葡萄酒完整翻译
LAFITE
(2004 2001 1998 1999)
Appellation: Pauillac
Classification: Classified as the First Growth in 1855
Aged 18-24 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 20~40 years
Characteristics: Full bodied and elegant, dark ruby color，soft and velvety palate, great fruity and structure with a high quality. The years before 1985 (1982 excluded) were disappointing because there were no high-quality wines until the years after 1985 when wines of good quality were brewed. Although the price of the wines was speculated in the years of 2000, 2003, 2005, there are still large numbers of wine admirers
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MOUTON
（1990 1998）
Appellation: Pauillac
Classification: Classified as the First Growth in 1855
Aged 19-22 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 20~40 years
Characteristics:Full body with a deep pink color; rich and round, fuller and mellow. It is of high quality and has a multiple complex aroma with a vinosityform similar as LATOUR. It has a stable quality after 1980. LATOUR
（1993）
Appellation: Pauillac
Classification: Classified as the First Growth in 1855
Aged 16-18 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 25~50 years
Characteristics:High bodied with a deep pink color. It has a full taste and a multiple complex aroma of rich and round. It has a similar vinosity as MOUTON. It gained an overnight successin 1961 because of
its high quality. Since then ,it has a stable quality except a few years of extremely bad weather. Although the price of the wines was speculated in the years of 2000, 2003, 2005, there are still many a persuer. MARGAUX
（1994）
Appellation: Margaux
Classification: Classified as the First Growth in 1855
Aged 18-24 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 20~45 years
Characteristics: Fine vinosity and rich taste with a ruby color; It has a multiple complex aroma of fragrant and elegant , well-balanced and high-quality. It brewed wines of outstanding vinosity from 1945 to 1950. There were no such wines until 1978 thereafter. The wines after 1978 remained high-quality (excluded years affected by bad weather). Chateau d'Armailhac
Appellation: Pauillac
Classification: Classified as the Fifth Growth in 1855
Aged 16 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~25years
Characteristics: High bodied, deep pink with a relatively rich taste; It has a similar aroma as plum and currant, well-balanced. It will be promoted to the Fourth Growth with reasonable price and an increased quality each year.
Chateau Clerc Milon
Appellation: Pauillac
Classification: Classified as the Fifth Growth in 1855
Aged 16 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~25 years
Characteristics: High body, deep ruby color, rich and full texture with an aroma of cherry fruit and currant. It needs to be aged. It was of stable quality from 1985 to 2005 and also brewed great wines. As
another industry of Rothschild Family, Chateau Clerc Milon shows us its unique flavor and sophisticated production methods.
Chateau Lynch Bages
Appellation: Pauillac
Classification: Classified as the Fifth Growth in 1855
Aged 15 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~30 years
Characteristics: High body and deep pink; rich and full taste with an aroma of plum and currant which is not the traditional vinosity of Pauillac wines. It had a stabe quality since 1990, including the years of bad weather. Fifth Growth as it is, nobody denies the fact that it has a quality of Second Growth.
Chateau Montroses
Appellation: Saint-Julien
Classification: Classified as the Second Growth in 1855
Aged 12~16 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~30 years
Characteristics: Located in the best position of Haut-Medoc，Chateau Montroses is famous for its strong, wonderful and sophisticated quality in the wine region of Saint Yisidifei.
Chateau GrandPuyLacoste
Appellation: Pauillac
Classification: Classified as the Fifth Growth in 1855
Aged 16 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~25 years
Characteristics: High body and deep ruby color, full and rich taste with a multiple complex aroma. It can be stored for a long time. It has a stable quality since after 1980 and is outstanding after 1995. Chateau GrandPuy has been leading in the chateaus of Pauillac. It will be promoted to the Third Growth because of its uniqueness.
Chateau Giscours
Appellation: Margaux
Classification: Classified as the Third Growth in 1855
Aged 15~18 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~25 years
Characteristics: High body and deep ruby color , rich texture and sufficient tannins. It has a well-balanced aroma with harmony, not similar as the traditional styles in the Margaux region. It has remained excellent quality since 1996.
Chateau Rauzan Segla
Appellation: Margaux
Classification: Classified as the Second Growth in 1855
Aged 18~20 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~30 years
Characteristics: Highly plump with a fuller taste. It has a smooth and mellow vinosity after1990s with a fine aroma and stucture. It brewed many vintages of excellent quality after the mid 1990s. It has an annual rise in its quality. In 1994, it was under Chanel's acquisition. Chateau Lascombers
Appellation: Margaux
Classification: Classified as the Second Growth in 1855
Aged 16~20 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~25 years
Characteristics: High body and gorgeously vermeil color, fine aroma, smooth and elegant with a multiple complex fruity, well-balanced. Before 2000, it did not have a stable quality until 2001 when it brewed wines of excellent quality. It has a strong tannin, which perfectly manifests characters of Margaux region.
Ducru Beaucaillou
Appellation: Saint-Julien
Classification: Classified as the Second Growth in 1855
Aged 20 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~30 years
Characteristics: High, full body and deep ruby color, smooth and elegant with a multiple complex aroma, well-balanced and intense fruit, classic Bordeaux wine type. It has always remained a certain level and good reputation, especially after 1996.
Chateau Leoville Barton
Appellation: Saint-Julien
Classification: Classified as the Second Growth in 1855
Aged 20 months in oak Barrels
Ageing Time: 15~30 years
Characteristics: High body and gorgeous deep pink color, rich and full vinosity, smooth and elegant. It has always been of high quality since 1980 and better quality after 1990. As an vintage wine of Saint-Julien region, Leoville Barton gives people with high perceived value and it has been admiered by many purchasers.
. Chateau Talbot
Appellation: SAINT-JULIEN
Grade: Classified as the Forth Growth in 1855
Oak Barrels: 16-18 months
Ageing Time: 15~25years
Characteristic: Medium full bodied , bright-red colour and luster, rich and supple, well-balanced, delicate and good quality . The quality and price has always been stable every year, and it is cost –effective .
. Chateau Cos D’estournel
Appellation: SAINT-ESTEPHE
Grade ; Classified as the Second Growth in 1855
Oak Barrels: 12-16 months
Ageing Time:15~30years
Characteristic: High full bodied, dark-red colour and luster , rich and elegant ,with concentrated palate and multiple complicated
fragrance ,The quality of this wine has been very good since 1980 . From the year of 2001, this wine awaken people’s memory of glorious years, which is the honour and craze of the grape wine peak age. Chateau Lafon Rochet
Appellation: SAINT-ESTEPHE
Grade ; Classified as the Forth Growth in 1855
Oak Barrels:16-18 months
Ageing Time:15-25 years
Characteristic: Since the year of 1982 , Chateau Lafon Rochet has been working at improving the quality of wine by adjusting harvest time , increasing the rate of oak barrels and producing Carruades De Lafite. Hautes de Pontet Canet
Appellation:PAUILLAC
Grade ; Classified as the Fifth Growth in 1855
Oak Barrels:16-18 months
Characteristic: Medium full bodied , concentrated and rich ,and with many complicated aromas .
AOC酒
Chateau Rosalcy.
Country: France
Appellation: Lalande-de-pomerol
Characteristic : Intense fruit flavours, with medium tannins. concentrated colour. It is brewed from 50% Cabernet Franc and 50% Merlot.
Price：468
Haut Mondain
Country: France
Appellation : Bordeaux
Characteristic: Intense fruit flavours, with medium tannins, rich and mellow. It is a full body wine with velvet taste and excellent flavour. Price：268
Arnozan
Appellation : Bordeaux
Grade : AOC
Variety: 60% Merlot , 40% Cabernet Sauvignon
Characteristic: Deep ruby red wine with rich aromas of fruits ,shows a special feeling of freshness and balance . This is a full-bodied and fruity wine with a good structure and a lingering finish.
Price：258
Belle France
Appellation : Bordeaux
Grade : AOC
Variety: 60% Merlot, 30% Cabernet Sauvignon, 10%Cabernet Franc. Characteristic: The body is bright-red ,very balanced. This wine has mellow aroma of fruits and wood, full, and tight.
Price :178
VDP级
Charme de France Cabernet Sauvignon
Country: France
Appellation : France Atlanta
Grade : VDP
Veriety: 100 % Cabernet
Characteristic: Dark red ,with multiple aromas of variety fruits, but also full-bodied and intense, velvety taste.
Price :168
Charme de France Sauvignon
Country: France
Appellation : France Atlanta
Grade : VDP
Veriety: 100 % Sauvignon
Characteristic: The body is golden , with an attractive nose of flower fresh fruit flavour
Price :168
电力系统继电保护技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Relay protection development present situation Abstract: Reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement, propose the future relay protection technological development tendency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization. Key word: relay protection, present situation development, future development 1 relay protection development present situation - 1 -
The electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection propose unceasingly the new request, the electronic technology, computer technology and the communication rapid development unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology development, therefore, the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the development 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time. After the founding of the nation, our country relay protection discipline, the relay protection design, the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing, has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century passes through. The 50's, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology , completed to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team's establishment. The relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology, has established our country relay manufacturing industry. Thus our country has completed the relay protection research, the design, the manufacture, the movement and the teaching complete system in the 60's. This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prospers, was our countries relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation. From the end of the 50's, the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the 60's to the 80's，it is the times which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely used. Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation research 500kV transistor direction high frequency protection the transistor high frequency block system which develops with the Nanjing electric power automation research institute is away from the protection, moves on the Gezhou Dam 500kV line , finished the 500kV line protection to depend upon completely from the overseas import time. - 2 -
各国红酒等级法国.doc
也就是说，法国法律严格规定，法国的葡萄酒必须标明此四个级别之一。真实并且是必须的！ 如果我们在中国找到一瓶背标上注明是原产于法国，但是在前标上找不到以上四个等级之一的句子，可以肯定这酒不是在法国灌装的。 从这四个分级可以大体分出酒的高低。 但因为AOC只是限定了出好葡萄酒的几个必需因素----土地和葡萄品种。而酿造出一批好酒，少不了天时地利人和。除了土地和葡萄品种外，应当还有阳光，降水，种植技术和酿造技术等。所以好的酒应当都是AOC的，但AOC的酒不一定是好葡萄酒。
其二，对于AOC来说，中间的“O”大有讲究。 “O”是“ORIGINAL”的略写。地方，地名的意思。 如果此地名表示的范围越小，表示此酒应当质量越好。 打个比方，中国的茶叶很好，大家都知道。如同“APPELLATION中国CONTR?LéE”的茶叶。但是中国到处产茶叶，有些地方的茶叶不一定就是好茶叶。 “APPELLATION浙江CONTR?LéE”，浙江的茶叶，来自产茶的大省，说明质量不错。 如果说是杭州的茶叶呢，“APPELLATION杭州CONTR?LéE”，当然更好了。 最后，“APPELLATION龙井CONTR?LéE”。没得说了，来自龙井地方的绿茶。本身这个地名就已经清楚的表明这个质量了。 地名越小，说明质量越好。来自龙井的绿茶，是不屑于用“杭州”，或者“浙江”的出处来表明自己身份的。在法国的葡萄酒也是同样的。 在波尔多地区,对于APPELLATION ORIGINAL CONTR?LéE级别中的“O”来说，从大到小，也可以说是质量从高到低有以下三个级别的：以整个地区命名，如“APPELLATION 波尔多CONTR?LéE”，“APPELLATION 孛艮第CONTR?LéE”； 以小区域名命名，如“APPELLATION 上-梅多克CONTR?LéE”； 以村庄命名，如“APPELLATION 波亚克CONTR?LéE”； 而更小的地名以葡萄园命名，如酒王“APPELLATION霍曼尼﹒康帝CONTR?LéE”.在波尔多是没有的。
红酒品鉴会方案(10)
皇家龙船“红酒品鉴会”动策划方案 一、活动主题： “财富人生从消费者到经销商的转变”皇家龙船红酒品鉴会（十）。活动目的： 1.以小型红酒沙龙会的形式，进一步提升品牌形象和企业知名度。 2.通过大家互动交流，对皇家龙船葡萄酒有个全面了解，可以全面了解葡萄酒。 二、活动地点： 自己准备的葡萄酒品鉴区 三、活动时间： 每月4-8次 四、参与人员： 邀约的有效客户10—20人 五、活动形式： 红酒知识＋自由分享+红酒评鉴+红酒销售 六、活动准备： 1. 红酒品鉴区的布置，红酒杯，红酒，桌椅，水果、以及原味饼干等 2. 邀请前期铺垫客户，发公司统一的皇家龙船邀请函（分电子函和彩页函）（如下图，电子版已准备）
3. 接待人员，倒酒开酒人员，音乐播放人员 七、 红酒沙龙内容： 活动主要以轻松愉快的自由交流形式，讲述和宣传红酒文化，提升客户在红酒方面的品味，从而提升皇家龙船的美誉度，增加客户对皇家龙船的钟爱度，吸引客户购买红酒。 1、迎客，轻音乐暖场，让来宾有一种亲切感； 2、红酒知识的导入，让大家更加了解葡萄酒 3、红酒品鉴互动交流，轻松愉快的状态下销售成交。 八、活动流程：（1个半小时）如： 14：00—14:05迎客进入展厅 14:05—14:10 主持人入场，渲染气氛，活动开始 14:10—14:20 红酒知识介绍+企业文化 企业文化 好了，企业文化介绍完毕，下面跟大家分享葡萄酒知识。 皇家龙船酒业有限公司隶属于深圳市联合创投旗下的全资子公司，深圳联合创投是2015年11月20日正式挂牌的一家上市企业，
股权代码为363374。也是国际高端葡萄酒的运营商、香港葡萄酒会的战略合作伙伴。公司旗下全资拥有法国的路易圣比尔酒庄以及澳洲的莱蔻玫瑰庄园，现在已经做到线上线下全覆盖、公司坚持以产品与服务为中心，利用线上平台分销裂变与线下实体体验馆双结合的模式，让我们消费者得到更加多不同的体验的同时也成为真正意义上的消费商。我们有专业的葡萄酒知识培训服务和专业的连锁管理团队。我们立志行业做到卓越。我们团队在在哪里，直营店就要开到哪里，力求为大家打造一个专业精良的葡萄酒专业平台。 卧放: 卧放可保证葡萄酒和软木塞接触，使其保持一定的湿度 低温: 白葡萄酒8—12度、红葡萄酒12—20度，必须保持恒温 适宜的湿度: 理想的相对湿度是70—80%左右，不能超过80% 黑暗: 光会加速葡萄酒中的分子运动，加快其成熟过程。一般是阴暗、避光处 通风: 不能有异味 无振动: 震动会加速分子运动，使酒趋于早熟。
继电保护发展现状外文翻译
Relay protection development present situation [ Abstract ] reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement, proposed the future relay protection technological development tendency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization. [ Key word ] relay protection present situation development，relay protections future development 1 relay protection development present situation The electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly the new request, the electronic technology, computer technology and the communication rapid development unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology development, therefore, the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the development 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time. After the founding of the nation, our country relay protection discipline, the relay protection design, the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing, has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century passes through. The 50's, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology , completed to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team's establishment. The acheng relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology, has established our country relay manufacturing industry. Thus our country has completed the relay protection research, the design, the manufacture, the movement and the teaching complete system in the 60's. This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prospers, was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation. From the end of the 50's, the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the
红酒酒标解读及波尔多红酒产区分布图
波尔多五大酒庄分别是： Chateau Lafite 拉菲 Chateau Mounton Rothchild 木桐Chateau Margaux 玛歌 Chateau Haut Brion 奥比昂 Chateau Latour 拉托尔五大酒庄是波尔多省左岸medoc地区的酒庄的第一产区(First Growth). 法国波尔多地区酒庄分级是根据1855年拿破仑三世下令制定的。当时的分级主要是根据各地酒庄的价格来制定的，而这个分级一直到今天也还一直大致沿用。而这个分级其实也只是对波尔多左岸产酒区的分级，并没有提到右岸的酒，因为早期交通问题，右岸的酒没有大量出口 右岸的红酒其实主要就是 St Emillion, 和很小的Pemorel 为主,因为中世纪的时候，波尔多河上没有大桥，导致那里的红酒没有传播出来。但是右岸的红酒现在很多价格甚至超过左岸五大酒庄，因为这里的酒浓烈的水果味，黑莓味，很是被人喜欢。出名酒庄有Chateau Chevel Blanc, Chateau Auson, Chateau Petrus 西方喝红酒和中国喝茶有着相似的作用：都能中和吃的菜的味道，牛肉的腻味，羊肉的膻味和海鲜的腥味都能被不同葡萄酒特殊的味道中和掉，不但让下一口继续美味，也让入口的酒可口。所以什么葡萄酒配什么菜也是门重要的学问。 葡萄酒配菜比较基本的就有，海鲜一般和香槟或burgendy白葡萄酒或者阿尔萨斯或德国的resling是好搭配。而像牛肉，羊肉或猪肉和波尔多红酒都是绝配。也有很多人说resling和中国菜是比较搭配的。甜点就一定要配波尔多甜酒Sauterne和阿尔萨斯甜酒。 附上两张红酒冰箱的图，
葡萄酒文化与品鉴教案
葡萄酒文化与品鉴教案公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
邢台学院 教案 2014 ～2015学年度第一学期 课程名称葡萄酒文化与品鉴 学时学分 32学时2学分 专业班级 授课教师王会京 院部美术与设计学院 本课程教学总体安排 课程名称：葡萄酒文化与品鉴 课程性质与类型：公共选修课 总学时、学分：32学时 2学分 教学目的与要求： 通过对葡萄酒起源、产地、产区、文化内涵、饮用习惯的讲解，使学生能够掌握葡萄酒文化的基础知识；学习葡萄酒的外观、品种分类、等级、品酒技巧、菜肴搭配以及侍酒流程等葡萄酒的品鉴过程，全面掌握识酒与品酒的方法。本课程打开眼界，增长知识，陶冶情操，提高感知鉴赏能力，为学生进一步在各专业深造和开拓提供活力。 教材及参考书目： 教材：王恭堂《葡萄酒的酿造和欣赏》中国轻工业出版，2000年 参考书：郭征《葡萄酒鉴赏宝典》上海科学技术出版社，2007年
考核方式及成绩计算方法： 要求：能够独立完成小论文撰写。 评分标准： 1、课堂情况：（30分）出勤率、迟到、早退状况 2、作业情况：（70分） 1)本课程是公共选修课，要求学生在学完本课程以后，能够掌握和熟悉中外葡萄酒的历史文化葡萄品种、葡萄酒品种、葡萄酒的酿造、葡萄酒的品尝、产区等内容。 2)考试小论文形式，综合谈谈对葡萄酒的认识和感受，考察学生的感受与鉴赏能力。 课程教学日历 课程名称：葡萄酒文化与品鉴授课学期：2014 ～2015学年度第一学期
第一章教学安排的说明章节题目：第一章葡萄酒的起源 学时分配：共4课时 第一节葡萄酒的起源 第二节葡萄酒的发展和葡萄酒文化 本章教学目的与要求：
(整理)如何读懂法国波尔多葡萄酒酒标.
如何读懂法国波尔多葡萄酒酒标 尽管法国酒标共享一套相同的法规，但每个产区都会在酒标上展示自己的一些独特的信息。本文为大家详细介绍一下波尔多酒标上的一些术语以及其背后隐藏的含义。 1. 生产商信息 生产者会在这里写出自己的生产信息，比如例子里的玛歌酒庄，生产者就是玛歌酒庄自己。但注意，并不是每款酒的酒庄名称和生产者都一致——有些葡萄酒的品牌所有者并不直接生产葡萄酒，而是委托其他生产者为他们生产，这样的葡萄酒，生产者的名字经常会写在酒标的底部位置。 2. 酒庄名称
法定标注“Chateau”是波尔多非常有特色的酒标法律，在波尔多，只有酒庄拥有用于酿酒的，实体上的“城堡”时，才可以在酒标上标注“Chateau”。但实际上，这种“城堡”并不非常严格，一栋小楼只要符合一些要求就可以称为城堡了。此外，如果两个独立的葡萄园共享同一个城堡，他俩都可以标注“Chateau”。所以要注意，能不能标城堡并非是判断一款酒好坏的依据。 此外，如果像玛歌酒庄这样，酒标上出现了城堡的图片，那么这个图片必须和酒庄的城堡有所关联。 3. 产区信息
波尔多出产的葡萄酒除了最广泛使用，最大产量的“Bordeaux”AOC认证以外，还有很多独立的子产区。通常，我们认为品质较好的葡萄酒，会来自那些更小的产区，比如玛歌酒庄所在的产区“Margaux”位于波尔多左岸，属于波尔多梅多克地区非常著名的四个村庄级AOC之一（其他三个分别为：St. Estephe、Pauillac、St. Julien），除此之外，波尔多还有很多非常著名的子产区，比如右岸的Pomerol和St. Emilion等等。 酒标上通常会标注出产区后，再在产区下方用稍小的字体写下该产区AOC，比如例子里酒款来自“Margaux”，下方AOC也标注“Appellation Margaux Controlée”，下方小字中间的名称必须和上方村名相符，不过可以省略不写。要注意的是优级波尔多（Bordeaux Superieur）同样也是波尔多内的AOC之一，许可范围几乎覆盖整个波尔多地区，品质和普通波尔多无本质上差异。 4. 酒庄等级
【机械专业文献翻译】故障切除继电保护装置
翻译文献（英译中） 原文: Fault—clearing Protective Relays(1) Overcurrent relaying．Slow—speed relays．The most obvious effect of a fault is t o change the current in the faulted conductor from a normal value to an abnormall y large one．Therefore it is not surprising that the earliest methods of clearing fault s were based on the utilization of that effect(overcurrent)．Early methods included f uses，circuit breakers with series trip coils，and slow—speed overcurrent relays． Slow—speed overcurrent relays are mostly of the induction type．To obtain selec tivity without unnecessarily long delay，such relays usually have a delay which vari es inversely with the current．Both time and current settings are adjustable．Since t he fault current decreases，on account of the increased impedance of the line betw een the fault and the source． as the fault is mo，ved farther from the source of power，it follows that the relay o perating time increases as the distance to the fault increases. The time—distance curves change with such conditions as connected generating capacity and the connection or disconnection of other transmission lines，and ther efore，to ensure selectivity，curves should be checked for several conditions to asc ertain that．under the worst condition，an adequate interval exists between the oper ating times of relays 1 and 3，and, similarly，between each pair of relays on adjoi ning line sections．Coordination may be accomplished by judicious choice of both ti me settings and current settings． If the relay current changes but little with fault location，the curve of relay time versus fault position becomes more like curve a than ike curve b．Such a condition
6.旧世界酒标标识详解
1．Denomin azione di origine controllata e Garantita 简称DOCG 优质法定产区的最高级别 2．Denominazione di origine Controllata 简称DOC 法定产区酒 3．Indicazione Geografiche Tipica 简称IGT 4．Vino da Tavola 简称VDT 法国葡萄酒分级制度： 1．APPELLA TION DORIGIN CONTROLEE 简称AOC 法定产区酒（最高级别） a.列级名庄（Grand Cru） b.一级名庄（Ier Cru）/ 明星庄（CUR BOURGEOIS） c.村庄级AOC d.区域级AOC e.波尔多高级AOC f.波尔多AOC 2．准法定产区酒（VDQS ） 3．VINS DE PAYS 简称VDP 地区餐酒 4．VINS DE TABLE 简称VDT 日常餐酒 西班牙葡萄酒分级制度： 1．Denomination de Origen Calificada 简称DOC 优质法定产区酒 a.陈酿Crianza –酒起码有12个月在橡木桶中。丰年后24个月才发售。 b.珍藏Reserva –有12个月在橡木桶中，丰年后36个月才发售。 c.特级珍藏Gran Reserva –有放24个月在橡木桶，丰年后60个月才上市发售2．Denomination de Origen 简称Do 法定产区酒 3．Vino de La Tierra VDLT 地区餐酒 4．Vino Comar 简称。VC 5．Vino de Messa VDM
1．Qualitatswein mif Pradikat 简称QMP 优质法定产区 a.Kabinet 一般葡萄酒（丹菲红） 成熟初期葡萄酿制的葡萄酒和轻盈平淡干白葡萄酒 b.Spatlese 晚摘葡萄酒（晚秋清甜） 迟摘葡萄酿制的，酒味道较香味 c.Auslese 贵族霉葡萄酒（贵族冰甜） 只用成熟的酿造，酒味更加浓郁香甜 d.Beerenauslese 精选贵族霉葡萄酒（德国冰甜） 用些酿造的是颜色较深的葡萄酒，味道香醇，甜味浓，产量少 e.Trockenbeerenauslese 精选甘颗粒贵族霉葡萄酒（金冰王） 以一颗颗精选的（失去大部分水分的葡萄）酿的酒是金黄色甜死蜂蜜 f.Eiswein 冰葡萄酒（蓝冰王） 以寒冷的早冬摘取的葡萄酿制的，酒香甜，但甜而不腻2．Qualitatswein 法定产区酒 3．Landwein 乡土葡萄酒 4．Tafelwein 日常餐酒 德国葡萄酒质量签订号（Ａ。Ｐ。Ｎr） 在酒标上A.P.Nr+数字（检验管理局号，装瓶地区号，注册号，批号，年份） 酒标上识别香槟酒的甜度 不甜Brut Mafure or zero closage （0-2克） 超天然Extra Brut (0-6克) 天然Brut （0-15克） 特干Extra Dry (sec) (12-20克) 干Dry (sec) (17-35克) 半干Demi-sec (Rich) (35-50克) 甜Doux (50克以上)
法国葡萄酒酒标解读
法国葡萄酒酒标解读 每瓶酒也有一张“身份证”，列明该瓶酒的酒龄、级数、出品酒庄、产地。所以入门首先便要学会阅读不同的酒标，才可更进一步了解葡萄酒。本篇将向您介绍酒标上主要信息的含义。 1．酒庄或酒名。在法国，常见以Chateau或Domaine开头。 2．原产地控制命名，即AOC。 3．酒庄的标志。一般是建筑图案，家族徽章等等。 4．酒庄的所在地。 5．年份。葡萄收获的年份。对于香槟，代表某一香槟品牌风格的常是无年份NV香槟。 6．葡萄品种。指葡萄酒酿制所用的葡萄品种。 7．装瓶信息。注明葡萄酒在哪或由谁装瓶，一般由酒厂、酒庄、批发商装瓶。 8．糖分信息。香槟和起泡酒一般会标注出这个信息，表示酒的含糖量。包括Extra Brut（绝干）、Brut（干）、Extra Dry（半干）、Sec（微甜）、Demi-Sec（半甜）、Doux（甜）。 9．其他信息。包括酒精度、容量、生产国家等。 葡萄酒标常见词汇 Appellation ****. Controlee：法定产区等级葡萄酒，简称AOC。通常在****加入被认定为AOC酒的地域名，例如Appellation Bordeaux Controlee指的就是波尔多的AOC酒。 Blanc：白葡萄酒。 Chateau：城堡酒庄。 Cave cooperative：合作酒厂。 Cru：葡萄园Grand Cru：最优良的特等葡萄园。Grand Cru Class 最优良的特等葡萄园中的“高级品”, Premier Cru Classe 一级园, Cru Exceptional 特中级酒庄, Cru Bourgeois 中级酒庄。 Demi sec：半干型葡萄酒，含些微糖份。 Doux：甜葡萄酒。 Domaine：独立酒庄。 Mis En Bouteille：装瓶。以在酒庄装酒为最佳，称为＂酒庄原装酒″。 Negociant：葡萄酒中介商。 Proprietaire recoltant：自产葡萄、酿酒的葡萄农。 Premier cru：次于特等葡萄园但优于一般等级的葡萄园。 Rouge：红葡萄酒。 Rose：玫瑰红酒。 Sec：干型葡萄酒，不含糖份。 VIN：葡萄酒。 V.D.Q.S.：优良地区餐酒。 Vin de Pays：地区餐酒。 Vin de Table：日常餐酒。 法国葡萄酒四级制(由法国农业部每年3月左右评审每年一次) 法定产区葡萄酒 A.O.C. 最高等级的法国葡萄酒，其使用的葡萄品种、最低酒精含量、最高产量、培植方式、修剪以及酿酒方法等都受到最严格的监控。只有通过官方分析和化验的法定产区葡萄酒才可获得A.O.C证书。正是这种非常严格的规定才确保了A.O.C等级的葡萄酒始终如一的高贵品质。在法国，每一个大的产区里又分很多小的产区。一般来说，产区越小，葡萄酒的质量也会越高。 优良地区餐酒 V.D.Q.S.
继电保护中英文对照要点
序号英文全称中文解释 1 A lagging power-factor 滞后的功率因数 2 A mutualky induced e.m.f 互感电动势 3 a retarding torque 制动转矩 4 Abnormal operating condition 不正常运行状态 5 Abnormal overload 异常过载 6 Abnormal overvoltage 事故过电压 7 Abnormal state 非常态 8 Above earth potential 对地电势 9 Abrupt signal analysis 突变信号分析 10 Absolute potential 绝对电势 11 AC circuit breaker 交流断路器 12 AC component 交流分量 13 AC directional over current relay 交流方向过流继电器 14 AC distribution system 交流配电系统 15 AC reclosing relay 交流重合闸继电器 16 Accelerating protection for switching onto fault 重合于故障线路加速保护动作 17 Acceleration Trend Relay(ATR) 加速趋势继电器 18 Accurate Working Current 精确工作电流 19 Accurate Working voltage 精确工作电压 20 Activate the breaker trip coil 起动断路器跳闸 21 Adaptive features 自适应特性 22 Adaptive relay protection 自适应继电保护 23 Adaptive relaying 自适应继电保护 24 Adaptive segregated directional current differential protection 自适应分相方向纵差保护 25 Admittance relays 导纳型继电保护装置 26 AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能 27 Air brake switch 空气制动开关 28 Air breaker 空气断路器 29 Air-blast circuit breaker 空气灭弧断路器 30 Air-blast switch 空气吹弧开关 31 Air-space cable 空气绝缘电缆 32 Alarm 报警 33 Alarm relay 报警信号继电器 34 Alarm signal;alerting signal 报警信号 35 Alive 带电的 36 All-relay interlocking 全部继电连锁 37 All-relay selector 全继电式选择器 38 Amplitude Comparison 绝对值比较 39 Analogue 模拟 40 Angle of maximum sensitivity 最大灵敏角 41 Annunciator relay 信号继电器
【葡萄酒 精】6.旧世界酒标标识详解
旗开得胜意大利葡萄酒分级制度： 1．Denomin azione di origine controllata e Garantita 简称DOCG 优质法定产区的最高级别 2．Denominazione di origine Controllata 简称DOC 法定产区酒 3．Indicazione Geografiche Tipica 简称IGT 4．Vino da Tavola 简称VDT 法国葡萄酒分级制度： 1．APPELLATION DORIGIN CONTROLEE 简称AOC 法定产区酒（最高级别） a.列级名庄（Grand Cru） b.一级名庄（Ier Cru）/ 明星庄（CUR BOURGEOIS） c.村庄级AOC d.区域级AOC e.波尔多高级AOC f.波尔多AOC 2．准法定产区酒（VDQS ） 3．VINS DE PAYS 简称VDP 地区餐酒 4．VINS DE TABLE 1
旗开得胜简称VDT 日常餐酒 西班牙葡萄酒分级制度： 1．Denomination de Origen Calificada 简称DOC 优质法定产区酒 a.陈酿Crianza –酒起码有12个月在橡木桶中。丰年后24个月才发售。 b.珍藏Reserva –有12个月在橡木桶中，丰年后36个月才发售。 c.特级珍藏Gran Reserva –有放24个月在橡木桶，丰年后60个月才上市发售2．Denomination de Origen 简称Do 法定产区酒 3．Vino de La Tierra VDLT 地区餐酒 4．Vino Comar 简称。VC 5．Vino de Messa VDM 德国葡萄酒分级制度： 1．Qualitatswein mif Pradikat 简称QMP 优质法定产区 a.Kabinet 一般葡萄酒（丹菲红） 成熟初期葡萄酿制的葡萄酒和轻盈平淡干白葡萄酒 b.Spatlese 晚摘葡萄酒（晚秋清甜） 1
葡萄酒(红酒)的品鉴与礼仪
葡萄酒（红酒)的品鉴与礼仪 一、葡萄酒知识 (一）发展历程 古代的波斯是古文明发源地之一。多数历史学家都认为波斯可能是世界上最早酿造葡萄酒的国家。随着古代的战争和商业活动，葡萄酒酿造的方法传遍了以色列、叙利亚、小亚细亚阿拉伯国家。由于阿拉伯国家信奉伊斯兰教，而伊斯兰教提倡禁酒律，因而阿拉伯国家的酿酒行业日渐衰萎，几乎被禁绝了。后来葡萄酒酿造的方法从波斯、埃及传到希腊、罗马、高卢（即法国)。然后,葡萄酒的酿造技术和消费习惯由希腊、意大利和法国传到欧洲各国。由于欧洲人信奉基督教，基督教徒把面包和葡萄酒称为上帝的肉和血，把葡萄酒视为生命中不可缺少的饮料酒，所以葡萄酒在欧洲国家就发展起来，因此法国、意大利、西班牙成为当今世界葡萄酒的“湖泊”，欧洲国家也是当今世界人均消费葡萄酒最多的国家。欧洲国家葡萄酒的产量，占世界葡萄酒总产量的８0%以上。 (二)种类 葡萄酒的品种很多，因葡萄的栽培、葡萄酒生产工艺条件的不同，产品风格各不相同。以成品颜色来说,可分为红葡萄酒、白葡萄酒及粉红葡萄酒三类。其中红葡萄酒又可细分为干红葡萄酒、半干红葡萄酒、半甜红葡萄酒和甜红葡萄酒。白葡萄酒则细分为干白葡萄酒、半干白葡萄酒、半甜白葡萄酒和甜白葡萄酒。以酿造方式
来说,可以分为葡萄酒、气泡葡萄酒、加烈葡萄酒和加味葡萄酒四类。 一般按酒的颜色深浅、含糖量多少、含不含二氧化碳及采用的酿造方法来分类,国外也有采用以产地、原料名称来分类的。按照国际葡萄酒组织的规定，葡萄酒只能是破碎或未破碎的新鲜葡萄果实或汁完全或部分酒精发酵后获得的饮料,其酒精度一般在8.5°到16．２°之间；按照我国最新的葡萄酒标准GＢ150３7－2０06规定,葡萄酒是以鲜葡萄或葡萄汁为原料，经全部或部分发酵酿制而成的,酒精度不低于7.0%的酒精饮品。 1.按酒的颜色 (1）白葡萄酒:用白葡萄或皮红肉白的葡萄分离发酵制成。酒的颜色微黄带绿，近似无色或浅黄、禾秆黄、金黄。凡深黄、土黄、棕黄或褐黄等色，均不符合白葡萄酒的色泽要求。 （2）红葡萄酒:采用皮红肉白或皮肉皆红的葡萄经葡萄皮和汁混合发酵而成。酒色呈自然深宝石红、宝石红、紫红或石榴红，凡黄褐、棕褐或土褐颜色，均不符合红葡萄酒的色泽要求。 （3)桃红葡萄酒:用带色的红葡萄带皮发酵或分离发酵制成。酒色为淡红、桃红、橘红或玫瑰色。凡色泽过深或过浅均不符合桃红葡萄酒的要求。这一类葡萄酒在风味上具有新鲜感和明显的果香，含单宁不宜太高。玫瑰香葡萄、黑比诺、佳利酿、法国蓝等品种都适合酿制桃红葡萄酒。另红、白葡萄酒按一定比例勾兑也可算是桃红葡萄酒。 2．按含糖量
法国葡萄酒图标
说道法国葡萄酒算是鼎鼎大名了。而葡萄酒初学者掌握一些葡萄酒标的识别知识是很有必要的。因为，每瓶酒的酒标都是一份酒的“身份证”，列明该瓶酒的酒龄、级数、出品酒庄、产地。所以入门首先便要学会阅读不同的酒标，才可更进一步了解葡萄酒。本文是我将最近的经验做了汇总，向您介绍酒标上主要信息的含义。以便轻松可以选到靠谱儿的酒，而不至于总是白花钱，买冤枉。 法国葡萄酒标正面一般包括以下内容： 1．酒庄或酒名。在法国，常见以Chateau或Domaine开头。 2．原产地控制命名，即AOC。 3．酒庄的标志。一般是建筑图案，家族徽章等等。 4．酒庄的所在地。 5．年份。葡萄收获的年份。对于香槟，代表某一香槟品牌风格的常是无年份NV香槟。 6．葡萄品种。指葡萄酒酿制所用的葡萄品种。如梅洛、霞多丽、赤霞珠等。 7．装瓶信息。注明葡萄酒在哪或由谁装瓶，一般由酒厂、酒庄、批发商装瓶。 8．糖分信息。香槟和起泡酒一般会标注出这个信息，表示酒的含糖量。包括Extra Brut（绝干）、Brut （干）、Extra Dry（半干）、Sec（微甜）、Demi-Sec（半甜）、Doux（甜）。 9．其他信息。包括酒精度、容量、生产国家等。 葡萄酒标常见词汇 Appellation ****. Controlee：法定产区等级葡萄酒，简称AOC。通常在****加入被认定为AOC酒的地域名，例如Appellation Bordeaux Controlee指的就是波尔多的AOC酒。 Blanc：白葡萄酒。 Chateau：城堡酒庄。 Cave cooperative：合作酒厂。 Cru：葡萄园Grand Cru：最优良的特等葡萄园。Grand Cru Class 最优良的特等葡萄园中的“高级品”, Premier Cru Classe 一级园, Cru Exceptional 特中级酒庄, Cru Bourgeois 中级酒庄。 Demi sec：半干型葡萄酒，含些微糖份。 Doux：甜葡萄酒。 Domaine：独立酒庄。 Mis En Bouteille：装瓶。以在酒庄装酒为最佳，称为＂酒庄原装酒″。 Negociant：葡萄酒中介商。 Proprietaire recoltant：自产葡萄、酿酒的葡萄农。 Premier cru：次于特等葡萄园但优于一般等级的葡萄园。 Rouge：红葡萄酒。 Rose：玫瑰红酒。 Sec：干型葡萄酒，不含糖份。 VIN：葡萄酒。 V.D.Q.S.：优良地区餐酒。 Vin de Pays：地区餐酒。 Vin de Table：日常餐酒。 法国葡萄酒四级制(由法国农业部每年3月左右评审每年一次) 法定产区葡萄酒 A.O.C. 最高等级的法国葡萄酒，其使用的葡萄品种、最低酒精含量、最高产量、培植方式、修剪以及酿酒方法等都受到最严格的监控。只有通过官方分析和化验的法定产区葡萄酒才可获得A.O.C证书。正是这种非常严格的规定才确保了A.O.C等级的葡萄酒始终如一的高贵品质。在法国，每一个大的产区里又分很多小的产区。一般来说，产区越小，葡萄酒的质量也会越高。