考研英语复习:阅读中长难句三种句型详解

考研英语复习:阅读中长难句三种句型详解
考研英语复习:阅读中长难句三种句型详解

考研英语复习:阅读中长难句三种句型

详解

做好考研英语阅读需要五方面能力:词义辨析能力、长难句分析能力、逻辑思维能力、篇章分析能力和题型分析能力。如果你能够具备词义辨析能力、长难句分析能力的话,对后面的复习将会大有帮助。在研究真题的过程中同学们应该经常背诵一些结构优美的句子,这对作文水平的提高会有很大帮助。

从近几年的考查趋势可以看出,考研英语越来越注重对考生英语基本能力的考查,而考研语法则是构成这种基本能力的一个基石。考研阅读理解文章的特点是各种复杂的长难句型遍布在文章的各个角落,如果没有扎实的句型知识基础,就会给做题带来很大的困难。所以,为了让你的阅读在日后有质的突破,为了能把做题的方法和技巧更好地应用到做题当中去,请你务必沉下心来,了解一下考研阅读中的长、难句真相。明白了这一真相,你才不会在日后的做题中一筹莫展,而是万分从容。

在此,通过全方位把握考研阅读的文章内容,我们英语教研室杨凤芝老师把考研阅读中的句型,从宏观的角度分为以下三类:短而难的句子、虚假的长难句、真正的长难句。接下来我们逐个分析。

◎短而难的句子

首先我们看一下什么是短而难的句子。这些句子一般都是约定俗成的谚语,是广大人民群众智慧的结晶。既然是结晶,意思表达就会较抽象,难以快速把握,需要我们结合具体语境进行深层的把握。同学们看这一句: it never rains, but pours.这是2007年第四篇阅读理解的第一句话,相当于文章的题眼,其字面意思很简单:“从来不下雨,但是下倾盆大雨。”很明显,这不是一句“人类”能识别的汉语,倾盆大雨不是雨吗?那样翻译肯定不行。其实这句话是英语中很有名的谚语:“不雨则已,一雨倾盆”,“不鸣则已,一鸣惊人”。如果描述的是坏事,同学们可以借鉴第一种译法,类似于“祸不单行”的意思;如果是好事,同学们可以借鉴第二种,就是一鸣惊人。同样的表达在考研英语的阅读文章及题目中经常出现,如1998年第一篇文章最后一题四个选项都是谚语:[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"(覆水难收);[B] "More haste, less speed"(欲速则不达);[C] "Look before you leap"(三思而后行);[D] "He who laughs last laughs best"(笑到最后的人笑得最好)。2007年第一篇阅读理解最后一题的四个选项也都是谚语:[A]Faith will move mountains(精诚所至,金石为开);[B] One reap what he sows(种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆);[C]Practice make perfect(熟能生巧);[D]Like father, like son(有其父必有其子)。无一例外的,这两道题都是以文章的主旨题形式出现的,由此可见谚语在考研中的重要性。其实,这类表达考查的基本上就是同学们英语语言的积累,没有相应的积累,很难将它理解到位。但是有的时候积累只是基础,还要会灵活运用。我们看一下这句话“no pains, no gains”的意思,地球人都知道是不是?但是1998年的第二篇阅读的开头是这样使用的这句话:“No pains, no gains. What about pains without gains?”意思是:一分耕耘一分收获。但是如果只有耕耘没有收获呢?暗示下文的美国商界的产业结构调整做的全部是无用功。

那么我们怎么应对这类难句呢?积累。考研单词书上有很多这类句子,但是不少同学见到这类句子,总是绕着走,不去记。其实这些东西比单词好记,记单词的时候顺便记一下就可以。此外,这里需要告诫同学们一点:记忆日常表达中经常使用的谚语对写作也会有非常大的帮助,谚语会成为提升作文语言水平的亮点。但是切忌在写作时胡编乱造。我见一个学生在考研作文中写过一个这样的句子:As one old saying goes, one arrow, two birds.很明显这位同学是想表达“一石二鸟”之意,但是这句话有特定的表达,不能随意编造。“Kill two birds with one stone.”才是正确的表达。还有经常威胁人用的“give you a little color to see see.”这类胡编乱造、让阅卷老师先是迷惑而后震怒的表达,千万不要出现在你的试卷上,你那不是拿自己的命运开玩笑吗?即使阅卷老师不能记住每个谚语,以他们的英语修养也可以很快地判断出你这个表达符不符合英语表达习惯。所以同学们一定要踏踏实实地复习,别想着投机取巧。

◎虚假长难句

这类句型的特点是,插入成分较多,第一眼看上去绝对让你头晕眼花,不知所措。但其实只要去掉那些虚伪的修饰,这个句子“犹抱琵琶半遮面”的神秘感就荡然无存,句子的结构也就立刻清晰了。那这些虚伪的成分到底是什么呢?就让我们通过几个极具代表性的例子来看一下吧。

Although warnings are often appropriate and necessary——the dangers of drug interaction, for example——and many are required by state and government,

it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

一眼扫视之后,发现这个句子挺长的,而且有两个破折号。两个破折号,或是两个逗号之间的内容往往是插入语的成分,这种成分的特点就是拎出来之后不影响句子的结构,并且在考研阅读文章中,这样的成分又往往不是文中的重点信息,所以应该直接跳过对其采取不予理睬的策略。好,句子现在变成了:Although warnings are often appropriate and necessary and many are required by state and government, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

这样一看句子就变成了Although……,it isn’t clear that……,这样一个主语从句型结构。

这个句子在阅读的过程中,可以再次简化,因为Although 引导的让步状语从句在阅读中并不是重点信息,所以我们的目光就可以聚焦到it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

此句型结构是一个形式主语从句的结构,形容词clear对应的主语其实是that引导的内容,在这个从句中我们又发现了一个引导词if,这个if 引导的从句包含在that 从句当中。

接下来,我们再仔细看that从句中的内容是“they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured”在这个从句当中if 所

引导的从句是一个条件状语从句。

通过这样分析,句子在层层简化之后就变得非常清晰了。这类句子往往长而不难,原因在于,要么包含了although引导的一个长长的从句,要么就是诸如头衔、身份、或职位的专有名词较多,而这些信息在阅读解题时并不是重要的信息,所以我们一旦遇到这种情况就可以迅速绕过,直击核心信息。

◎真正的长难句

虚假的长难句可以说是只长不难,句子的主干结构很容易抓住,虚伪信息容易剔除;而考研长难句中,还有一部分是从句嵌套严重所致结构更加复杂的句型,这种句子的理解难度就会空前地加大。如果把那些虚假长难句比喻成武术中的容易被破解没什么杀伤力的“花把势”,那接下来讲的真正的长难句就是内外兼修的武林高手了。我们来见识一下吧。

先来看一个例子:

When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

这是2000年阅读理解第三篇的第一句话,总共46个单词,是典型的长难句。但是核

心信息就只是其中的12个单词,考点也是这12个单词。那么我们该如何去锁定这个核心信息呢?首先把修饰成分(从句等)一一剥离,剩下的就是句子的主要信息。先找连词,宏观上区分主干部分和修饰部分。看到从属连词when一直到逗号之前只有一个谓语动词,可知逗号前就是一个从句,when状语从句,判定为修饰成分,暂时不看。再往后,看到however,引导让步状语从句,意为“无论,不管(多么……)”。也许有同学会问,我怎么就知道however是引导从句,还是仅仅表示两个句子之间的转折呢?其实,很好区分。如果however后面有逗号的话,就是单纯地表示前后句的转折,否定前半句话;如果没有逗号的话,尤其是后面跟的是形容词或副词时(如本句),那么引导的就是让步状语从句,即这句话就不是主要信息了,在阅读理解中可以绕过。到这里,这个句子就剩下:It is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。那么,你会发现for后面跟的是一个完整的句子,句中有自己的谓语动词,也就是说,在这里for引导的是原因状语从句,也是修饰部分。本句中从句嵌套严重,其中最难判断的从句就是for引导的原因状语从句,那么在以后的做题过程中,如何更好地把握呢?只要记住一条:for后面如果跟的是名词或名词性成分,那么它就是介词;如果后面跟的是有主谓的完整的句子,那么它就是引导从句,表原因。区分了这一点,不仅对做阅读理解大有帮助,对做翻译时的断句也是大有裨益的。好了,现在这个句子就“清水出芙蓉,天然去雕饰”了:It is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at.这就是本长难句的核心信息所在。其中,it就是我们说的形式主语,真正的主语不定式短语是:to find out what its advocates are aiming at.分析到这里第一道题就会做了,这个句子的主语就是答案。

像这样的句子,在阅读理解当中层出不穷。而且“江湖”传言,这些长难句都是命题点。

凯程教育:

凯程考研成立于2005年,国内首家全日制集训机构考研,一直从事高端全日制辅导,由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成,为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。

凯程考研的宗旨:让学习成为一种习惯;

凯程考研的价值观口号:凯旋归来,前程万里;

信念:让每个学员都有好最好的归宿;

使命:完善全新的教育模式,做中国最专业的考研辅导机构;

激情:永不言弃,乐观向上;

敬业:以专业的态度做非凡的事业;

服务:以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学员引路。

如何选择考研辅导班:

在考研准备的过程中,会遇到不少困难,尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说,通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足,可以大大提高复习效率,节省复习时间,大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班,或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。

师资力量:师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素,考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价,询问往届学长然后选择。判断师资力量关键在于综合实力,因为任何一门课程,都不是由一、两个教师包到底的,是一批教师配合

的结果。还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。凯程考研名师云集,李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课,对知识点把握和命题方向,欠缺火候。

对该专业有辅导历史:必须对该专业深刻理解,才能深入辅导学员考取该校。在考研辅导班中,从来见过如此辉煌的成绩:凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元,考取五道口15人,清华经管金融硕士10人,人大金融硕士15个,中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人,北师大教育学7人,会计硕士保录班考取30人,翻译硕士接近20人,中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程,法学方面,凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元,更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。在凯程官方网站的光荣榜,成功学员经验谈视频特别多,都是凯程战绩的最好证明。对于如此高的成绩,凯程集训营班主任邢老师说,凯程如此优异的成绩,是与我们凯程严格的管理,全方位的辅导是分不开的,很多学生本科都不是名校,某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校,还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的,大多数是跨专业考研,他们的难度大,竞争激烈,没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习,是很难达到优异的成绩。最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。建校历史:机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素,历史越久,积累的人脉资源更多。例如,凯程教育已经成立10年(2005年),一直以来专注于考研,成功率一直遥遥领先,同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。

有没有实体学校校区:有些机构比较小,就是一个在写字楼里上课,自习,这种环境是不太好的,一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境,大学校园这样环境。凯程有自己的学习校区,有吃住学一体化教学环境,独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全,这也是一个考研机构实力的体现。此外,最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。

雅思阅读长难句分析(十二)

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it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间,指代不定式、动名词、从句等,此时,it 无实际意义。这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面,如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。3. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary. 【分析】复合句。At the very least在句首作状语,that 引导定语从句修饰the code of conduct。 【译文】至少,法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。 4. They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support. 【分析】复合句。主句为They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句,从句主干为they would be free...and have no need...。 【译文】他们给予法官们终身任期,以便法官们能自由地推翻当权者,且无需拉拢政治支持。 5. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property. 【分析】复合句。主句为Constitutional law is political。because 引导原因状语从句;其中分词短语rooted in... 作定语修饰choices, 介词短语like liberty and property 修饰concepts。

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之前和大家分享了如何看长难句的方法和技巧,相信通过这篇文章的雅思真题阅读部分例句,同学们能有一个更深入的理解。小试牛刀,找找看懂长难句的感觉吧! 一.名词性从句 主语从句: It was once assumed [that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population]. (剑6) 宾语从句: This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find [that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience].(剑5) 表语从句: One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is [that better-educated people are likely to live longer]. (剑6) 同位语从句: There is a widespread belief [that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out (where cars are the only viable transport)]. (剑6) 主语从句+同位语从句: But [that their minds are not different from our own] is demonstrated by the fact [that the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become common place knowledge of school children] and [the once outrageous shapes and colors of an artist like Paul Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear.] (剑8) *第一个that 引导主语从句。第二个that 引导了同位语从句,其中包含由and 连接的两部分组成,说明the fact 的内容。另外,句末是一个省略了关系代词that 或which 的关系从句,也叫定语从句。 注:本文中一律称之为关系从句。 二.关系从句 1. Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the height of genius. (剑5) 2. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. (剑5) 3. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run. (剑6) 4. In the Glass and Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they work on a task, some subjects heard loud bursts and other heard soft bursts. (剑7) *此句其实是一个由and 连接的并列句some subjects heard loud bursts and other heard soft bursts. 介词短语In the Glass and Singer study 作状语。In which 引导关系从句修饰先行词the Glass and Signer study. 三.状语从句

解析雅思阅读之分析长难句答案

1. An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. 2. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting. 3. Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure. 4. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. 5. One form of pollution –the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming –does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. 6. Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority. 7. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the carves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways. 8. Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality. 9. Yet a green organization opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the control in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.

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