronymy 定义（is one of the minor ways in forming new words, by which new words are created by using initial letters of composite names
of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Words formed in this way are called acronyms, which can be subdivided into initialisms and acronyms depending on the pronunciation of the words.
Catalogue: initialisms and acronyms
7. Initialisms are acronyms which are sounded letter by letter.
8. word-formation is one of the minor in word formation by which new words are created by removing imagined or supposed suffixes away from already used words.
9. Back-formation is one of the minor ways in forming new words, by which new words are created by removing and imagined or supposed suffixes away form words.
第五章
1. Word meaning.“Meaning”is what the form stands for. Related concepts: reference (is a term used in studying word meaning, referring to the relationship between language and the world)
2.concept (is a term used in studying word meaning, referring to the result of human recognition of world which is beyond language)
3.sense (is a term used in studying word mean denoting the relationships, inside the language, and being defined as meaning of word.)
Sense: 简单定义:sense means the meaning of “meaning”. 完整定义：sense is a term used in studying word meaning by using semantic
triangle, which denotes relationships inside language.)
2.motivation定义：is a term used in studying the establishment of the relationship between linguistic symbols and its meaning.
3. Types of meaning: 1. grammatical meaning(is one of the two parts of
a word meaning, which indicates a grammatical relationships or concepts which shows what is the relationships of word with other words in the same sentence) and lexical meaning( is one of the two parts of word meaning, which is used to describe everything in the word. 2. Lexical meaning classification---------Conceptual meaning and associative meaning.(Conceptual meaning is one of the two lexical meaning given in dictionary and forms the core of the word meaning which is acknowledged by all the people using the language; associative meaning is one of the two lexical meaning which is supplemented the conceptual meaning and comes into being depend on words.)
4.associative meaning its categories: 1.connotative meaning(is one of category of associative meaning which indicates overtones or associations the word has, which is, resulted from conceptual meaning) ,2. stylistic meaning(is one of category of associative meaning, which indicates in what kind of association or condition the words can be used formal, neutral or informal) 3.affective meaning(is a category of associative meaning, which expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or the thing in a discussion, appreciative or pejorative. 4.
Collative meaning (is a category of associative meaning, which indicates around what kind of words the word can be used).
第六章
1. Polysemy (is a term used in studying sense relations, referring to quality or condition of a word with many interrelated meanings.)
2. Concatenation (is a term used in the development of word meaning, which is a process in which the primary meaning stands at its head and the other meaning move away from it like a chain until the sense of the first meaning lost.
3. Homonymy (is a term used in studying sense relations, referring to a quality or condition two or more words the same in sound / or spelling but quite different in meanings.
4. Types of homonyms:perfect homonyms; partial homonyms (homographs, homophones).
5.synonomy(is a quality or condition of 2 or more words that are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly this or exactly the same meaning.
6. Types of synonyms1)absolute synonyms(are exactly the same in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning. 2) Relative synonyms (are the synonyms that are similar /nearly the same in denotation but every embrace different shades of meanings or different degrees of a given
quality).
7.antonymy(is a quality or condition of two or more words that are traditionally defined as words opposite in meaning) https://www.360docs.net/doc/3190802.html,plementaries are one kind of antonyms which are truly represent oppositeness of meaning that are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.2) contraries are one kind of antonyms that are gradable.3) converses are one kind of antonyms that indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of the two can?t be used without mentioning the other.
8. Hyponomy is a quality or condition of two or more words with meaning of one being included in the other which is more general.
9. Superodinate is one of two classes of hyponymy that is general in meaning and other words with specific meaning are included. Subordinate is one of two classes of hyponymy that is specific and is included in superordinate in meaning.
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
词汇学试题(1)
哈尔滨商业大学2009-2010学年第二学期《词汇学》期末考试试卷 装 题 订 线 内 不 答 要 一、单项选择题（本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 2.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 3. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 4. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 5. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 6. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language,_______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 7. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 8. The five Romance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 9. The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. A. Germanic B. Indo-European C. Albanian D. Hellenic 10. By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin. A. 10th B.11th C.12th D. 13th 11. The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______. A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 12. The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 13. The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 14. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes
词汇学复习整理
Chapter 1 LEXICOLOGY: Lexicology is the science of words, which is concerned with the study of vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, the origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. Chapter 2 1.The history of English language History of English language can be divided into Old English(450AD-1150AD), Middle English (1150AD-1500AD), and Modern English (1500AD-present). 2.Classification of English words English words can be divided into different groups in terms of the origin, the level of usage and the notion. By origin Native words (Anglo-Saxon/ old English) Loan words (borrowed) By level of usage: 5 categories Standard/ popular word/ common words Literary words Colloquial words Slang words Technical words By notion Content words: They have the independent lexical meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, adverb. Function words: They are determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and grammatical signals, functional makers. Pick up the slang words and explain. 1.Father said nix to our plan, so we couldn’t go to the museum. (nothing, no) 2.When the buck leads, the world suffers. (money, dollars) 3.He says he’ll be a great writer but that’s a lot of boloney; he’ll never be. (nonsense) 4.I’ll clobber you if you don’t do what you’re told, said the angry father. (beat sb. repeatedly) 5.I think I’m just a hick at heart. (a foolish person from the country) 6.He thought his idea was wonderful, but in fact, it was complete rot. (nonsense) Chapter 3 Compounding: refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words, e.g. schoolboy. Derivation: derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. Conversion: the creation of word from an existing word without any change in form, e.g. the adjective clean becomes the verb clean.
大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习资料整理 权威版 后附试题
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
词汇学简论摘要笔记
1。词汇学是以语言中的词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。 2。词的意义的体现，则有事物、思维和语言结构三者。因而词的基本分类，则有客体、特征、状态和代替之别。据此研究，一在抓词的理据；二在抓词的变化，考察哪些意义变化引起哪些形式变化和哪些形式变化引起哪些意义变化。即通过词的结构分析，串连语音、形态、语义的内在联系和词义系统相符的名词，确定词与词间的语源关系，从而寻求词根及其衍化轨迹。现代词汇学的研究，不能再墨守传统训访学的方式和方法。既要由上而下地从经籍递推到大众口语，又要根据大众的词汇逆溯到它们最初的来源。这样，对词形结构的分析，词义发展的识别和语音衍化的探讨，才能有所创获。 3。对于某一发展阶段上的语言体系的描写和研究又叫共时的或静态的研究；对于语言体系及其各个组成部分在历史上的发展变化的研究又叫历时的或演化的研究。“共时性”(synchronie)和“历时 性” (diachronie)这两个概念是瑞士语言学家索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussurel857—1913)在他的《普通语言学教程》里首先提出来的。索绪尔对“共时”和“历时”的解释是，“有关我们这门科学的静态方面的一切都是共时的，涉及演他的一切都是历时的”“共时和历时分别指一种语言状态和一种演化情况。”汉译本《普通语言学教程》，商务印书馆，1980，页119. （P2） 4。个别语言词汇学又可以分为历史词汇学和描写词汇学。前者研究语言的词汇在历史过程中的发展，后者研究在历史发展的某一阶段(一般是指现阶段)语言的词汇系统的状况和特点。自然，二者也是相互为用，不可以截然划分开来的。（P2） 5。若是研究一个民族的古代历久那就更加用得着词汇学(特别是历史词汇学)的知识。正如当代语言学家丰克 (Wilfred Funk)在《词的来源和它们的传奇故事》(Word Origin and Their Romantic Stories，1950)中所说，“词汇也象个小窗户，通过它可以熟悉一个民族的过去。”有时候在缺乏其他史料的情况下，语言材料(主要是词汇材料)就成了研究古代历史上某一个问题的重要依据甚至是唯一依据。（P7） 6。把语言材料应用于古代历史的研，在西方创始于德国语言学家雅各·格林(Jakob Grimml785—1863)。他的著名论点是：“我们的语言也就是我们的历史。”（J。Grimm：《K1einere Schriften》 (小品集)第1册，1864，页290.转引自阿巴耶夫：《语言史和民族史》，《民族问题译丛》1957年第12期，页13。）（P7） 7。分别来说历史词汇学的知识能够帮助解决古代民族史上如下三方面的问题：1)民族起源，即一个民族的起源和形成过程如何，它跟哪些别的民族有亲属关系；2)民族文化历史，即一个民族在各个历史阶段上的文化水平及其主要特点如何；3)民族间互相交往和影响，即一个民族在历史上跟哪些别的民族发生过关系，它受到过它们哪些影响，又对它们有过哪些影响。 解决头一个问题主要依靠基本词汇的材料，而解决后两个问题就还要利用一般词汇的捞料，因为一个民族的物质生活和精神生活的特点及变化都会在语言的词汇中留下它们的痕迹。（P8） 8。总括词的语言外部联系和语言内部联系两个方面，就可以看出一种语言的词汇是在历史上形成并不断发展的社会现象，它本身构成一个完整的体系；词和词之间、词和语言的其他要素之间以及词和客观现实之间都存在着不可分割的多种多样的联系。P14
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
最新英语词汇学期末复习资料资料
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