(完整)牛津版牛津高中英语语法总结(权威),推荐文档

高中牛津英语

一定语从句：定语从句的介绍

就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰

的名词称为先行词。

形容词：The green team

介词短语：The team in green

定语从句：The team who were wearing green

定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或关系副词来引导，如when, where, why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。

如：做主语The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.

做宾语The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.

做表语Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.

做定语She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.

做状语The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.

二定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose

在定语从句中，that 和which 用来指代物。

如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.

在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。

如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.

当who 在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom 来取代，且whom 比who 更正式。

如：I don’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.

当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which 和that 可以被省略。

如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.

Whose 用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。

如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.

The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.

一定语从句：介词提前的定语从句（preposition＋which; preposition＋whom）

当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。

如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.

在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。

如：Art is the subject which I know little about.

如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which 可以被that 取代，whom 可以被that 和who 取代。如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.

当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略

关系代词who 和that。

如：The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics.

Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with.

当先行词是way 时，我们用in which 或that 来引导定语从句，这种情况下，in which 或that 可以被省略。

如：I didn’t like the way (that /in which) she talked to me.

二定语从句：关系副词：when，where，why

1.我们通常用关系副词when 引导先行词是time，moment，day，season，year 等的定语

从句。

如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?

I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.

2.我们通常用关系副词where 引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world 等

的定语从句。

如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.

This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.

3.我们通常用关系副词why 引导先行词是reason 的定语从句。

如：I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.

4.在更加正式的英语中，where，when 和why 能够被介词＋which 所替代。

如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.

This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.

It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.

一定语从句：非限制性定语从句

1.非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。

如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.

My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.

2.当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which 来引导定语从句。

如：He missed the show, which was a great pity.

3.我们可以用all＋whom/which 来表示全部数量，用some of＋whom/which 来表示部分数量。

如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.

Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.

1．附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。

当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。

当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。

2．附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：

1）在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。

如：We can still be friends, can’t we?

He doesn’t like ice cream, does he?

当主句中有像

neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly 或seldom 这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。

如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you?

No one has found my CD, have they?

Nobody understood his speech, did they?

His sister seldom argues with people, does she?

人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it 或they 会放在附加疑问句中。如：I was pretty silly, wasn’t I?

Everyone has a dvises you not to go on a diet, haven’t you?

助动词，情态动词或be 动词会放在附加疑问句中。如：

You like traveling, don’t you?

There is something wrong, isn’t there?

You can’t speak Italian, can you?

祁使句后用will you，Let’s 后用shall we

如：Post a letter for me, will you?

Let’s have a break, shall we?

牛津高中英语－模块二

第一单元

一现在完成时态

1.我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。

如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.

2.我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。

如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.

当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连用的时间短

语有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet

already 用语肯定句，yet 用语否定句。

如：The boy has already come home. I haven’t heard anything from him yet.

for+一段时间since+点时间

如：We haven’t seen him for two years. We haven’t seen him since 2002.

注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。

我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。

如：The police have just finished searching the area.

我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。

如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.

现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词

二现在完成进行时态

1.我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。

如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.

2.我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。

如：--- Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long?

--- Yes, I’ve been waiting for an hour.

3．现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing

注：for 和since 和现在完成进行时态连用。

如：I have been waiting for a long time.

He has been waiting since nine o’clock.

三现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态

1.我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。

如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.) Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.)

2.我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。

如：I have visited Egypt twice this month.

I have been touring Egypt for two months.

现在完成时态用于回答how many/much 的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答how long 的提问。

如：How many times have you swum in the lake?

How long have you been swimming in the lake? 3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。

如：I have had this camera for five years. (状态动词)

I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词）

I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词）

注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like，know，exist

4．当never，yet，already，ever 出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。

如：I’ve never visited Paris.

I’ve already been to Paris.

第二单元

一将来进行时态

1．我们用将来进行时态来：

1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。

如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）

谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。

如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.

3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。

如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.

在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。4）

礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。

如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania?

2．将来进行时态的构成：1）

陈述句：will(not)+v-ing

如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco.

2）疑问句：will 提到主语的前面

如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July?

3）回答：will（not）

如：Yes, they will. /No, they will not(won’t)

二过去将来时态

1．我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：

1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。

如：They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.

2)暗指一个过去的目的。

如：I was going to leave, but then it rained.

3)暗指一个过去的安排。

如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.

4)指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。

如：The journey that was to change Toby’s life started in July that year.

2．陈述句中过去将来时态的构成：

1）would +动词原形

如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.

2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to

如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time.

It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning.

Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.

第三单元

一过去完成时态

1.我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。

如：Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by

a snake.

2.在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。

如：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-------

Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained. 3．过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。

如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum. 4．过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.

如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.

5．过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed

如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.

二现在完成时态还是过去完成时态

当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。

如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.

当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangly.

牛津高中英语－模块三

第一单元

一名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍

名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是一样的。

我们可以用名词性从句做句子的主语。

如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.

Whether he’ll be able to come is not yet known.

Why they have not left yet is unclear.

我们可以用it 来做形式主语。

如：It was good news that everyone got back safely.

我们可以用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。

如：she sensed that she was being watched.

I wonder if/whether that’s a good idea.

Polly didn’t know which way she should go.

我们可以用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。

如：I’m interested in who that tall man is.

There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.

我们可以用it 来做形式宾语。

如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.

The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.

我们可以用名词性从句来做表语。

如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far.

My question is whether Polly can find her way home.

The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.

我们可以用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。

如：the fact that Polly didn’t ask for the ma n’s name is a pity.

The news that the plane had crashed made us sad.

Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing?

我们用that，if/whether 或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句。

如：I hope that Polly will be OK.

No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.

She couldn’t imagine how the blind man had found her.

二名词性从句：用that 或if/whether 引导的名词性从句

1．我们用that 来引导名词性从句。

1）当从句是一个陈述句时，我们用that 来引导名词性从句。

如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.

2) 在大多数情况下，我们不用that 来引导介词后的名词性从句，但是，可以用that 来引导in 或except 后的宾语从句。

如：The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog.

I didn’t tell him anything except that I wasn’t able to find my way back.

3）当名词性从句做句子的主语时，that 不能省略。

如：That we couldn’t find our way out was really bad news.

4）在非正式英语中，当名词性从句做句子的宾语或表语时，that 可以省略。

如：She wished (that) someone would come along to help her.

The truth is (that) the buses will not be running.

我们用if 或whether 来引导名词性从句。

当从句是个一般疑问句时，我们用if 或whether 来引导名词性从句。我们把if 或whether 后面从句的顺序改成陈述句的语序。

如：She wondered. Would the buses still be running?

She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.

介词后只能用whether，而不能用if。

如：She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong.

当从句做主语放在句子开头时，只能用whether，而不能用if。如：

Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.

只能用whether or not，而不能用if or not。

如：I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street.

如果and 或but 引导两个并列的that 或whether/if 引导的名词性从句，后一个句子的that 或whether/if 不可省。

如：He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn’t use an umbrella when it was raining.

No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work.

第二单元

一名词性从句：由疑问词引导的名词性从句

我们用以下的疑问词来引导名词性从句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。

当从句是wh-引导的疑问句时，我们用疑问词来引导名词性从句。从句可以做句子的主语，宾语或表语。

如：Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.

You can begin to see why English has such strange rules.

That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules.

我们把疑问词后面的句式改成陈述句的语序。

如：What are people from the north saying? People from the south find it difficult to understand.

People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying. 3．在任何情况下，都不可以省略名词性从句中的疑问引导词。

二形式主语it

在英语中，我们通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于强调。这被称做句末强调效果。用形式主语it 就可以达到这一效果。It 只是语法意义上的主语，真正的主语在句子的后面。

我们通常用it 来做形式主语。

当我们用一个名词性从句来做句子的主语时：

（更好的）It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.

（正确的）That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain.

当主语是带to 的动词不定式时：

（更好的）It is hard to master a foreign language.

（正确的）To master a foreign language is hard.

当主语是动词-ing 形式时：

（更好的）Smoking is difficult to stop.

（正确的）It is difficult to stop smoking.

It 可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove 前做句子的形式主语。如：It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages.

It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=my new neighbor happens to come from my hometown.

我们可以用句型it+be+被强调的名词或短语+that 或who 引导的从句来强调句子中的主语，宾语或状语。

如：It was last night (not any other time)that I read about the history of English.

如果不强调任何成分，句子可以是：

I read about the history of English last night.

第三单元

一宾语不足语

1.宾语补足语为宾语提供更多的信息。

如：They called her the Loulan Beauty.

2.宾语补足语通常以下面形式出现：动词+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语补足语通常可以是名

词短语或形容词。

如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society.

We found the ruins most interesting.

有时侯带to 的动词不定式和不带to 的动词不定式可以做宾语补足语。

如：They believed him to be honest.

Professor Zhang’s speech made us all laugh.

宾语补足语可以时介词短语。

如：She found ourselves in the middle of a desert.

宾语不足语通常和宾语在数上是一致的。

如：She made Joe her assistant.

She made Joe and Sue her assistants.

二Either…or…和Neither…nor…

1．我们用either…or…来表示选择性。

如：（连接主语）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.

(连接动词) people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses.

(连接宾语)we could choose to eat either noodles or rice.

(连接状语)they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.

我们用neither…nor…来连接表示否定的观点。（both…and…的反义词）

如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.

They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.

I ate neither the noodles nor the rice.

They went there neither by train nor by air.

三主谓一致

主谓一致是指在主语后选择正确的单复数形式。以下几点帮助我们决定动词是单数或是复数。

动词应是单数，如果主语是：单数的名词或不可数名词

如：the city was founded in the 8th century BC.

The food they offered on the plane was delicious.

2)计量的短语，标题或名字

如：two hours is too short for the visit.

Little women is a great novel.

3)一个短语或从句

如：travelling to Pompeii is exciting.

That it keeps raining worries the tourists.

动词应是复数，如果主语是：

一个复数名词

如：both cities were very rich.

由and 连接的两个或两个以上的单词或短语

如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain.

当主语是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名词/代词，动词与名词或代词保持一致。如：all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii.

Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was d iscovered.

当主语是集合名词，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 时，如果名词指代

的是集体，动词用单数；如果名词指代的是个体，动词用复数。

如：our team is very important to me.

Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang.

当主语是news, physics, mathematics, Aids 时，动词用单数；当主语是goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 时，动词用复数。

如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai.

All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake.

当either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…,连接句子的主语时，动

词采取就近原则。

如：either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students.

Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.

注：当主语是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no

one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one 时，动词用单数。

牛津高中英语－模块四

第一单元

一直接引语和间接引语

1．我们用直接引语来阐述所说的话。如果我们把引语写下来，这些单词就会被放在引号但是，我们通常更愿意用间接引语来阐述所说的话。

直接引语：She said, “China has been using PSAs to educate people.”

间接引语：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people. 2．我们可以通过把所说的话改成宾语从句或动词不定式短语的形式来把直接引语变成间接引语。

如：She said, “I’m used to ads.” ---- S he said that she was used to ads.

“We must not fall for this kind of trick!” she said.-----

She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick.

3．除了句型的改变外，还有其它的改变：

人称代词的改变：

如：She said, “I did some research.”----- She said that she had done some research.

时态的改变：

如：She said, “This as is very clever.” ----- She said that that ad was very clever.

下面列举当动词是过去时态时，时态是如何变化的：

直接引语间接引语

一般现在时一般过去时

现在进行时过去进行时

一般过去时过去完成时

现在完成时过去完成时

一般将来时过去将来时

过去完成时过去完成时

现在完成进行时过去完成进行时

注：当陈述一个不变的事实时，时态不变。

如：“light travels at great speed,” he said ---- He said that light travels at great speed.

时间和地点状语的变化：

如：Tom said, “I am working here today.”----- Tom said he was working there that day.

下面列举这种变化的例子：

直接引语间接引语

today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc.

tomorrow the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc.

yesterday the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc.

next month the month after/ the following month / in July,etc.

last year the year before / the previous year, etc.

a week ago a week before / a week earlier,etc.

4）其它的例子：

直接引语间接引语

this that

these those

come go

二间接引语：陈述句，疑问句和祈使句

1．陈述句

1）我们用that 引导的名词性从句来陈述一件事。

如：She said, “Advertisements are an important part of our lives.”------

She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives.

2) 除了say 之外，还有其它的动词可以这样用：

tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn

如：“PSAs are often placed for free,” the writer said.-----

The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.

2．疑问句

我们用whether/if 引导的名词性从句来陈述一般疑问句。

如：Matt asked Ann, “Are you the happiest person in the world?”-----

Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in the world.

我们用wh-疑问词引导的名词性从句来陈述wh-疑问句。

如：I asked her, “How can that could be?’-----

I asked her how that could be true.

3．祈使句

1）我们用以下结构来陈述祈使句：陈述动词+宾语+（not）+ to-动词不定式

如：The writer said, “Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.”----- The writer told us to think about why we should do the things the ad suggested. “Don’t worry, Mickey,” Jen said ------ Jen asked Mickey not to worry.

2) 其它的单词也有同样的用法：advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn

如：“Don’t believe every advertisement you read,” Michelle said to me.----- Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read.

第二单元

一情态动词：总体介绍

1．我们用情态动词来谈论：

1）能力

如：He can run the 100m sprint in11seconds.

2) 义务

义务性由弱到强排列：ought to/ should----have to ----- must

如：You must work hard to win the gold medal.

3)确定

确定性由弱到强排列：might---- may---- could----should-----ought to----will --- must 如：She might win a medal at the Olympics.

4) 允许

正式性由弱到强排列：can----could----may --- m ight

如：He is injured but may take part in the games.

2 我们也用情态动词来：

1）提要求：

正式性由弱到强排列：will---can----could --- would

如：Can you help me with my training?

提意见：

如：Shall we do exercise this morning?

提供帮助：

如：I’ll wash your sports jacket. Shall I get a ticket for you?

提建议：

如：You should not/ ought not to eat a lot before swimming.

3 情态动词后应该接不带to 的动词不定式。

如：She could win the gold medal.

4 我们用情态动词的进行时来谈论现在可能发生的事情，用情态动词的完成时来谈论过去可能发生的事情。

如：The boys may be playing football on the playground.

He plays basketball very well. He must have practiced it a lot.

二情态动词：can 和be able to 等

1．Can 和be able to

1）当指能力时，can 和be able to 可以互换，但be able to 比can 更加正式但也不常用。如：My brother can/is able to play table tennis very well.

2) 我们用can 来谈论将来可能发生的动作。

如：Let’s get some exercise. We can go and jog in the park.

be able to 可以用在不同的时态中，可以后面直接接动词原形或放在另一个情态动词之后。如：I’m sorry I haven’t bee n able to play tennis with you recently.

It’s nice to be able to attend the lecture.

Wang Gong might be able to win the chess game.

4) can 的过去式是could，be able to 的过去式是was /were able to

如：He could swim across the river when he was young.

Mike was a good swimmer, so he was able to take first place in the competition.

2 shall 和will

1）我们通常用shall 来表达承诺，用will 来表达决心或决定。

如：Don’t worry. You shall have the tickets for the games.

Liu Mei will go and buy the tickets for the games.

2) 在疑问句中，shall 用于第一人称或第三人称提供帮助或提建议，will 用于第二人称和第三人称询问意愿。

如：Shall we go swimming this weekend?

A group of students are waiting to see you outside. Shall they come in?

Will you go hiking with me in the mountain?

Will he pay for me?

3 mustn’t 和needn’t

Mustn’t 用来表达让某人不做某事，needn’t 用来表达做某事没必要。

如：You mustn’t miss this football match. It’s very important.

You needn’t watch the game if you don’t want to.

4 need 和dare

当用做情态动词时，这两个词常出现在否定句和疑问句中。这两个词还可以当做普通动词来用。

如：You needn’t / don’t need to go training if you feel tired.

Dare he/ Does he dare to dive into the water from the bridge?

第三单元

一被动语态

1．主动语态和被动语态在意思上没有太大区别，可以互换。在主动语态的句子中，我们用动作的发出者作为句子的主语；在被动语态的句子中，我们用动作的承受者作为句子的主语。

如：Scientists designed a VR headset. A VR headset was designed by scientists.

2被动语态的基本结构是：be+-ed （动词的过去分词），在不同的时态中，be 的形式是不一样的。例如，在一般现在时态中，be 是is 或are；在现在进行时态中，be 是

is/am/are+being；在现在完成时态中，be 是have/has+been；在一般将来时态中，be 是will+be。

如：Right now the new product is being developed in the laboratory.

An agreement has been put forward.

3．当用被动语态的时候，以下几点需要注意：

1）我们通常用by 来引导动作的发出者，但当没必要提及动作的发出者或动作的发出者不重要，或很难说出动作的发出者是谁时，动作的发出者可以省略不提。

如：he believes that VR films will be accepted by viewers.

Both the headsets and the gloves are connected to the RealCine computer system.

动词give，lend，offer，send，tell 和show 后面可以接两个宾语，分别指人和物。当这些动词用做被动语态的时候，我们通常把动词后面接的人做为句子的主语；有些时候，也会把物作为主语。

如：They are offered headsets and gloves in the cinema.

Headsets and gloves were offered to them in the cinema.

3）在主动语态中，一些动词后面往往接宾语和动词原形。在被动语态中，动词原形前面要接to。

如：I saw him go there. He was seen to go there.

4) 有时候，在被动语态中，get 可以替换be。如：get changed, get dressed, get hurt

如：Please wait a while. I’ll just go and get changed.

有些动词主动形式表被动含义。

如：This kind of computer sells well in China. Your article reads well.

状态动词不能用于被动语态。

如：I have many science books.

VR films belong to the latest wave of new technology.

被动语态的其它特殊形式：

it+动词的被动语态+that 从句

如：It is said that the technology behind RealCine is virtual reality.

主语+动词的被动语态+to do

如：The technology behind RealCine is said to be virtual reality.

类似的动词还有：believe, report, suppose, know, prove 等。

二情态动词和被动语态

1.在被动语态中用情态动词来表达能力，可能性，责任，允诺等。

如：Firefighter could be trained using RealCine.

2.情态动词被动语态的形式是：情态动词+be+动词的过去分词

如：The position of the viewer can be calculated at any time.

注意其它情态动词被动语态的用法：

主动语态被动语态

Can touch can be touched

May feel may be felt

Might not impress might not be impressed

Could use could be used

Should use should be used

Ought to develop ought to be developed

Must wear must be worn

被动语态通常被用在科学报告中。

三经常被用做被动语态的动词

1．一些经常被用做被动语态的动词可以充当形容词的作用.如：be bored with be born in/on be disappointed at /by be fascinated by be impressed at /by/with be interested in be set up by be situated in /on be surprised at/by

如：Andy was bored with listening to the same CD every day.

I was born on a Wednesday.

My dad was disappointed by my test results.

People have always been fascinated by new technology.

She was impressed at the number of points I scored.

Some of my friends are interested in studying abroad.

This new exhibition was set up by the Students’Union.

Our school is situated in a quiet area.

They were surprised at the possibilities of the Internet.

这里的be 都可以用become 来取代。

牛津高中英语－模块五

第一单元

一动词不定式：带to 的动词不定式

带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形，如，to do, to work.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.

1．带to-的动词不定式可以做：

1）句子的主语

如：To find a best friend is difficult. = It is difficult to find a best friend.

2）句子的宾语

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.

宾语不足语

如：I asked him to come over.

定语

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.

同位语

如：His intention was to cheer me up.

状语

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.

2．带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态

如：Things seem to be getting better.

John pretended not to have seen me.

二动词不定式：不带to 的动词不定式

1.可用于不带to 的动词不定式的动词有：

1）let make have（有时候）

如：I let her borrow my book.

She made me promise to write every day.

The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.

2)感官动词：feel hear see watch

如：I saw her talk to her new friends. 3）

would rather had better why not

如：I would rather go swimming.

You had better tidy your bedroom

Why not visit your cousin in Japan?

注：感官动词后可以接v-ing

如：I saw her talk to her new friend. (见证谈话的整个过程)

I saw her talking to her new friend. (见证谈话正在发生，但不一定见证整个谈话过程) 2．当有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.

Do you want to go shopping or watch a film?

We had nothing to do but watch TV?

I decided to write rather than phone.

三V-ing 作名词

1．V-ing 可以充当名词用。可以被用做：

1）做主语（指一般性的动作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.

2）做宾语（指一般性的动作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.

3)介词之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.

4）物主代词之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.

注：如果所谈论的人比较明确，那么物主代词可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.

5）组成复合名词

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.

2.以下动词后面接v-ing

Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest

3.以下常用词组后面接v-ing

Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on

如：Would you mind helping me with my homework?

I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.

I look forward to seeing you at the party.

I don’t feel like doing anything now.

She cannot stand seeing that boy.

I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.

I had to put off shopping for a while.

He kept on asking me for my phone number.

4.以下动词后面可以接v-ing 或to do，意思上几乎没有区别。Continue prefer begin hate like start

5.一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要确保形式的正确。如，forget regret remember mean try go on

forget+ to do (事情还没做)

如：He forgot to close the door when he left.

Forget+ doing (事情已经做了)

如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.

第二单元

一V-ing 充当形容词或副词

1．v-ing 可作：

1）定语

v-ing 可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。

如：This will have a lasting effect.

有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing 前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.

v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。

如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.

A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.

v-ing 可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing 还可以被改成定语从句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.=

People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.

2）表语

如：This destruction is frightening.

宾语补足语

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.

2．v-ing 可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示动作同时发生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.

3．v-ing 有完成时态，如，having worked

如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.

二V-ing 短语

v-ing 短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。

如：They sat there smiling.

They sat there smiling at each other.

1．v-ing 短语可以表示：

1）时间

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly. =When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.

Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. = After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.

2）原因

如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. = We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.

3）结果

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. = The factory keeps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty.

4)条件

如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.

2．连词+v-ing 也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有：when whenever while once until 如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.

3．v-ing 从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.

4．否定形式是：not+v-ing

如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.

第三单元

一V-ed 形式

v-ed 在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。

1．v-ed 可以被用作：

1）定语

v-ed 放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed 可以改成定语从句。

如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.

大部分名词前的v-ed 表达被动的含义。但有些v-ed 表达过去的含义，如，escaped retired fallen。比较下面的短语：

表被动：the highly praised scientist ( The scientist has been highly praised.)

表过去：the retired scientist (The scientist has retired.)

有时候可以把副词放在v-ed 之前。

如：well-trained teachers

v-ed 可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture

v-ed 可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.

2）表语

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.

3）宾语补足语

如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.

2．v-ed 可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。如：stand sit lie

如：She lay trapped under the building for three days. (She lay there and was trapped.)

二V-ed 短语

v-ed 短语可以是v-ed 单独使用，也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。

如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.

She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.

1．表被动的v-ed 短语可以表示：

1）时间

如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science. = The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.

2）原因

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. = The woman wrote

a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.

3) 条件

如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.

2．v-ed 形式有一个逻辑主语。在上述例子中，逻辑主语都是主句的主语。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science

the woman who was shocked by the article

the cell tissue which is treated with electricity

所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。

三V-ed 和V-ing 都可以做形容词

1．v-ing 形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉，在意义上通常是主动的。

如：I noticed an amazing difference.

Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.

2．v-ed 形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉，在意义上通常是被动的，因为它表示我们被一个动作所影响。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.

The boy was more frightened than hurt.

牛津高中英语－模块六

第一单元

时态的概要1：现在时态

现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。

1．我们用一般现在时态来谈论：

1）现在或一直是正确的事情。

如：I am at a comedy show.

The sun rises in the east.

2）经常发生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.

Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.

2．我们用现在进行时态来谈论：

1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.

I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!

2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.

They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.

3）重复发生的动作，和always 一起使用，通常带有否定的附加含义

如：You are always making the same mistakes!

Sue is always changing her mind.

3．我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于：

1）重复的经历。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.

Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.

2）过去发生的事情，但对现在有影响的事情。

如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!

Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life. 3）过去开始，但现在仍在发生的事情。

如：People have always enjoyed laughing.

Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts. 4．我们用现在完成进行时态来谈论从过去开始，持续到现在，并且还有可能继续进行的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.

The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.

第二单元