汽车共享研究外文文献翻译共享汽车2017
外文文献翻译原文及译文
文献出处:RoyDave.Thestudyonthecarsharingunder thesharingeconomic [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2017, 1(8):
95-106.
原文
ThestudyonthecarsharingunderthesharingeconomicRoyDave Abstract
Carsharingisakindofmeetthedemandof resident’s short-termcarinnovativetrafficpatterns.Carsharingfrequencyinthecarmusthaveprovid edmodel,aimedatresidentialcommunity,commercialofficecenter,universityand otherpublicservicevehicle.Theworld'sbiggestcarsharingoperatorZipcar,sinceit sinceptionin2000atHarvardUniversity,isto"provideahourdrivecarswith takeinservice",to achieve thedemandofalternativefamilycar,andkeepabout20%oftheaverageannualgrowt hrate.Carsharingcanbehighcostallocationtoeachuseofthecarandmaintenanceof distanceandtime,toattractuserstouseandmakeaprofit,theaveragepercaralternati ve20averagecar,atthesametimereducethe inducedbyvehiclesmarginalcostreduceinvalidtravel,hasagoodsocial,economica ndenvironmentaleffects,aswellasreducemember private cars use scale. Keywords: sharing cars, low carbon, development trend
1Introduction
According to the University of California, Berkeley,sustainabletransportationdevelopmentresearchcenterofstatistics,asof October2012,atotalof27countriesaroundtheworldtocarryoutthecarsharing,atota lof1.788millionmembers,to43500vehiclesShared,anaverageof41.1peopleshare acar.TheNorthAmericancarsharingmarket
theworld'sfirst,whichisabout38.7%ofthemarket.Zipcarhasabout9,300vehicles,i ntheUnitedStates,Canada,Britain,Spainandothercountriesofthe17majormetrop olitanareaandmorethan250universitiescampus,formorethan709,000membersp https://www.360docs.net/doc/326465364.html,eofpureelectricvehiclesasaSharedmodel ,throughtheinnovativemodeoftransportationandoperation management, personal traveldistanceofpureelectricvehiclesusersisshorterandlesschargingstationlayou tproblem.Bysharingoperation,canalsoforpureelectricvehiclesandfurtherintothe familyinformationbasedonthecharge,useandoperationofthemarketdemandfore casting.Pureelectriccarsharinghasruneverycityintheworld,includinginFrance'sl argestpublicbicyclecarriersBolloregrouplaunchedtheirtestisthemostfamous,by 2012,thetesthad3000pureelectriccarandnearly1200operatingsites,andothercitie sinFrancetocarryoutthepilot.Membersshouldpayanannualfeeof low, only can at any time through online booking, to use the vehicle.
2The social effects of car sharing
Car sharing biggest role is to replace conventional cars, and accordinglyreduceparking,congestionandotherissues,andmakestheautomobile toreducethedependenceoftravel,toencouragegreateruseofpublictransportandbi cycles,slowtransportation.On averageeverycarsharingalternative6~7ordinaryvehicles.Membersoftheaverage tripdistanceisreducedby50%~70%duetojointhesharing,resultinginthe 1, 000 Yuan to 3 000 Yuan transport costs reduced. According to thesharingofenterprisesurvey,20%ofcarsharingmemberssellcars,20%choose to delaytheirpurchases,whichchangesthe vehicle.Becauseatthe same time, reduce automobile dependence and use, can also help themembertousemorelowcarbonenergysavingmodeoftransportation,alsoaccor dingtothedataofNorthAmerica,thetransferofpublictransport,cycling,walkingrat esashighas50%.Ifthiseffectcanbepopularized in China, will provide policy to regulate the speed of carsenteringthefamilyelasticspace,alleviatethecongestionofautosociety,energy consumption, emission and safety issues.
3The case analysis of pure electric carsharing
Relatively, the use of pure electric vehicles as the main modelswillfurtherstrengthenthecarsharingof energyconservationandemissionsreduction.Atpresentpureelectriccarsharingm ainlyinEurope,France,Germany, North America andJapan.
3.1The test in Paris,France
Size and influence of the world's biggest electric car sharing for the Frenchtestproject,theprojectbythesuccessfuloperationinParisbicyclesharingV ELIBBolloregroupinvestmentoftheproject,Parisandatowngovernmentsupport andhelptheconstructionofsharingsite.Bollore group and Paris government signed the "public service" of theagencycontract,andshallassumethe corresponding
managementrisk,totalfinancialinvestmentriskisexpectedtoreach0millionEuros .AlthoughthestreetsintheFrenchwillbeagreatsuccess,butalsocausedsuchasparki ngSpacestoreduceexcessivecompetitionandtaxi.Francebefore testing also run some test items, such as Liselec company in LaRochellerunelectriccarsharingproject,using130kmrangeofelectriccars, are still funded by the local government.
3.2The university of California, riverside, Intellishareproject
As early as 2001, the university of California, riverside, conductedaaimedatdevelopmentof pureelectricvehiclesandhybridelectricvehiclesasthemainmodelsofsharingresea rchprojects,andatthetrainstationandriversideuniversitycampusesaroundthesite. Thewholeprojectof100vehiclesdailysharingtime,thevehicle'srangeof160km.Int ellishareprojectthroughoptimizingconfigurationmethod,makesthevehicletosha reonlyforelectricvehicleseffectively,thisisfortherangeof160kmthatmeetmostoft hetraveldemand,butIntellishareprojectisgiven priority to with study, and no consideration of profit.
3.3Japan's electric car sharing program
Toyota as early as the beginning of 1990, the company has beentestedaSharedproject,calledCrayonsystem,atotalof50cars,13sites,700mem bers,andintelligenttransportationsystemandGPSsystemstomonitorvehicle movements.In yokohama,1997electriccars sharetheproject,andfurtherfrom30vehicleswereextendedto400vehicles,membe rshipto8,000,andbecamefamouscoveredinyokohama,kawasaki,andTokyoCrix carsharingprogram.Japan'selectriccarssharetheprojectisnotverysuccessful,in19 99theSecondCarSystem(SCS)projectistousethe160kmoftheelectricCar,stoppe dtheprojectafterthreeyears,notbecausethechargingproblem,butduetothehighop erating costs.
4The challenges of electric car sharing
At present most of pure electric vehicles Shared by the companyasthemainbody,runbyparkingsupplyandconstructionof localgovernment,subsidiesandothermeansofsupport,butthereallarge-scaleoperationoftheelectric carsharingprojectis stillinprofitas amainpurpose. However, pure electric car sharing still faces the challenge:
4.1The financing constraints of pure electric car sharingproject
Because the first generation of pure electric vehicles cost ishigher,especiallyintheearlyperiodofthevehiclecost,laterbatteryreplacementco st, and the corresponding maintenance and insurance costs is the main
factor restricting the pure electric vehicle market share. Because thecar sharingitselfpopularityisnothigh,consumergroupsstillisgivenprioritytowithlowi ncomeandfamilycarfree,itssensitivitytothepriceishigher,thehigherrateofpureele ctricvehicles,itisdifficulttoguarantee continuous userrequirements.
4.2The constraints of the first generation of pure electricvehicles
The first generation of pure electric vehiclestravel distanceofbetween100~160km,tomaintainthedrivingrangeofeachcar,youmust ensurethevehicle'sbatterycapacity. Tomaximizethesharingofvehicleutilizationanduseofthetime,youneedtoveryco mplexoperationdispatchingsystem,however,duetothetimeoftheinformationlev elandthedistributionofthechargingstationcan'tmeetthedemandofthe city travel, operating as a bottleneck. Coupled with the first generationofpureelectricvehiclesisnotstable, lowservicelevel cannotsustainuserrequirements.
4.3The constraints of government continuesupport
Pure electric car sharing Settings need government support, buttheoperationeffectanduserdemandisstilldecidingwhetherornotthekeytoprofi t.Butduetosomeperformanceproblemsofpureelectricvehiclesandcost issues,thereisnoguaranteethattheuserrequirements,andbecausethereisnoclearsu pportoflocal governmentpolicy, coupledwith the economic crisis and other issues, often losing support dynamics
of the project, to support economy stronger hybrid cars or other Shared project.
5Suggestions for the development of pure electric carsharing5.1
The government leading, public transportoperations
Government unified planning and layout of pure electricvehiclesSharedproject,rebuildingorsharenewcarparking,andequippedw ithparkingchargingpile,arrangementofsharingcarsandtake thestationpoint.Suchastesting,Parisand45aroundtownisresponsibleforinvestme ntcarrentalpointconstruction,foreachstationfor50000Euros,atotalinvestmentof Paris,https://www.360docs.net/doc/326465364.html,ernmentthrough the establishment of pure electriccarsharingoperationmanagement,unifiedoperation,andoperationandve hiclemanagementforthecompanytoprovidesubsidieseveryyear.Thisoperationm odehastheadvantageofcomprehensivesystemforsharingdevelopmentplanning, construction,supportingpolicies,anduseitasamodelfordevelopmentofpublictra nsport,cooperatewithotherkindsoftransportationcohesion,theroleofcompleme ntaryandmutualassistance.5.2 Government in charge of the business and subsidies
By the overseas successful car sharing operator or moresuccessfuldomesticcarrentalcompaniessetupspecialoperationsManageme https://www.360docs.net/doc/326465364.html,panytoassistthegovernmentdrewupthepolicyandplanning of pure electric vehicles, and to reduce traffic, parking and
optimize the structure of travel demand as the goal, and take the risk of loss.Suchastestingthe maincompanyBolloregroupbeforeoperationandsignedanagreementofapublics ervicegovernment,theenterprisesmustbetake3000Eurosayearforeachcarmainte nanceandinsuranceexpenses,andthegovernmentpublicserviceasthe mainpurpose,onlyforapriceandprofitfromthebusinessperformance.Thisoperati onmodehastheadvantageofabsorbingforeignadvancedoperatingmode,andcarre ntalenterprisesfromtheAngleofthemarkettoseepureelectriccarsharing,andthrou ghsubsidiesandpolicymeasuresto encourageenterprisestoenterthemarket,atthesametimerequirecompaniestoperf orm certain social servicefunction.
5.3 Government in charge of stakes, enterprise in charge of
operationGovernment joint venture with pure electric car
manufacturer, to establishpureelectriccarsharingdevelopmentco.,LTD.,thegovernmentisrespon siblefortheplanningand layoutSharedvehicleparkingandchargingfacilities,theautomakerstoprovideveh icles,
operatingcompaniestoprovidetechnicalservices.Asthemaintestmodelisdevelop ed
forBolloregroup,withtheItaliancardesignmanufacturersthansouthFarley,coope rativemanufacturingBluecar(blue),usinganewgenerationofpolymermetallithiu mbatteryasapower,cantravel250km.Testingmethodtopromoteitselfasabluecar,a
dvertisingeffect.Theadvantage of this operating mode can constantly absorbingachievements
of the development of pure electric vehicles, work closely withcar manufacturers,throughthetransferofthegovernmentmanagementexperiencean dabilityoftheenterpriseproductiontolong-termoperationof pure electric vehicles Shared business.
译文
分享经济背景下的汽车共享研究
RoyDave
摘要
汽车共享是一种满足居民短时用车需求的创新型交通模式。汽车共享所提供的中频度汽车准拥有模式，旨在居住社区、商业办公中心、大
学等周边开展公用车辆服务。全球最大的汽车共享运营商Zipcar，自2000年在哈佛大学成立以来，即以“提供一种小时随取随用的自驾汽
车服务”，来实现替代家庭购车的需求，并保持约20%的年平均增长率。汽车共享可以将高昂的购车和养护成本分摊至每次使用的距离和时间，从而吸引用户使用并实现盈利，每辆车平均可替代20辆普通汽车，同
时减少了因购车后边际成本降低而诱增的无效出行，具有较好的社会、经济、环境效应，同时减少会员私家车使用规模。关键词：共享汽车，低碳，发展趋势
1 引言
根据美国加州大学伯克利分校可持续交通发展研究中心的统计，
截至2012 年10 月，全球共有27 个国家开展了汽车共享，会员数共
01-文献综述范文-翻译-当前零翻译研究问题与对策
外国语学院2018届毕业论文文献综述（示范） 一、研究背景 近来多篇论文中出现零翻译的提法（杜争鸣，2000；邱懋如，2001；刘明东，2002；袁斌业，2002a，2002b，2002c，2002d；石琳，2003；余清萍，2003；余清萍，秦傲松，2004；肖耀田，2004），但国内学者所编三本译学词典（林煌天，1997；孙迎春，1999；方梦之，2004）均未出现零翻译这一词条，国外三本词典/术语著作（Shuttleworth & Cowie，1997；Baker，1998；Delisle，2004）亦未收入这一条目，只有国内孙迎春（2001）编著的《汉英双向翻译学语林》收进了“零翻译（音译、形译之一种）zero translation”（58页）及“zero translation零翻译（音译、形译之一种）”（268页）两个条目，同时又有贾影（2002）反对零翻译提法，并认为承认不可译有“积极作用”。但零翻译现象确实存在，如DIY（自己动手），IQ（智商），EQ（情商），这些零翻译词汇经常在汉语中出现。英语中也有类似情况，如美国《时代》周刊中报道中国特色事物时经常使用拼音，如aizi(矮子)，pizi（痞子），shiganjia（实干家），yuan（缘）（王祥兵，2002），shuangying(双赢)，guanxi(关系)（顾静，2005）。 这些研究成果揭示了零翻译现象的存在，引进了零翻译的概念，促进了翻译理论概念的扩大，但是从发表的论文及孙迎春（2001）的这两个条目来看，各自运用的名称虽同（也有不同，如杜争鸣称为不译），但概念的内涵及外延均有出入，因此有必要探讨当前零翻译研究的问题并提出相应研究对策。 二、研究现状及不足 1. 定义不统一、模糊不清 传统翻译理论多把零翻译归结为“音译法”、“移译法”，只看到技巧层面的意义，如秦建栋（1999）讨论“英汉词汇空缺现象刍议”列举“音译法”、“移译法”，袁斌业（2001）论及“英语本族人音译汉语词汇的语用分析”，虽然看到“音译在我国只能用来翻译名词，而在国外则可以用来翻译包括名词在内的各种词语”，但未能从中提炼出零翻译的概念，实际上这里已包含有零翻译与音译的某些区别。 国内最早使用zero translation这一术语的是杜争鸣（2000），但他称之为“不译”，并分析了直译、意译与不译三种翻译策略。他不停留于策略本身，从跨文化交际的视角分析了三种策略的社会语言学与跨文化交际涵义，并看到了不译的三层文化含义。不译背后体现译者对于翻译目的的认识，“而翻译的目的必然直接或间接地反映反映译者本人对翻译的文化含义的意识与潜意识，反映他翻译时所采取的文化姿态与立场。”即翻译观的问题。但从术语的精确性来说
汽车后市场 外文文献翻译
The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: Branded Products and Private Label Products THE BUSINESS CASE Throughout the automotive aftermarket industry,senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖ ―control brands‖ or ―own brands,‖ their risin g prominence has led top executives to ask: ? What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands? ? How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve? ? How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape? ? What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start? ?What are the similarities and differences between the private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector? ? What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors? Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products sold by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store
汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
文献综述 英文
文献综述 大学生时间管理研究——以郑州大学西亚斯国际学院为例 姓名：代永寒学号：20091211205 专业：工商管理班级：工本2班 史蒂芬?柯维的《要事第一》 “要事第一”，顾名思义是指重要的主要的事情要放在第一时间去完成。而在实际工作中我们往往是将认为急迫的紧要的事情放在第一时间完成； 本书通过四个象限来告诉我们如何区分事情的紧急性与重要性，从而告诉我们在平常的工作中应怎样去区分事情属轻属重，以及造成事情紧急性的原因，在平常工作中要注意哪些方面以避免出现紧急事件的情况。 第一象限包括四点：A危机 B 急迫的问题C最后期限迫近的项目 D 会议准备工作等。第一象限显得紧迫与重要，但我们要知道形成第一象限的紧迫与重要主要是因被延误及没有进行计划与预测及计划所致。第二象限包含准备工作、预防、价值、筹划、建立关系、真正的再创造与赋予能力。第二象限属于质量象限，属于重要但不紧迫的事情，但我们必须要去做，因只有这样才能避免出现第一象限包含的情况。第三象限包含干扰、电话；邮件、报告；某些会议；很多临近、急迫的事情及很多流行的活动。第三象限包括“紧急但不重要的事情”，而事实上它易给人造成假象，从而形成第一象限情况。第四象限包含琐事、打发时间的工作、某些电话，解闷，“逃避”行为、无关紧要的邮件及过多地看电视；第四象限属于既不紧急也不重要的事情，它是浪费象限，第四象限中的行为是堕落行为。这四个象限告诉我们如果在办事过程中不是以重要性而是以紧要性为出发点，就会出现第一第三甚至第四象限的情况，在平常的工作中，我们要加以区分，日常工作生活中往往事情越是紧迫，反而说明事情越不重要！像最近存货系统因急着想能早日上线，在运作过程中被卡住，故一心想着去解决软件中存在的问题，而忽略了与其他人员的沟通协调，存货上软件固然重要，但与公司整体运作相比就稍显其次，没合理分配其他人员手头事项，这样会导致其他问题的增多，从而会出现第一第三象限甚至于第四象限的浪费情况。 “要事第一”，告诉我们在日常的工作与生活中要从以下方面着手加以区分、
外文文献翻译：汽车的发展
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
车身结构轻量化优化设计方法外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
到CAE方法它将节省大量的测试成本，及时指导车身的设计结构，提出优化方法; 有限元法已经成为在车身特性设计和分析过程中不可或缺的[3]。 在结构优化过程中，首先，敏感性分析应该是对的以设计变量的灵敏度来确定目标[4]然后根据灵敏度修改设计变量以获得最佳设计目标与约束条件。设计变量的灵敏度与A轻量级优化方法相关其目标函数是由客观因素的变化来衡量的单位设计变量的变化，灵敏度分析是opti的基础可以根据敏感度进行结构分析，优化结构分析，这将节省大量的计算时间并改进优化因此，在工业中期望提供一种改进的轻型汽车车身结构，特别是车身框架，其保持所需的强度，刚度和稳定性特性，以满足乘客安全和车辆性能标准。此外，身体结构应当可使用现有技术和材料制造，以实现减轻重量而不增加成本。此外，主体结构应该能够减少总成分，以进一步降低成本和制造时间。 2灵敏度分析的基本理论 从结构分析可以分为动态分析和静态分析两个方面，结构敏感性分析也可以分为动力敏感性分析和静态敏感性分析。动态灵敏度分析包括特征值灵敏度分析，传递函数灵敏度分析和动态响应敏感性分析。静态敏感性分析可以是压力，位移等。对于车辆，灵敏度分析是指车身刚度强度，自由模式和敏感性分析的应变能，部分结构参数包括材料厚度和横截面转动惯量[5 |。有两种计算灵敏度的方法，推导方法和伴随结构的方法。直接推导法，是亲由胡力构成R.Kapoor M.P，然后由许多人开发和推广人们在广泛的领域。直接推导法具有明显的物理意义概念，简单的数学理论方便计算可扩展从一阶敏感度到高阶灵敏度，因此是广泛的在工业领域[6]。 3 BIW扭转刚度分析 汽车BIW的有限元模型由769 862组成元素包括三角形元素和四边形元素重量为371.2公斤。为了比较车辆扭转刚度试验过程中的有限元分析模型需要使用直径为50 mm的梁单元进行模拟测试设备如图有限元边界条件分析模型如图1所示。 3，左右后方的震动塔都很硬点被限制在X，翻译DOF左右前方震动吸收塔受限于X方向DOF。负载被施加到两个前冲击塔的中心在垂直方向这是平等的，但与相反的方向。负载通过公式F = M / L获得，其中M是测试扭矩值，L是左右前冲击中心之间的距离塔。刚度结果与施加的扭矩无关，但对于目的是与试验结果进行比较，施加的扭矩为4000 Nm，进行试验过程如图1所示。 4。导出左右负载点的Z方向位移使用公式计算扭转刚度值，扭转刚度K如下： M施加扭矩; ts Z大号和AZ尺是负载点的Z方向位移;L是负载点之间的距离。轻量级指标[7]，是评估的关键因素之一车身结构的性能，通过车身扭转刚度和质量计算该越少越好轻
图像科学综述 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
附录 图像科学综述 近几年来，图像处理与识别技术得到了迅速的发展，现在人们己充分认识到图像处理和识别技术是认识世界、改造世界的重要手段。目前它己应用于许多领域，成为2l世纪信息时代的一门重要的高新科学技术。 1.图像处理与识别技术概述 图像就是用各种观测系统以不同形式和手段观测客观世界而获得的，可以直接或间接作用于人眼而产生视知觉的实体。科学研究和统计表明，人类从外界获得的信息约有75%来自于视觉系统，也就是说，人类的大部分信息都是从图像中获得的。 图像处理是人类视觉延伸的重要手段，可以便人们看到任意波长上所测得的图像。例如，借助伽马相机、x光机，人们可以看到红外和超声图像：借助CT可看到物体内部的断层图像；借助相应工具可看到立体图像和剖视图像。1964年，美国在太空探索中拍回了大量月球照片，但是由于种种环境因素的影响，这些照片是非常不清晰的，为此，美国喷射推进实验室(JPL)使用计算机对图像进行处理，使照片中的重要信息得以清晰再现。这是这门技术发展的重要里程碑。此后，图像处理技术在空间研究方面得到广泛的应用。 总体来说，图像处理技术的发展大致经历了初创期、发展期、普及期和实用化期4个阶段。初创期开始于20世纪60年代，当时的图像采用像素型光栅进行扫描显示，大多采用巾、大型机对其进行处理。在这一时期，由于图像存储成本高，处理设备造价高，因而其应用面很窄。20世纪70年代进入了发展期，开始大量采用中、小型机进行处理，图像处理也逐渐改用光栅扫描显示方式，特别是出现了CT和卫星遥感图像，对图像处理技术的发展起到了很好的促进作用。到了20世纪80年代，图像处理技术进入普及期，此时购微机已经能够担当起图形图像处理的任务。VLSL的出现更使得处理速度大大提高，其造价也进一步降低，极大地促进了图形图像系统的普及和应用。20世纪90年代是图像技术的实用化时期，图像处理的信息量巨大，对处理速度的要求极高。 21世纪的图像技术要向高质量化方面发展，主要体现在以下几点：①高分辨率、高速度，图像处理技术发展的最终目标是要实现图像的实时处理，这在移动
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
外文翻译：轿车车身的碰撞有限元模型分析
附录1 汽车的碰撞安全性越来越得到人们的重视,不论是对轿车、小客车或其它类型的车辆。由于进行碰撞试验往往需要许多时间与金钱,计算机仿真就是一条较好的方法。而且,汽车被动安全性研究的有限元方法的发展,非线性动力显式有限元方法的进步,使得利用计算机仿真来进行汽车安全性评价与改进成为可能。目前,各大汽车公司与研究机构已着手研究从仿真分析的结果中推演出进一步的修改方案,达到在汽车重量与碰撞特性等方面最优的研究。本文以提高汽车耐撞性为目标,以某型七座小客车的初步设计方案为基础,建立了用于正面碰撞仿真的前部碰撞有限元模型,并进行了计算机碰撞模拟,提出了改进方案,提高了汽车的被动安全性设计水平,从而提高了新车型满足碰撞全法规的成功率。 在对汽车进行碰撞性能有限元分析时,汽车整车的建模工作量巨大。本文中的整车有限元模型中的各个零件均由各零件的U G或CATIA 格式的几何模型转入HYPERME2SH 有限元建模软件并进行网格划分,再进行装配而成。碰撞分析的有限元模型的节点数和单元数都超过了14 万,规模较大。有限元分析软件采用LS2DYNA ,它是当前在汽车碰撞有限元仿真中应用较多的一个非线性动力显式有限元软件,它的主要算法采用Lagrangian 描述增量法,利用显示中心差分法离散时间域,积分时间步长大小受Courant 稳定性准则制约。 整车结构由100 多个元件装配而成。建模时,连接的刚度和强度根据实际情况确定。模型中的板壳单元以Be2lytschko - Tsay 四边形壳单元为主。而节点也分为常规节点和模拟部分焊点情况的带失效的固连。发动机和变速器在整车碰撞中的变形不予以考虑,其材料定义为刚性材料。车门和车体的连接是通过铰链和门锁固定的,在数值仿真中,通过约束对应节点的位移自由度建立球铰模型来模拟。 考虑到研究中仿真的碰撞方式是最为典型的正面碰撞,在正面碰撞过程中,A 柱前部的车身结构是变形吸能的主要器件,其变形的模式极为复杂,而中柱之后在碰撞过程中几乎不发生变形。为节省计算时间,将车身的前部单元划分较密,中柱之后则较稀。计算中采用弹性刚度沙漏控制。 按照CMVDR294 碰撞法规的要求,小客车以50km/ h的速度正面撞击刚性墙。设置的初始边界条件与实车实验的初始条件相同,模拟该车以50km/ h 的初速度正面撞击刚体墙。在有限元计算后进行后处理,并对模拟计算的结果进
at89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
at89c52单片机简介 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 A T89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introduction Selection of Single-chip microprocessor 1. Development of Single-chip microprocessor The main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip，In immediate future middle processor CPU。Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy read ROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section，The lumping is living on the chip。Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip，Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees，It had haveed the calculating machine system property，calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。 1976Year the Inter corporation put out 8 MCS－48Set Single-chip microprocessor computer，After being living more than 20 years time in development that obtain continuously and wide-ranging application。1980Year that corporation put out high performance MCS －51Set Single-chip microprocessor。This type of Single-chip microprocessor meritorous service capacity、The addressing range wholly than early phase lift somewhat，Use also comparatively far more at the moment。1982Year that corporation put out the taller 16 Single-chip microprocessor MCS of performance once
汽车外文翻译
As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and