跨文化交际资料
跨文化交际复习资料
文化身份（cultural identity）指认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
文化是人类所独有的，区别于动物。文化不是先天所有，而是通过后天习得的。文化中的大部分是不自觉的，隐型的。文化是人们行动的指南; 文化是动态的。
语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。
高语境交际（high context communication）是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。
非语言交际。一切不使用语言进行交际的活动统称之为非语言交际，包括眼神、手势、身势
微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人之间的距离、讲话的音量、时间观
念以及对空间的使用等等。
空间距离；人际交往的体距可以分为四种，
亲密距离(0~45cm):心理学的角度看，这一区域是属于自己的，关系不亲密者进入这一范围就会引起威胁感。
个人距离：距离约为45cm~80cm，这是朋友间谈心的距离，所谈内容一般是个人的私事。
社交距离：相距，这是社交的正常距离，谈论的内容一般非个人事宜。
公共距离：在这种距离内讲话声音很高，谈话内容不涉及个人私事，一般适用于讲课、演说、演戏等场合。各国人对体距方面的反应是不一样的。
民族中心主义就是按照本族文化的观念和标准去理解和衡量他族文化中的一切，包括人们的
行为举止，交际方式，社会习俗，管理模式以及价值观念等。
言语跨文化交际：同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际。
禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。
定势指针对目标群体的成员所持有的（过于简单的）正面或反面的判断。人们经常认为定势只含有否定贬义的意思。然而，定势还包括盲目积极方面的判断，例如：认为所有的医生都是聪明机智的。
亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。
跨文化交际能力指的是理解和适应目标文化的能力，换句话说，它指的是对于文化多样性的敏感性。例如，根据具体的交际环境，恰当的得体的行为和对于交际与交往的适应
文化整合(Integration) 文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中成为新文化中的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。
文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。文化冲击是人们对于另一种不熟悉的文化环境的心理反应。
文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。文化冲击是人们对于另一种不熟悉的文化环境的心理反应。通俗地说，一个人从一地迁移到另一地，原来自己熟悉的一套符号、习俗、行为模式、社会关系、价值观念等被另一套新的自己不熟悉的符号、习俗、行为模式、社会关系、价值观念所替代，因而在心理上产生焦虑，在情绪上不安定，甚至沮丧。在严重的情况下，会产生各种心理和生理方面的疾病。最严重的甚至会患精神病或者自杀。这就是文化冲击。
文化冲击有五个阶段：即蜜月期、敌意期、恢复期、适应期、融合期。
非语言交际和语言交际的差异
首先，语言交际遵循语法规则，具有严谨的结构，而非语言交际却没有正式的规则和模式，没有固定的结构。
第二，语言交际使用特定的符号，而非语言交际却没有一套具有明确意义的符号。
第三，语言交际是时断时续的，而非语言交际是连续不断的。
第四，语言是后天习得的，非语言交际的手段一部分是人类的本能。
跨文化交际教学大纲
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别： 考核类别： 适用专业: 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化 的不同层面有所了解，以提高学生的交际能力。在 传统的外语教学中，人们往往忽视文化的重要作 用，只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力 的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引 进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识， 更好地与外国人沟通，减少和避免误解。 二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感 性，更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课 程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 专业必修课 考试 适用对象: 本科
三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课，是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的
了解及跨文化交际意识，提高驾驭英语语言的能力，从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识 中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源，帮助学 生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表 层上很容易识别，但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史，思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communi cati on Across Cultures （ 4 学时）
跨文化交际期末试题[完整]
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理
第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世
(完整word版)跨文化交际教学大纲
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 1
二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2
了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures（4学时） 3
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
跨文化交际 期末复习资料
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
跨文化交际期末
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-
1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a r i b b o n s t r e t c h i n g f r o m t h e p a s t i n t o t h e f u t u r e. 2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. 3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural backgrounds 4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country. 5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture. 6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture. 7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity. 8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.
跨文化交际整理
Unit 1 1 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without money –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3 global village(地球村）：the world form one community –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同）enough to alter（改变）their communicaion。 9 components of communication（交际的十大要素） ①source(来源）：the person who desires to ②encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol ③message(信息）：identifies the encoding thought ④channel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径） ⑤noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messages ⑥receiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the message ⑦decoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received ⑧receiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver does ⑨feedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning ⑩context(场景）：help define(使明确）the communication
跨文化交际课程教学大纲
跨文化交际课程教学大纲 课程编码：03050262304 课程性质：专业必修课 课时：36 学分：2 开课学期：第6学期先修课程：英语国家概况，语言学，英美文学 适用专业：商务英语专业 课程简介：跨文化交际是商务英语专业高年级学生的一门必修课，本课程的教学目的，旨在培养商务英语专业学生在英语语言学习和应用过程中的跨文化意识，了解文化差异对交际活动的制约和影响，以有助于他们更好地在英语学习过程中发展跨文化交际能力，培养其对文化差异的敏感性，宽容性以及处理文化差异的灵活性，以适应日益广泛，深入的国际文化交流的需要。 一、课程教学目标 该课程属于商务英语专业必修课之一，通过该课程的学习，帮助学生了解不同文化的特点和交际类型，分析文化冲突产生的原因，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性，解决学生在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种困惑，提高学生对跨文化交际及其相关问题的分析能力，逐步提高学生跨文化交际的实际能力。 二、课程重点、难点 该课程教学重点在于帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解，培养学生跨文化交际意识。难点在于理解东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的所体现的差异性。 三、整体课时分配 章节序号章节名称理论学时实验学时 1 绪论 2 2 2 交际与文化 2 2 3 文化的影响 2 2 4 语言与文化 2 2 5 非言语交际 2 2 6 文化对商业语境的影响 2 2 7 文化对教育语境的影响 2 2 8 文化对保健语境的影响 2 2 9 培养跨文化交际意识 2 2 四、课程内容安排 （一）绪论 主要内容： 1．跨文化交际的概念、意义。 2．跨文化交际学的学科性质和发展历史。 教学要求：掌握跨文化交际的概念，了解跨文化交际的意义、历史、学科发展史。 （二）第一章交际与文化 主要内容： 1．交际的概念和特性。 2．文化的定义与特征。 3．文化与交际的关系。 教学要求：掌握文化与交际的概念，了解交际的特性、文化的特征，理解文化与交际之间的关系。