中国大飞机首飞未延迟 美方从未售华核心技术

中国大飞机首飞未延迟美方从未售华核心技术

被寄予厚望的国产大飞机C919飞机近日被抛进舆论的风口浪尖。22日，境外媒体相继炒作C919飞机“因技术原因”推迟首飞的传闻，再度挑起国人敏感的神经;有关中俄将联合研发下一代宽体远程客机项目的消息，也让不少人担心C919飞机的未来是否会受到冲击;而中国国家领导人习近平23日考察中国商飞公司设计研发中心时亲自体验C919飞机样机，并叮嘱“一定要把大飞机搞上去”，这种来自国家最高层的支持无疑让人获得了坚定的信心。《环球时报》记者24日走进中国商飞公司上海飞机设计研究院(简称“上飞院”)，探询国产大飞机的现实进展。

并不存在首飞拖延的问题

C919飞机研制进度到底有没有拖延？上海飞机设计院副院长、C919项目行政指挥韩克岑向《环球时报》记者确认，C919飞机将在2015年底进行首飞。

国务院大型飞机重大专项专家咨询委员会主任委员张彦仲曾多次明确表示，“大型客机在项目启动后90个月内实现首飞”的方案是经过国务院批准的，堪称考察项目进展情况的最重要标准。而C919飞机的研制工作正式启动于2008年5月商飞公司成立之后，因此尽管外界流传着C919飞机首飞时间的多个版本，但对于中国商飞而言，它的首飞时间节点始终只有一个：2015年底。

对于备受外界关注的C919飞机研制进展，上飞院C919项目管理部部长戚学锋介绍说，今年我们将完成飞机级详细设计评审，首架机的机体结构下线。C919的前机身大部段已于5月15日率先在南昌下线，该部段采用第三代铝锂合金材料，这在国内民机应用上尚属首次。

而关于外界所谓“C919飞机首飞拖延是受困于缺乏核心技术，不得不从美国购买关键部件和系统”的传闻，业内人士普遍表示，“C919并不存在这种情况，而且核心技术是永远买不到的”。

在影响首飞的多种因素中，飞行控制系统与航电系统一直被看做是最为关键的因素，国产ARJ21飞机当年就受到飞控系统的拖累而延迟首飞。目前，C919飞机的主飞控系统由美国飞控系统供应商霍尼韦尔公司研制，它采用比波音737客机更为先进的全时全权限电传操纵系统和先进的主动控制技术，这种设计由电脑负责自动调整所有舵面，可以减少飞行员负担，增加乘客的舒适度，更重要的优势在于，减轻飞机重量。但由于美国政府明令此项技术禁止出口，上飞院院长郭博智说，“我们只能自行研发核心技术，即飞控控制率的算法，而霍尼韦尔公司只负责将我们设计好的程序进行功能的实现。对程序设计是否正确，受限于美国法律的霍尼韦尔公司只允许回答‘YES’或‘NO’，故障出在哪里只能靠我们自己定位与更改。”不过令人欣慰的是，目前中国商飞在飞控控制率设计方面已获得关键性的进展。韩克岑透露，“不仅可以支持首飞的需求，还能支持后续一定阶段的试飞工作。”

“虽然目前航电系统的进展遇到诸多困难，但是存在的风险是可控的，研制进度也基本满足首飞前的要求。”韩克岑表示，由于C919在设计之初就肩负着扶持国内航空系统供应商的责任，因此在选择系统供应商时，就鼓励国际供应商与国内企业成立联合公司为大飞机

进行产品配套。与ARJ21飞机直接采用柯林斯公司成熟产品的做法不同，中国商飞此次选择了更为先进的航电系统，增加了技术难度，并且多个系统由中国企业进行配套，在这种情况下，中国商飞选择自主开发C919飞机航电系统的设计与集成工作，无异于是对自身能力的极大挑战，也被看做是主制造商关键能力的体现。

ARJ21客机为大飞机“趟路”

作为中国第一款进军国际市场的民航客机，中国ARJ21支线客机在很大程度上被视为C919的“趟路者”。《华尔街日报》认为，ARJ21在试飞和适航取证方面漫长的拖延，暗示C919即便实现首飞，此后也将面临类似的困境。

上飞院副院长、ARJ21项目行政指挥李玲表示，不可排除C919未来会面临挑战，但ARJ21所经历的诸多挫折都会成为C919的宝贵经验。李玲回顾说，当年受研制经费限制，ARJ21飞机在首飞前只进行了96项研发试验，由于前期试验的不充分，导致出现了一些重要的设计更改，拖延了项目的进展。例如2009年12月，ARJ21飞机在进行俯仰2.5G全机极限静力试验时，龙骨梁发生非正常破坏，试验宣告失败，一度使ARJ21项目陷入严重危机。吸取了教训的设计团队在C919项目初期就单独规划了机翼与机身组合体的强度试验。如今，在C919研制团队手中，有一份近千项的ARJ21经验清单，设计人员借此避免C919飞机再出现类似问题。

截至目前，为了尽量避免在后期出现重大的设计反复与构型调整，C919飞机在前期共策划了几百项研发试验。例如今年6月C919即将展开轮胎爆破试验，而这项试验的验证方法是ARJ21飞机用了5年的时间与中国民航局共同确定的，并在5月20日获得成功后直接应用于C919飞机的试验中。来自于ARJ21飞机构型管理和试飞管理方面的经验也将提速C919飞机的试验、试飞速度。在ARJ21早期的试飞阶段，申请人缺少有经验的试飞团队，甚至没有建立中国民航局审定试飞团队，而现在申请人经过6年试飞过程已经掌握了民机试飞规律与诸多高风险科目的试飞方法，能够在保证安全的前提下进行高效的综合试飞以节省试飞周期。

业内人士告诉《环球时报》记者，即便明年年底成功实现首飞，C919需要通过适航审定才能进入市场运营，但这个过程不一定会一帆风顺。最大的难度在于，C919飞机比ARJ21多出近30项新的审定试验试飞科目，它们需要C919自己进行探索。同时，ARJ21飞机也为C919飞机留下一些未解决的问题，例如用于验证飞机轮胎溅起的水对发动机工作状态是否产生不利影响的溅水试验，其判据至今中国民航局仍与FAA仍存在分歧。韩克岑表示，目前，C919已采取相应解决办法。

中美合作暗藏“斗法”

C919面临的挑战并不只限于技术领域，事实上在民机研制的历史中，始终存在未知的变数。中国始终希望通过建立中美双边适航协定，使中国飞机进入欧美市场。然而2013年12月，在中国宣布低空开放政策仅16天后，奥巴马就签署《小型航空器复兴法案》，令通过运-12飞机拓展的中美CCAR23部双边适航协定形同虚设。

在采访过程中，中国商飞各层面的人士大都认为，FAA在推动中国民用航空安全体系

发展的同时，也不可避免受到美国政府和公众的影响。在ARJ21项目申请FAA适航证的早期，美国舆论就曾质疑FAA为什么要帮助美国的竞争对手审定飞机。因此，为了回避国内舆论的压力，ARJ21飞机在加拿大进行自然结冰试飞期间，FAA并没有像以往一样在现场对试验进行目击。在C919飞机提出申请FAA适航证的同时，FAA也一度建议放弃ARJ21飞机而直接启动C919飞机的适航审定工作，显然，这个条件是中国商飞不能接受的。

C919飞机的设计目标比目前运营的同类型飞机节省燃油12%-15%，具有更明显的市场竞争力，波音与空客公司为稳固它们在国际民机市场的垄断地位，分别仓促推出对现有波音737和空客320更换发动机的应对策略。自始至终，被视为与波音公司构成直接竞争的C919能否获得FAA的适航证都显得扑朔迷离。

中俄双方在5月20日正式宣布联合研制下一代远程宽体客机，俄联合航空制造集团公司总裁波戈相表示，研制这种宽体客机需要8-10年时间。中国商飞表示，宽体客机产品定位不会与C919产生重叠，并将针对双方市场发挥各自在航空领域的优势分工研发。

By high hopes of domestic large aircraft C919 aircraft has been thrown into the forefront of public opinion. 22, foreign media hype C919 aircraft "due to technical reasons" was put off the first flight talk, again of people sensitive nerve; About China and Russia will jointly develop the next generation of wide-body long-range aircraft project, also let many people worried about the future of the C919 aircraft will hit; While China expedition leader xi jinping 23, comac personally experience the C919 aircraft prototype design research and development center, and told "must make the aircraft make up", this kind of support from the national top people certainly won the firm confidence. Entered the "global times" reporter 24 comac Shanghai aircraft design and research institute (hereinafter referred to as "on the fly"), explore the real progress of domestic large aircraft.

There is no first flight delay problems

Is there a delay to C919 aircraft schedule? Shanghai aircraft design institute, the C919, vice President of the administrative command https://www.360docs.net/doc/2f4366101.html, Han Ke cen told the global times reporter confirmed that the C919 aircraft will be first flight at the end of 2015.

Large aircraft under the state council, the special committee, director of the expert advisory committee Zhang Yanzhong has repeatedly made clear that "large aircraft in 90 months after project start first flight" scheme is established under the approval of the state council, a review of the progress of the project is the most important standard. And the development of the C919 aircraft work officially launched in May 2008, since its founding, so despite reports to the C919 aircraft multiple versions of the first flight time, but for comac, it's first flight time node is always only one: the end of 2015.

To the outside world watches the C919 aircraft development progress, the flying courtyard C919 project management department QiXueFeng says, this year we will finish the plane level detailed design review, the first machine body structure. Fuselage before most of the C919 has rolled off the production line on May 15, take the lead in nanchang, this section with the third generation of lithium aluminium alloy material, for the first time in domestic commercial applications.

And about the so-called "C919 aircraft first flight delay is beset by a lack of core technology, key components have to buy from the United States and the system" the rumors, the personage inside course of study generally said, "the C919 does not exist this kind of situation, and the core technology is can't buy forever".

In the various factors influencing the first flight, flight control system with the avionics system has long been seen as the most critical factors, domestic plane was delayed drag on the first flight by flight control system. At present, the C919 aircraft flight control system of the main flight control system by the United States honeywell supplier development, it is more advanced than Boeing 737 full-time permissions telex active control system and advanced control technology, this kind of design by computer automatically adjust all the rudder surface, can reduce the burden on the pilots, increase the comfort of passengers, more important advantage is that reduce https://www.360docs.net/doc/2f4366101.html, weight of the plane. But as a result of the U.S. government has banned exports, the technology on flying courtyard dean Guo Bozhi said, "we have to develop the core technology, namely flight control control algorithm, and honeywell company will we only responsible for design the realization of the function of good procedures. The design program is correct, limited by honeywell under U.S. law allows only answer 'YES' or 'NO', fault where can only rely on our own position and change." But thankfully, comac now control in flight control system design key progress has been made. Han Ke cen said, "not only can support the demand of the first flight, flight of a certain phase can also support the follow-up work."

"Although at present the progress of the avionics system encountered many difficulties, but the risks are controllable, basic meet the requirements of before the first flight schedule also." Han Ke cen said, because of the C919 at the beginning of the design shoulders the responsibility of supporting the domestic air system vendor, so when choosing system vendor, encourages international suppliers and domestic enterprises set up a joint company product of form a complete set for large aircraft. Directly with the

ARJ21 Collins using mature products, comac the chose a more advanced avionics system, increase the technical difficulty, and multiple system by Chinese companies to form a complete set, in this case, comac choose self-developed C919 aircraft avionics system design and integration work, is great challenge for their own capabilities, also be seen as the embodiment of the main manufacturers of key ability.

The ARJ21 plane for large aircraft "way"

As China's first passenger jet to enter the international market, Chinese ARJ21 regional jet in the very great degree is seen as a "way" of the C919. The Wall Street journal believe that the ARJ21 long delay in flight test and airworthiness forensics, supposed to even realize the first flight, then will face a similar dilemma.

, vice President of the flying courtyard, the ARJ21 project administrative command li ling said, do not rule out the C919 future will face the challenge, but some frustrations experienced by the ARJ21 will become the precious experience of the C919. Said li ling review, the research funding restrictions, the ARJ21 plane just before the first flight tested 96 research and development, due to the insufficient prophase test, resulting in some important design changes, has delayed the progress of the project. In December 2009, for

example, the ARJ21 plane on the pitch 2.5 G machine limit static test, the keel beam

non-normal damage occurs, the test failed, was the ARJ21 project in serious crisis. Learned the lesson of the design team at the beginning of the C919 will separate planning on the wing and the fuselage combination strength test. Now, in the hands of the C919 development team, has a list of nearly thousand items ARJ21 experience, design staff to avoid the C919 aircraft to appear similar problem again.

So far, in order to avoid late in the design of a major and configurations to adjust repeatedly, C919 aircraft in the early stage of the planning out hundreds of research and development testing. For example in June this year the C919 is imminent tire blasting experiments, and the experiment verification of the method is the ARJ21 plane took five years to determine, together with the civil aviation administration of China and after the success of 20 May directly applied to test the C919 aircraft. From the ARJ21 aircraft configuration management and test management experience will be accelerated test, the flight velocity of the C919 aircraft. Flight in the ARJ21 early phase, the applicant flight of a lack of experienced team, establish the civil aviation administration of China doesn't even have a test team, and now the applicant after six years had mastered the civil aircraft flight test process law subjects with high risk of flight test method, to ensure safety under the premise of effective comprehensive test to save the test cycle.

Insiders told the global times reporter, even if the end of next year to achieve the first flight, C919 need through authorized to enter the market operation, but the process would not necessarily be plain sailing. The biggest difficulty is that the C919 aircraft ARJ21 over nearly 30 more new authorized test flight test subjects, they need the C919 to explore. At the same time, the ARJ21 plane for the C919 aircraft left some unsolved problems, such as for verification of aircraft tire splashing water on the engine work status is adversely affecting splash water test, the criterion of the civil aviation administration of China still with FAA differences still exist. Han Ke cen said, at present, the C919 has taken corresponding solutions.

China-us cooperation "hidden" afraid"

The challenge for the C919 is not confined to the technical field, in fact, in the history of commercial development, there are always unknown variables. Through the establishment of sino-us bilateral airworthiness agreement, China always want to make Chinese aircraft into the European and American markets. In December 2013, however, in China announced a low level of the open policy only 16 days later, Mr Obama signed the recovery act small aircraft, made by luck - 12 aircraft development of sino-us bilateral airworthiness agreement CCAR23 department.

In the process of interview, comac people generally think of each level, the FAA in promoting the development of China's civil aviation safety system at the same time, also inevitably affected by the U.S. government and the public. In the early days of FAA aviation authority jaa will enable the ARJ21 project application, American public opinion have questioned the FAA: why do you want to help the examination and approval of an American rival aircraft. Therefore, in order to avoid domestic public opinion pressure, the ARJ21 plane during natural icing flight test conducted in Canada, the FAA was not as

usual at the scene to witness the test. FAA aviation authority jaa will enable to apply for the visa in the C919 aircraft at the same time, the FAA also once suggested to give up the ARJ21 plane directly start the C919 aircraft airworthiness approval work, obviously, is comac can't accept this condition.

C919 aircraft design goal than with the types of aircraft currently operating, saving fuel by 12% - 12%, with more obvious market competitiveness, Boeing and airbus to stabilize their monopoly position in the international commercial market, respectively, with the existing Boeing 737 and airbus 320 engine changes of coping strategies. From beginning to end, are regarded as the C919 to compete with Boeing pose a direct access to the FAA's aviation authority jaa will enable appear uncertain.

Announced on May 20, the two sides in a formal joint development of the next generation of long-range wide-body jet, the joint aviation manufacturing group company President said pogo, develop the wide-body jet takes eight to 10 years. Comac, said wide-body jet product positioning not overlap with the C919, and will focus on both sides play their respective advantages in the field of aviation market research and development of division of labor.