新媒体外文文献翻译2019年译文3700字
文献出处：Jones Robert, The origin and development of new media [J]. International Review of Business, 2014, 7(2): 157-169.
（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。）
原文
The origin and development of new media
Jones Robert
Abstract
The concept of new media is distinguished from the mass media. New media research fields regards it as a new research field which is different with the mass media. Academic researches on new media follow the path of mass communication research in later development in the process of becoming the new force of original communication research paradigm shift.
Key words: New media; Mass communication
1 Introduction
In the current communication field, the concept of "new media", is well known. The concept of scientific and new media research would be able to form independent, academia or opinions vary, unable to agree. Many new media researchers just coping with new media technology emerge in endlessly, and for the scientific nature of the new media and new media itself is the lack of attention.
2 How to understand new media
In 2000, the international academia about the mainstream of the new media research journal "new media and social issue one year discovers language wrote:" we recognize that the new media is the concept of a relatively vulnerable, but it points out the focus on technology, media, are intertwined with social life affect the importance of the potential for change." Although the "new media" is a relative concept, but it has some common into the culvert. For example, the government set woven (NGO) this
concept, is literally a negative there is no clear concept, referring to the originally used by the media, but when everyone to use this concept, it has specific connotation. At present, the understanding of the new media generally there are two different perspectives.
2.1The longitudinal historical perspective
In May of 2008, the international communication association conference prelude to held in Montreal, with "of the long history of the New media: in context of contemporary and future development" the topic of the issue of five points: (1) the discussion of "the Old and New media (Media History Old & New)", and more New media and has a long history of media;(2) "history compilation and New media (Historiography & New)", to reflect on New media research history -- how we understand the terminology used in the New media, we need to do our what changes in the existing ideology;(3) "culture, the meaning and Codes (Cultures, Meanings & Codes)", the new concept of media and cultural implications and the relationship between the excavated in a large amount has not been the history of new media;(4) "system, group, weave and network (Institutions, Organizations & Networks)", focus on new media history developing latent in the invention and use of the structural factors behind the media;(5) "books written History of new media (Doing NewMedia History)", think about how to write new media History.
The emphasis on the longitudinal historical perspective, the reason has the following three points: (1) the concept of "new media" itself is timeliness, but the media with history phase reference is the so-called "new media".(2) as a "new media" in the field of research is in the specific historical context, especially at a particular stage of medium development history, its connotation and denotation of relative stability. Can be seen from the foreign literature, 70 s ~ 80 s of the 20th century, this concept is used to refer to cannot be incorporated into new media phenomenon of traditional mass communication category. Before this, new media, there is no clear, (3) the research involves the evolution of media and new media revolution or theology and mutation. Only with longitudinal historical perspective, can grasp new media phenomenon and its implications.
2.2 The horizontal Angle of view
From the perspective of the history of media of longitudinal, new media is relative, and in a specific historical period, new media is a concept of time. Within a certain period of time, the connotation of the new media should have a relatively stable. such as more detailed instructions, gives a definition of new media based on digital technology and Internet technology, new media form of new technologies such as mobile communication technology, hardware and software and information service mode, such as Internet TV, mobile TV, mobile TV, virtual communities, blogs, podcasts, search engines, such as simple polymerization (RSS).
Abroad can be roughly divided into two categories: the definition of a class definition focuses on media form and the technical characteristics of the new media.For example, Bohr defines new communication technologies For the time of the "big about 25 kinds of transmission equipment hereinafter referred to as";(Ron Rice) emphasizes two-way transmission ability of computer and telecommunication technologies, new media is defined as such transmission technology - "contains computing power (or host) microprocessor, can allow or promote the interaction between users or between the user and information".(2) another definition is the technology in the study of the influence of the formation of the "social", think that the understanding of new media to transcend to the media attention, in the form of technology study of media technology and human behavior and the interaction of social structure. Steve Jones wrote in the introduction to the new media encyclopedia: "in the definition of new media, the only perfect undoubtedly comes from the comprehensive understanding of history, technology and society". In the new media handbook, a version of the preface, the editors put forward a framework to understand new media, think new media means transmission technology and its related social scene, which includes the following several aspects: "extending our transmission capacity equipment; using these devices for the spread of activities and practices; around the above equipment and practice form of social organization and practice. Today the cultural meaning of the new media also gradually attention by researchers,
this framework gradually became plump perfect. Both the class definition is the product of new media research in different periods, the two complement each other. The first type definition to describe the technical characteristics of the new media, is basic to an understanding of the rich connotation of new media, new media also made clear a period to study media objects; the second definition based on this, understand the media framework is given and the general direction.
At the same time, the understanding of "new media" critical question is: where is the new media "new"? It is also a new media researchers abroad had a warm discussion questions. Barr and Merry put forward in the "new media" : "new" refers to the media for the first time in the form itself, or the media shape caused by the social, legal, political, economic and cultural communication of the new changes? This "new" refers to the engineering and technical personnel as the "new", or ordinary people to understand the "new"?" New" refers to the new extension of the original media transmission ability, or fundamental change or even completely replace?" New media" as a concept connotation is rich of polymerization, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in the concrete research inevitably have to face it.
3 New media is derived
As we know, the new media in the 20th century, 60 ~ 70 s gradually has its relatively fixed referred to. Here, we will be in the origin of the development of new media in the media to examine its specific historical connotation. The long history of human media is full of evolution and revolution of alternating, like a long river slowly has rapids. Our age is a medium of change. In the second half of the 19th century as a starting point to comb through the medium of change is a relatively reasonable choice. In the history of human communication, should occupy the important position in the second half of the 19th century, the telegraph, telephone, the phonograph, the motion and other important communication technologies. In 1836, Morse developed the famous Morse code, and the next year to develop the world's first transfer of "dot" and "stroke" symbol machine, named "telegraph". The invention of the telegraph is first
applied in electric power remote communication, constitute the cornerstone of modern communication, since then, the rapid development of "transmission line lightning", formed the huge communications network. Since that time, almost one and a half centuries "every 25 years is an important stage", such as cable of around 1850, 1850 and 1880 of the telephone, the transmission of electromagnetic waves around 1900, 1920 and 1930, the radio broadcasting and television from 1950 to 1960, the last is starting in the 70 s of the new media.70 s ~ 80 s, the first is called the new media, cable television, communications, video recorders, selective satellite receiving equipment and budding computer intermediary spread, etc. Communication scholars noticed that these cannot be incorporated into mass communication studied within the framework of the media. The communication equipment and its spread phenomenon shows its characteristics different from the traditional mass media, such as different from the focus of the linear one-way transmission, interactivity, etc. We want to computer intermediary spread, for example, the computer intermediary spread than other new media interactive stronger at that time, and is closely related to today's new media forms. Early cause is the main focus of the research institutions (such as university of rich set of aggregation concept, referred to in the study of diversity and complexity of the make we cannot simply answer the above questions, but in specific studies inevitably have to face it.
4 The formation of new media research field
New media studies in the past 30 years gradually formed an independent field of study, as opposed to the traditional mass media field, at the same time with the traditional research of cross, the continuation and inheritance, and with the public social transition process related to the differentiation of the information society.The 80 s to the 1970 s and early '90 s, there emerge some famous scholars, who have a great influence on new media research: author of post-industrial society, Daniel bell, for the first time put forward the concept of "information industry" civilized form historians may visit loyal husband, author of technological society, Jacques YiLvEr, author of
control revolution, bonitos and puts forward the concept of "knowledge industry" fritz mach up and others.
In general, the research achievements of these early focus on elucidating the macro level, the lack of specific empirical research, in 1970, Herbert - Scott ham report social impact of communication technology as an example, the author in the opening picture is pointed out that at present about the impact of communication technology in the future social discourse should be understood as a guess, and put forward to public policy makers and the possible problems. It is worth mentioning that continues today and is closely related to today's new media studies computer intermediary spread, because do not conform to the interpersonal communication, mass communication, the distinction between didn't first get all the attention in the field of communication, but was concerned by other disciplines, such as social psychology, political science, sociology, pedagogy, management, information science, library science, etc. Many of their discovery could help to the understanding of the communication field of computer intermediary.(j. Short) such as straw, for example, in 1970, British scholar of transmission research team, from the perspective of psychology to experimental method was developed for the determination of subjects with different media "telepresence" society, at the same time in "the social psychology of telecommunications transmission," said teleconferencing systems can be made by the "social telepresence" (social presence) to evaluate, the so-called "social face theory" are put forward. Similarly, Future research of California (Institute for the Future) of rob (Robert Johansen) and his colleagues put forward the concept of "remote sensing" (talked).Overall, the early computer intermediary spread attention is a personal, interpersonal and communication within the organization, on a personal level focus on how the person's psychology, attitudes, behavior is affected by the computer mediation; In organizational communication level basic task oriented, such as effective decision-making in the community, improve the work efficiency, etc.
In 1984, Ronald (Ronaid e. Rice) et al., editor of The new media, Communication, Research and technology "(The NewMedia: Communication, Research, and Technology) published a book.' in the preface the author points out: the intent of the
book is to remind the communication researchers, namely, micro processing technology, emerging technologies such as cable TV, satellite communication research is of great significance for communication studies. The selected papers in the book are mostly in traditional media effects research path, computer, telecom meeting how to affect the social structure and relationships. In 1986, Rogers, e. m. Rogers) in his book "the new Media transmission Technology: social" (Communication Technology: The New Media in Society) book, introduction to the use of new Communication technologies and history, to explore the interactive new Media to individuals, organizations and social life have put forward the basic problem. In 1988, another new media Research book "Research method and the new media" (Research, the Methods and the New Media) published, the content involves the particularity of new media Research, problems and solutions, and new media Research demands for the path of innovation theory and new research ethics.
译文
新媒体的起源与发展
罗伯特·琼斯
摘要
新媒体是与大众媒体相区别的概念; 新媒体研究领域作为与大众传播研究相区别的领域而出现。学术界对新媒体研究遵循大众传播研究的路径，在后来的发展过程中逐渐成为引发原有传播学研究范式转变的新生力量。
关键词: 新媒体；大众传播
1引言
在当下的传播学研究领域，“新媒体”的概念，已广为人知。这一概念的科学性以及新媒体研究是否能够形成独立领域，学术界还是众说纷纭，莫衷一是。
许多新媒体研究者只是忙于应对层出不穷的新媒体技术现象，而对新媒体的科学性和新媒体本身则缺少关注。
2如何理解新媒体
2000 年，国际学术界在关于新媒体研究的主流期刊《新媒体与社会》发刊一周年卷首语中写道:“我们承认新媒体是一个相对易受攻击的概念，但是它点出了关注技术、媒体、社会生活相互交织影响所带来的变革的重要性。”虽然“新媒体”是一个相对性的概念，但是它有其约定俗成的内涵。例如，非政府组织(NGO)这一概念，从字面上看是一个否定性的没有明确所指的概念，最初由媒体使用，但是当大家都来使用这个概念时，它便有了特定的内涵。目前，对新媒体的理解大致有两种不同的视角。
2.1 纵向历史视角
2008 年5 月，国际传播协会年会预备会在蒙特利尔举行，以“新媒体的漫长历史:置于情境中的当代和未来发展”为题进行了5个分议题的讨论:(1)“新旧媒体历史(MediaHistory Old ＆New) ”，比较新媒体与有悠久历史的媒体; ( 2) “历史编纂与新媒体(Historiography ＆the New)”，反思新媒体历史研究———我们如何理解用于新媒体的术语，我们要在已有思想体系中作哪些改变;(3)“文化、意义与符码(Cultures，Meanings ＆Codes)”，从新媒体与文化意涵和观念间的关系中发掘大量未被讲述的新媒体历史;(4)“制度、组织与网络( Institutions，Organizations ＆Networks)”，关注新媒体历史发展中潜隐于媒体发明与使用背后的结构性因素; (5) “书写新媒体历史( Doing NewMedia History)”，思考应该如何书写新媒体历史。
之所以强调纵向历史的视角，原因有以下三点:(1) “新媒体”本身是时间性的概念，惟有与历史媒体相参照才有所谓“新媒体”。(2)作为一个研究领域的“新媒体”是在特定历史语境中，尤其是在媒介发展史的特定阶段，获得其相对稳定的内涵和外延。从国外相关文献可以看出，20 世纪70 ～80 年代，这一概念被用来指称无法纳入传统大众传播范畴的新媒体现象。在此之前，新媒体并无明确的所指，(3)新媒体研究涉及媒体的演进与革命或者渐变与突变。惟有以纵向历史视角，才能把握住新的媒体现象及其意涵。（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。）
2.2 横向视角
从纵向的媒介发展史来看，新媒体是相对的，而在某一特定的历史时期，新媒体又是一个时间的概念。在一定的时间段之内，新媒体应该有一个相对稳定的内涵。宫承波等人从技术上对新媒体作了更详细的说明，将新媒体界定为依托数字技术、互联网络技术、移动通信技术等新技术的新型媒体形式、软硬件或信息服务方式，例如网络电视、手机电视、移动电视、虚拟社区、博客、播客、搜索引擎、简易聚合(RSS)等。
国外的定义大致可以区分为两类:一类定义聚焦于新媒体的媒体形态和技术特性。例如，波尔将新传播技术定义为当时的“大约25 种传播设备的简称”;(Ron Rice)强调计算机和电信技术的双向传播能力，将新媒体定义为这样一些传播技术———“包含计算能力(微处理器或主机)，能够允许或促进用户之间或用户和信息之间的互动”。②另一类定义则受技术研究中的“社会形成观”的影响，认为对新媒体的理解要超越对媒体技术形态的关注，研究媒体技术与人类行为及社会结构的交互影响。斯蒂夫－琼斯在《新媒体百科全书》导言中写道:“对于新媒体的惟一完美的定义无疑来自于对历史、技术和社会的综合理解”。在《新媒体手册》一版序言中，编者提出一个理解新媒体的框架，认为新媒体意味着传播技术及其相关的社会情景，即包括以下几个层面:“延伸我们传播能力的设备装置;使用这些设备进行的传播活动和实践;围绕上述设备与实践形成的社会组织与惯例。今天新媒体的文化意涵也渐渐被研究者们所重视，此框架逐渐变得丰满完善起来。这两类定义是新媒体研究不同时期的产物，二者互为补充。第一类定义力图描述新媒体的技术特性，是理解新媒体的丰富内涵的基础，同时也明确了某一时期新媒体研究的媒体对象;第二类定义在此基础上，给出理解此媒体的框架和大致方向。
同时，理解“新媒体”非常关键的一个问题是:新媒体“新”在哪里? 这也是国外新媒体研究者曾经热烈探讨的问题。巴尔与埃梅里在《新媒体》中提出:“新”是指媒体形态本身的首次出现，还是媒体形态所引起的社会、法律、政治、经济及文化交流方式的新变化? 这种“新”是指工程技术人员所认为的“新”，还是普通人所理解的“新”? “新”是指对原有媒体的传播能力的新的延伸，还是根本性的变革甚至完全取代? “新媒体”作为一个内涵丰富的聚合概念，其所
指的多样性和研究的复杂性使得我们不能简单地回答以上问题，但在具体研究中不可避免地要面对它。
3 新媒体衍生的历史
我们知道，新媒体在20 世纪60 ～70 年代以来逐渐有其相对确定的所指。在此，我们将新媒体放在媒介发展史的源流中来考察其特定的历史内涵。漫长的人类媒介发展史充满了演进与革命的交替，如同一条长河有缓流也有急湍。我们的时代便是一个媒介变革时期。以19 世纪下半叶作为起点来梳理这场媒介变革是一个相对合理的选择。
在人类传播史上，19 世纪下半叶应该占据重要位置，电报、电话、留声机、电影等重要的传播技术纷纷涌现。1836 年，莫尔斯研究出著名的莫尔斯电码，并于次年研制出世界上第一台传送“点”、“划”符号的机器，取名为“电报机”。电报的发明是电力首次应用于远程通信，构成现代通信的基石，自此之后，这种“闪电式的传播线路”迅速发展，形成了巨大的通讯网络。从那时起，一个半世纪以来几乎“每25 年是一个重要阶段”，如1850 年前后的电报、1850 至1880 年的电话、1900 年前后的电磁波传输、1920 年至1930年的无线电广播、1950 至1960 年的电视，最后是从70 年代开始的新媒体。70 ～80 年代，最初被称为新媒体的是有线电视、通信卫星、电视录像机、选择性接收设备以及崭露头角的计算机中介传播等。传播学者们注意到这些无法纳入到大众传播研究框架内的媒体现象。这些传播设备及其传播现象显示出其不同于传统的大众传播媒介的特性，如异于线性单向传播的分众化、互动性等特点。我们想以计算机中介传播为例，计算机中介传播较之当时的其他新媒体互动性更强，且与今天的新媒体形式密切相关。早期引起关注的主要是研究机构(如大学等组丰富的聚合概念，其所指的多样性和研究的复杂性使得我们不能简单地回答以上问题，但在具体研究中不可避免地要面对它。
4新媒体研究领域的形成
新媒体研究在过去的30 多年中逐渐形成独立的研究领域，作为与传统大众媒体相对立的领域出现，同时又与传统研究交叉、延续和传承，并且与大众社会
向分化的信息社会过渡进程相关。20 世纪70 年代至80 年代末90 年代初，涌现出一些对新媒体研究影响巨大的著名学者:《后工业化社会》的作者丹尼尔·贝尔、首次提出“信息产业”概念的文明形态史学家梅棹忠夫、《技术化社会》的作者雅克·艾吕尔、《控制革命》的作者贝尼格以及提出“知识产业”概念的弗里茨·马克卢普等人。
总的来说，这些早期的研究成果偏重于对宏观层面的阐发，缺少具体的实证研究，以1970 年赫伯特－高德汉姆的报告《通信技术的社会影响》为例，作者在开篇即指出，目前关于通信技术未来社会影响的论述应被理解为猜想以及向公共政策制定者提出可能存在和发生的问题。值得一提的是，延续至今并与今天的新媒体研究密切相关的计算机中介传播，由于不符合人际传播、大众传播的区分，并没有首先在传播学领域得到重视，而是被其他学科领域所关注，如社会心理学、政治学、社会学、教育学、管理信息学、图书馆学等。他们的许多发现有助于传播学领域对计算机中介传播的理解。例如，施特(J．Short) 等英国学者于1970 年组成传播研究小组，从心理学角度以实验法测定受试者使用不同媒介的“社会临场感”，同时在《电信传播的社会心理学》中，指出电信会议系统可以由其“社会临场感”(social presence) 来评价，提出所谓“社会临场理论”。与之类似，加利福尼亚州未来研究所( Institute for the Future ) 的罗伯特(Robert Johansen) 及其同事提出了“遥感存在”(telepresence) 的概念。总体而言，早期的计算机中介传播关注的是个人、人际及组织内的传播，在个人层面关注人的心理、态度、行为如何受到计算机中介的影响;在组织传播层面基本采取任务导向，例如在团体内有效决策、提高工作效率等。
1984 年，罗纳德( Ronaid E．Rice) 等人编辑的《新媒体:传播、研究与技术》(The NewMedia: Communication，Research andTechnology)一书出版。作者在前言开宗明义地指出:此书的意图在于提醒传播学研究者一点，即微处理技术、有线电视、卫星通信等新兴技术的研究对于传播学研究具有重要意义。书中所选论文大多是在传统的媒介效果研究的路径，考察计算机、电信会议等如何影响社会结构和人际关系。1986 年，罗杰斯(E．M Rogers) 在其著作《传播技术:社会中的新媒体》( Communication Technology: TheNew Media in Society)一书中介绍新传播技术的使用和历史，探究互动性的新媒体给个体、组织及社会生活所提出
的基本问题。1988年，另一本新媒体研究的著作《研究方法与新媒体》( Research Methods and the NewMedia)出版，内容涉及新媒体研究的特殊性、问题及解决方法以及新媒体研究对创新理论路径的需求和面临的新的研究伦理等。
外文翻译译文
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具有梯形齿廓和公制标准尺寸，AT同步带是T型同步带的一个发展。它们由由聚氨酯与钢或芳纶抗拉元件制成。与T型同步带先比，AT型同步带有更宽的齿形截面和更强的抗拉构件。AT型同步带一个特殊的特点是带齿齿隙紧靠带轮槽底座。德国的MULCO和Hanover公司开发了这种类型的同步带，并在1980年左右以Synchroflex为品牌发行了这种带。这些带遍布世界各地，并可作为成型的环形带，无尽的连接带和开口带使用。
这些带ISO 13050 标准用符号H表示，也被称为HTD同步带。HTD代表大扭矩驱动。这种同步带是由氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制成，并由在1973年引领美国市场的Gates公司开发。曲齿的几何形状是圆形，较大的齿高显然增加了齿承载能力和抗牙跳能力。这种带在世界各地都可以看到，许多制造商都参与它的生产。它们也用聚氨酯，任选与钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制造。用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
这些带ISO 13050 标准用符号R表示，也被称为RPP同步带。RPP代表橡胶抛物线。1985年意大利的公司开发了这种双抛物线齿廓的同步带，他们是由氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制成。这种类型的同步带主要发行在欧洲南部，许多制造商都参与它们的生产。它们也用聚氨酯，任选钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制造。用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
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外文文献翻译(图片版)
本科毕业论文 外文参考文献译文及原文 学院经济与贸易学院 专业经济学（贸易方向） 年级班别2007级 1 班 学号3207004154 学生姓名欧阳倩 指导教师童雪晖 2010 年 6 月 3 日 目录 1 外文文献译文（一） 中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1) 2 外文文献原文（一） CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)
1概述 世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年， Prasad，2007年）。事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。 本文有三个部分。在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。 2 银行改革战略及其实施 2.1 银行改革战略 改革前，国有独资银行由国家拥有并服务于国家经济政策的目标。由于他们并没有完全牟利的商业实体，评估其财务表现并不严格适用于普遍商业银行。不过，一旦国家在1992年10月中共代表大会的决定着手进行社会主义市场经济，国有银行商业化已经成为定局。银行业改革的目标是将国有银行转变成那些具有市场竞争力，可以提供高效的国家储蓄得中介。发挥它们在金融中介的优势，银行在资金的有效配置中起着关键作用。
(完整word版)网络营销外文文献及翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译 学院(系): 计算机科学与技术学院 专业：网络工程 姓名：王灿 学号: 201317030125 外文出处: 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文；2。外文原文。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1:外文资料翻译译文 网络营销 一、网络营销的概念 网络营销是企业整体营销战略的一个组成部分，是建立在互联网基础上，借助于互联网的特性来实现一定营销目标的一种营销手段.它以现代营销理论为基础，以开拓市场、增加盈利为目标,利用因特网的技术和功能，最大限度地满足客户需求的经营过程.网络营销的实质是利用互联网对产品的销前、销中、售后个个环节进行跟踪服务，它自始至终贯穿在企业经营的过程。 网络营销在英文中有多种表达方式，每种表达方式都有相应的侧重点和内涵，如Internet Marketing，强调的是以因特网为工具的市场营销；Web Marketing指网站营销，着重于网站的推广,站点与顾客的沟通；Cyber Marketing指网络营销是在虚拟的计算机空间进行运作；E —marketing指与电子商务相对应的电子化、信息化、网络化的营销活动。现在常用的翻译方式是online Marketing和Internet Marketing，且专指国际互联网营销。 网络营销不一定包括完整的商业交易过程(例如,它可以不考虑网上支付等环节），但它是电子商务的重要组成部分。在我国，企业应首先发展网络营销，并通过完善企业网络平台稳步过渡到电子商务。 网络营销的主要内容包括网上市场调查、网上消费行为分析、网络营销策略制定、网络营销价格策略制定、网上营销渠道选择以及网络营销管理与控制等。具体的营销手段有E—mail营销、网络广告和建立网络营销站点等。 二、网络营销的特点 互联网的出现深刻地影响了人类生活的每个角落,它如同一种“万能胶”，把企业组织及个人跨时空地联结在一起.在这样一种新的营销环境下，网络营销呈现其独有的特点。 1．全球性：网络营销给企业带来了无限的商机，同时也将企业推向一个更广阔、更具选择性的全球市场。互联网信息量大，时效长，且信息交换不受时空的限制,可以随时随地每天
新媒体外文翻译文献
新媒体外文翻译文献 文献信息： 文献标题：The effect of new media on consumer media usage: An empirical study in South Korea（新媒体对消费者媒体使用的影响：韩国的实证研究）国外作者：ongRoul Woo，Jae Young Choi，Jungwoo Shin，Jongsu Lee 文献出处：《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》,2014,89(1):3-11字数统计：英文2191单词，12445字符；中文4024汉字 外文文献： The effect of new media on consumer media usage: An empirical study in South Korea Abstract The advent and proliferation of the Internet (a form of new media) have heavily influenced consumers' media usage behavior and a number of other social, political, cultural, and economic outcomes. The recent introduction of smart mobile media, including smartphones and tablets, is expected to similarly affect these issues. This study empirically analyzes how the advent of the Internet and smart mobile media affects Korean consumers' media usage behavior, seeking to provide a means to anticipate the ripple effect to societal outcomes related to the evolution of new media in Korea. We modeled consumers' media usage behavior and conducted preference and simulation analyses using data gleaned from a survey of consumers' media behavior and a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Values (MDCEV) model. The results of the analyses illustrate how consumer preferences regarding old and new media differ in terms of sociodemographic variables. Moreover, the analyses revealed that whereas the advent of the Internet has negatively influenced consumers' use of old media, the arrival of smart mobile media has had a synergistic effect on television use. As a result, the advent of mobile media increased the use of television,
纪录片外文文献翻译资料译文
文献出处：Martin Stollery (2016) The newsreel commentator, the actor, the intellectual, and the broadcaster: celebrity and personality voices in classic British documentary, Celebrity Studies, 4:2, 202-218, DOI: 10.1080/19392397.2016.791045 原文 The newsreel commentator, the actor, the intellectual, and the broadcaster: celebrity and personality voices in classic British documentary Author: Martin Stollery Independent Researcher, London, UK This paper explores some hitherto overlooked intersections between British documentary of the 1930s and 1940s and celebrity culture. It does so through the analysis of voice-over commentary in a range of different films from this period. We might be forgiven for assuming that the relationship between documentary film-making and the field of celebrity culture, broadly defined, is a fairly recent historical phenomenon. The examples that spring to mind are documentaries fronted by film-makers who have become celebrities, such as Michael Moore, or numerous recent film and television documentaries about celebrities. Yet the relationship has a much longer, multifaceted history. This history can be traced at least as far back as the late 1930s, the period during which the British documentary film movement consolidated, diversified and subsequently played an important role within wartime culture. Analysing some points of intersection will shed new light on both fields of research. Strategically, this analysis also supports an agenda outlined by two contributors to an earlier issue of this journal. David Beer and Ruth Penfold-Mounce (2010) argue that, although the academic study of celebrity can capitalise upon wider public interest in this topic, it needs to vigorously address perceived doubts about its value. Historians of 1930s and wartime British documentary have overlooked or underestimated the fact that many of these films incorporated in their commentaries
住宅小区配电设计外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译 （含：英文原文及中文译文) 译文字数：3700多字 文献出处：J Ehnberg. Power of Community Distribution to Design［J] Value Engineering, 2016，2（3):14—21 英文原文 Power of Community Distribution to Design J Ehnberg ABSTRACT The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily—life。For the electric power，allcostumers expect to pay the lowes t price for the highest reliability, but don’t consider that it's self—contradictory in the co—existence of economy and reliable.To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network construction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction，but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic，between the investment and the loss by calculating the
外文文献及翻译
（ （英文参考文献及译文） 二〇一六年六月 本科毕业论文 题 目：STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT 学生姓名：王雪琴 学 院：管理学院 系 别：会计系 专 业：财务管理 班 级：财管12-2班 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 201210707016
Statistics and Audit Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010 STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT - views, recommendations, fi ndings PhD Candidate Gabriela-Felicia UNGUREANU Abstract The rapid increase in the size of U.S. companies from the early twentieth century created the need for audit procedures based on the selection of a part of the total population audited to obtain reliable audit evidence, to characterize the entire population consists of account balances or classes of transactions. Sampling is not used only in audit – is used in sampling surveys, market analysis and medical research in which someone wants to reach a conclusion about a large number of data by examining only a part of these data. The difference is the “population” from which the sample is selected, ie that set of data which is intended to draw a conclusion. Audit sampling applies only to certain types of audit procedures. Key words: sampling, sample risk, population, sampling unit, tests of controls, substantive procedures. Statistical sampling Committee statistical sampling of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants of (AICPA) issued in 1962 a special report, titled “Statistical sampling and independent auditors’ which allowed the use of statistical sampling method, in accordance with Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, “Auditor’s Approach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional education of accountants. During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, “Auditor’s Approach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional education of accountants. In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, “Audit Sampling”, which provides general guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical. Earlier audits included checks of all transactions in the period covered by the audited financial statements. At that time, the literature has not given particular attention to this subject. Only in 1971, an audit procedures program printed in the “Federal Reserve Bulletin (Federal Bulletin Stocks)” included several references to sampling such as selecting the “few items” of inventory.